Signal & Systems

Mr. Mohd Rashidi Bin Che Beson

CoE ACE
ACE--SCCE, UniMAP
E-Mail:
[email protected]
Mobile: 019-
019-5988870

EKT 232/230
Chapter 1

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1.1 What is a Signal ?
1.2 Classification of a Signals
Signals..
1.2.1 Continuous
Continuous--Time and Discrete
Discrete--Time Signals
1.2.2 Even and Odd Signals.
Signals.
1.2.3 Periodic and Non
Non--periodic Signals
Signals..
1.2.4 Deterministic and Random Signals.
Signals.
1.2.5 Energy and Power Signals.
Signals.
1.3 Basic Operation of the Signal.
Signal.
1.4 Elementary Signals
Signals..
1.4.1 Exponential Signals
Signals..
1.4.2 Sinusoidal Signal
Signal..
1.4.3 Sinusoidal and Complex Exponential Signals
Signals..
1.4.4 Exponential Damped Sinusoidal Signals
Signals..
1.4.5 Step Function.
Function.
1.4.6 Impulse Function.
Function.
1.4.7 Ramped Function.
Function.
1.5 What is a System ?
1.5.1 System Block Diagram.
1.6 Properties of the System.
1.6.1 Stability.
1.6.2 Memory.
1.6.3 Causality.
1.6.4 Inevitability.
1.6.5 Time Invariance.
1.6.6 Linearity.
1.1 What is a Signal ?

A common form of human communication;
(i) use of speech signal, face to face or telephone channel.
(ii) use of visual
visual, signal taking the form of images of people or
objects around us.

Real life example of signals;
(i) Doctor listening to the heartbeat, blood pressure and
temperature of the patient. These indicate the state of health of the
patient.
(ii) Daily fluctuations in the price of stock market will convey an
information on the how the share for a company is doing.
(iii) Weather forecast provides information on the temperature,
humidity, and the speed and direction of the prevailing wind.

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Cont’d…

By definition, signal is a function of one or more variable,
which conveys information on the nature of a physical
phenomenon.

A function of time representing a physical or mathematical
quantities.
e.g; Velocity, acceleration of a car, voltage/current of a circuit.
An example of signal; the electrical activity of the heart recorded
with electrodes on the surface of the chest-the electrocardiogram
(ECG) in the figure below.

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1.2 Classifications of a Signal

There are five types of signals;
(i) Continuous
Continuous--Time and Discrete
Discrete--Time Signals
(ii) Even and Odd Signals.
(iii) Periodic and Non-
Non-periodic Signals.
(iv) Deterministic and Random Signals.
(v) Energy and Power Signals.
1.2.1 Continuous-
Continuous-Time and Discrete
Discrete--Time Signals
Continuous-Time (CT) Signals
Continuous-

Continuous
Continuous--Time (CT) Signals are functions whose amplitude
or value varies continuously with time, x(t).

The symbol t denotes time for continuous-time signal and ( ) used
to denote continuous-time value quantities.

Example, speed of car, converting acoustic or light wave into
electrical signal and microphone converts variation in sound
pressure into correspond variation in voltage and current.

Figure 1.2: CT Signal

Discrete-Time Signals
Discrete-

Discrete
Discrete--Time Signals are function of discrete variable, i.e. they
are defined only at discrete instants of time.
x[n ] = x(nTs ), n = 0,±1,±2,....

It is often derived from continuous-time signal by sampling at
uniform rate. Ts denotes sampling period and n denotes integer.

The symbol n denotes time for discrete time signal and [ ] is
used to denote discrete-value quantities.

Example: the value of stock at the end of the month.

Figure 1.3: Discrete-Time Signal.

1.2.2 Even and Odd Signals

A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be an even signal if

x(−t ) = x(t ) for all t

The signal x(t) is said to be an odd signal if

x (−t ) = − x (t ) for all t

In summary, an even signal are symmetric about the vertical axis

(time origin) whereas an odd signal are antisymetric about the
origin.

Figure 1.4: Even Signal Figure 1.5: Odd Signal.

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Example 1.1:
1.1: Even and Odd Signals

Find the even and odd components of each of the following

signals:
(a) x(t) = 4cos(3πt)

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1.2.3 Periodic and Non-
Non-Periodic Signals
Periodic Signal.

A periodic signal x(t) is a function of time that satisfies the
condition
x (t ) = x (t + T ) for all t ,
where T is a positive constant.

The smallest value of T that satisfy the definition is called a period.

Figure 1.6 (a) Square wave with amplitude A=1 and period T=0.2 s. (b) Rectangular
pulse of amplitude A and duration T1 13
1.2.4 Deterministic and Random
Signals
Deterministic Signal.

A deterministic signal is a signal that is no uncertainty with
respect to its value at any time.

The deterministic signal can be modeled as completely specified
function of time.

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Random Signal.

A random signal is a signal about which there is uncertainty
before it occurs. The signal may be viewed as belonging to an
ensemble or a group of signals which each signal in the ensemble
having a different waveform.

The signal amplitude fluctuates between positive and negative in a
randomly fashion.

Example; noise generated by amplifier of a radio or television.

Figure 1.7: Random Signal

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 Energy Signal and Power Signals.

A signal with finite signal energy is called an

energy signal.

A signal with infinite signal energy and finite

average signal power is called a power signal.

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1.2.5 Energy Signal and Power Signals
Energy Signal.
∞
E= ∑ [n]
x 2

n = −∞

A signal is refer to energy signal if and only if the total energy

satisfy the condition;
0<E<∞
Power Signal.
N −1
1
P=
N
∑ x [n]
n =0
2

A signal is refer to power signal if and only if the average power

of signal satisfy the condition;
0< P<∞
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1.3 Basic Operation of the Signals
1.3.1 Time Scaling.
1.3.2 Reflection and Folding.
1.3.3 Time Shifting.
1.3.4 Precedence Rule for Time Shifting and Time Scaling.

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1.3.1 Time Scaling

Time scaling refers to the multiplication of the variable by a real
positive constant.
y (t ) = x (at )

If a > 1 the signal y(t) is a compressed version of x(t).

If 0 < a < 1 the signal y(t) is an expanded version of x(t).

Example:

Figure 1.8: Time-scaling operation; continuous-time signal x(t),

(b) version of x(t) compressed by a factor of 2, and
(c) version of x(t) expanded by a factor of 2.
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In the discrete time,

y[n ] = x[kn],

It is defined for integer value of k, k > 1. Figure below for k = 2,

sample for n = +-1,

Figure 1.9: Effect of time scaling on a discrete-time signal:

(a) discrete-time signal x[n] and (b) version of x[n] compressed by a factor of 2, with
some values of the original x[n] lost as a result of the compression.

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1.3.2 Reflection and Folding

Let x(t) denote a continuous-time signal and y(t) is the signal
obtained by replacing time t with –t;

y (t ) = x(− t )

y(t) is the signal represents a refracted version of x(t) about t = 0.

Two special cases for continuous and discrete-time signal;
(i) Even signal; x(-t) = x(t) an even signal is same as reflected
version.
(ii) Odd signal; x(-t) = -x(t) an odd signal is the negative of its
reflected version.

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Example 1.2: Reflection.
Given the triangular pulse x(t), find the reflected version of x(t) about
the amplitude axis (origin).
Solution:
Replace the variable t with –t, so we get y(t) = x(-t) as in figure below.

Figure 1.10: Operation of reflection: (a) continuous-time signal x(t) and

(b) reflected version of x(t) about the origin

x(t) = 0 for t < -T1 and t > T2.

y(t) = 0 for t > T1 and t < -T2.

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1.3.3 Time Shifting

A time shift delay or advances the signal in time by a time interval
+t0 or –t0, without changing its shape.
y(t) = x(t - t0)

If t0 > 0 the waveform of y(t) is obtained by shifting x(t)
toward the right
right, relative to the tie axis.

If t0 < 0, x(t) is shifted to the left
left.
Example:

Figure 1.11: Shift to the Left. Figure 1.12: Shift to the Right.
Q: How does the x(t) signal looks like? 23
Example 1.3: Time Shifting.
Given the rectangular pulse x(t) of unit amplitude and unit duration.
Find y(t)=
)=xx (t - 2)

Solution:
t0 is equal to 2 time units. Shift x(t) to the right by 2 time units.

Figure 1.13: Time-shifting operation:

(a) continuous-time signal in the form of a rectangular pulse of amplitude 1.0 and
duration 1.0, symmetric about the origin; and
(b) time-shifted version of x(t) by 2 time shifts.
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.
1.3.4 Precedence Rule for Time Shifting
and Time Scaling

Time shifting operation is performed first on x(t), which results in

Time shift has replace t in x(t) by t - b.

Time scaling operation is performed on v(t), replacing t by at and
resulting in,
y (t ) = v (at )
y (t ) = x (at − b )

Example in real-life: Voice signal recorded on a tape recorder;

(a > 1) tape is played faster than the recording rate, resulted in
compression.

(a < 1) tape is played slower than the recording rate, resulted
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in expansion.
Example 1.4: Continuous Signal.
A CT signal is shown in Figure 1.14 below, sketch and label each of
this signal;

a) x(t -1)
b) x(2t)
c) x(
x(--t)
x(t)

-1 3

Figure 1.14

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Solution: x(t)
(a) x(t -1) (b) x(2t)
x(t-1)

2
2

t t

0 4 -1/2 3/2

(c) x(-t)
x(-t)

t
-3 1

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Example 1.5: Continuous Signal.
A continuous signal x(t) is shown in Figure 1.14
14aa. Sketch and label each
of the following signals.
signals.
a) x(t)= u(t -1)
b) x(t)= [u(t)-
[u(t)-u(t-
u(t-1)]
c) x(t)= δ(t - 3/2)

Solution:
Figure 1.14a

(a) x(t)= u(t -1) (b) x(t)= [u(t)-

[u(t)-u(t-
u(t-1)] ((c)
c) x(t)=d(t - 3/2)
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Example 1.5: Discrete Time Signal.
A discrete-
discrete-time signal x[n] is shown below,
Sketch and label each of the following signal.

(a) x[n – 2] (b) x[2n]

(c.) x[-
x[-n+2] (d) x[-
x[-n]
x[n]

0 1 2 3 n

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Cont’d…
(a) A discrete-time signal, x[n-2].

 A delay by 2
x[n-2]

0 1 2 3 4 5 n

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Cont’d…
(b) A discrete-time signal, x[2n].

Down-sampling by a factor of 2.

x(2n)

0 1 2 3 n

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Cont’d…
(c) A discrete-time signal, x[-n+2].

Time reversal and shifting

x(-n+2)

-1 0 1 2 n

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Cont’d…
(d) A discrete-time signal, x[-n].

 Time reversal
x(-n)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 n

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In Class Exercises .
A continuous-
continuous-time signal x(t) is shown below, Sketch and label each
of the following signal

(a) x(t – 2) (b) x(2t) (c) x(

x(--t) (d) x(-t+3)

x(t)

0 4 t

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 Continue for the following week

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