GULF SRC COMPANY LIMITED (GSRC)

SRIRACHA POWER PLANT PROJECT

Training Text Gas Turbine

GCH-200067

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 Contents

1. Principle of Gas turbine

2. Gas Turbine’s Performance
3. Detail of Components
4. Structural Features

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SL2 GCH-200067 1
 Contents

1. Principle of Gas turbine

2. Gas Turbine’s Performance
3. Detail of Components
4. Structural Features

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SL2 GCH-200067 2
 Principle of Gas Turbine (1/3)

Turbine
Combustor

Compressor

Gas Turbine is mainly composed of Compressor, Combustor and Turbine.

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SL2 GCH-200067 3
 Principle of Gas Turbine (2/3)

Gas Turbine
(3)Ignition (Combustion)
(2)Compression [Combustor] (4)Expansion Combustion air is compressed by axial
(1)Suction
[Compressor] [Turbine] Compressor.
Compressed air is fed into Combustor
(5)Exhaust and fuel gas is injected into it for
combustion.
Turbine is rotated by the generated
high-temp. & high-press. combustion
gas ⇒ Power

Reciprocating (Piston) Type Internal Combustion Comparison of Cycle

Gas Turbine Cycle consists of

(1) Suction
(2) Compression
(3) Ignition (Combustion)
(4) Expansion
(5) Exhaust
Its principle (cycle) is the same as that
(1) Suction (2) Compression (3) Ignition (5) Exhaust of Piston type internal-combustion
(Combustion) engine such as automobile engine.
(4) Expansion

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SL2 GCH-200067 4
 Principle of Gas Turbine (3/3)

a) Gas Turbine for Jet Engine

b) Gas Turbine for Power Generation

Gas turbine for jet engine is used to obtain the thrust force by combustion exhaust gas.
Heavy duty gas turbine is used for power generation.

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SL2 GCH-200067 5
 Gas Turbine Combined Cycle

Gas Turbine Simple Cycle Gas Turbine Combined Cycle

In the gas turbine combined cycle, in addition to the output of the gas turbine, the
steam turbine generates the output by the exhaust heat recovery steam of the gas
turbine. Therefore, the output and efficiency of the Combined Cycle plant are
higher than those of the Simple Cycle.

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SL2 GCH-200067 6
 Contents

1. Principle of Gas turbine

2. Gas Turbine’s Performance
3. Detail of Components
4. Structural Features

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SL2 GCH-200067 7
 Schematic Diagram of Gas Turbine

Power Output : kW
kW = LT − LC (kW：LT：LC = 1: 2 : 1)
LT : Turbine Work (Production of Work)
LC : Compressor Work (Absorptio n of Work)

A portion of the power generated by the turbine is used to drive the compressor.
The remaining power generated by the turbine drives the generator.

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SL2 GCH-200067 8
 Gas Turbine Cycle -Ideal Cycle-

Enthalpy : H = U + PV
U : Internal Energy
P : Pressure
V : Volume

dQ
Entropy : s = s0 +
T 
Q : Amount of Heat
T : Temperature

The ideal cycle of a gas turbine without an internal loss is called Joule cycle.
Area from ① to ④ in the enthalpy-entropy diagram shows the gas turbine output.

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SL2 GCH-200067 9
 Gas Turbine Cycle Performance

1. Thermal Efficiency : th

Power Output kW
th = = 100 (%)　･････①
Heat Input G f  LHV
kW : Power Output (kW)
G f : Fuel Flow Rate (kg/s)
LHV : Lower Heating Value of Fuel (kJ/kg)

2. Heat Rate : HR
Heat Input G f  LHV
HR = = (kJ/kWh) 　･････②
Power Output kW
kW : Power Output (kW)
G f : Fuel Flow Rate (kg/h)
LHV : Lower Heating Value of Fuel (kJ/kg)

Thermal efficiency and Heat rate of gas turbine are shown in

the ratio of power output to heat input.

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SL2 GCH-200067 10
 Compressor Performance (1/2)

In reality, the compressor efficiency decrease due to losses such as profile loss,
secondary flow loss, trailing edge loss and tip clearance loss.

Enthalpy : H = U + PV
U : Internal Energy
P : Pressure
V : Volume

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SL2 GCH-200067 11
 Compressor Performance (2/2)

･････ ④

･････ ⑥

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SL2 GCH-200067 12
 Turbine Performance (1/2)

For the same reasons as compressors, turbine efficiency is reduced

due to various losses.

Enthalpy : H = U + PV
U : Internal Energy
P : Pressure
V : Volume
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SL2 GCH-200067 13
 Turbine Performance (2/2)

･････ ⑨

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SL2 GCH-200067 14
 Gas Turbine Cycle Loss

A Gas Turbine cycle in consideration of compressor and turbine losses is shown below.

Power Output : kW
kW = LT − LC
where,
LT : Turbine Work
LT = G (h3 − h4 ) ②
= GH T
LC : Compressor Work
①
LC = G (h2 − h1 )
= GH C
G : Flow Rate

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SL2 GCH-200067 15
 GT Performance Characteristics by Ambient Temperature
Power Output

Efficiency
Ambient Temperature Ambient Temperature

The gas turbine Power Output and Efficiency decrease as the air density
decreases with increasing ambient temperature.

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SL2 GCH-200067 16
 GT Performance Characteristics by Ambient Pressure
Power Output

Efficiency
Ambient Pressure Ambient Pressure

The gas turbine Power Output and Efficiency increase as the air density
increases with increasing ambient pressure.

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SL2 GCH-200067 17
 GT Performance Characteristics by Relative Humidity
Power Output

Efficiency
Relative Humidity Relative Humidity

The gas turbine Power Output increases as the relative humidity increases.
This is because the weight of the gas turbine working fluid increases.
On the other hand, the Efficiency decreases as the relative humidity increases.
This is because additional fuel is needed to warm the moisture in the air.

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SL2 GCH-200067 18
 GT Performance Characteristics by Frequency
Power Output

Efficiency
Frequency Frequency

The gas turbine Power Output increases as the frequency increases. This is
because the air flow increases by the increment of GT speed.
On the other hand, the Efficiency becomes the maximum on the design condition.

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SL2 GCH-200067 19
 Contents

1. Principle of Gas turbine

2. Gas Turbine’s Performance
3. Detail of Components
3.1 Inlet & Compressor section
3.2 Combustor section
3.3 Turbine section
3.4 Monitoring
4. Structural Features

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SL2 GCH-200067 20
 Fundamental Structure of Gas Turbine

Compressor
Compressor Turbine Exhaust
Inlet Casing & Combustor Exhaust Manifold
Casing Casing Casing
Casing Casing

Rotor
Section Inlet Compressor Combustor Turbine Exhaust

Gas Turbine is composed of 6 casing and 6 section.

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SL2 GCH-200067 21
 Inlet Casing Section

Inlet Casing

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SL2 GCH-200067 22
 Inlet Casing Section
Bell mouth

Air Flow
IGVs

IGV MECHANISM ASS’Y

Thrust Brg

INLET MANIFOLD ASS’Y

Lube Oil Supply

BRG COVER ASS’Y

Journal Brg
BRG ASS’Y

Lube Oil Drain

THR BRG HSG ASS’Y

THRUST BRG ASS’Y

INLET CASING ASS’Y

Inlet casing (side view)

Air flow is controlled by adjustment of variable inlet guide vane (IGV) angle.
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SL2 GCH-200067 23
 Variable Mechanism for Inlet Guide Vane

IGV

Actuator

Mechanism diagram IGV

The opening of the IGV is controlled by the stroke of the

actuator with the link mechanism.
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SL2 GCH-200067 24
 IGV Angle

Negative (-) Angle

(Open)

Positive (+) Angle

Vane Chord (Close)

IGV Angle IGV Position

50 deg (close) 0%

-8 deg (open) 100%

IGV

IGV angle α is defined as the angle between axial line and vane chord.
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SL2 GCH-200067 25
 Compressor Casing Section
COMP CYL ASS’Y
COMP ROW 4-6 DIAPH ASS’Y COMP 3RD BLADE RING ASS’Y

COMP 2ND BLADE RING ASS’Y

COMP 1ST BLADE RING ASS’Y

COMP ROW 1-3 Variable Vanes

Compressor Casing

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SL2 GCH-200067 26
 Compressor Section
#9 Bleed Manifold
#6 Bleed Manifold
Compressor Vane (Diaphragm) Blade Ring
#12 Bleed Manifold
Variable Vanes

Support

Bleed Air Flange

Compressor Casing

The extracted air from bleed manifold is used for turbine cooling and sealing
functions as well as for surge prevention during starting and shutting down.

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SL2 GCH-200067 27
 Compressor Section

Diaphragms

Seal holder
Seal land

Seal strip

Detail

Compressor Diaphragms

Compressor Casing

Compressor diaphragms are assembly of stationary vanes.

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SL2 GCH-200067 28
 Inlet air flow adjustment

Smooth rotation increase is realized by adjusting the following two items

・ Inlet air flow rate adjustment using Inlet Guide Vane(IGV)
・ Inlet air flow rate adjustment using Bleed Valve.
Compressor Turbine

LP(#6) HP(#12) #2 #3 #4

MP(#9)

HP
MP
LP
IGV VV
Inlet Guide Vane Variable Vane Bleed Valve

In the low rotation speed range, there is a possibility to cause flow

separation due to deviation from design condition, consequently
causing surging.
To realize smooth speed up during start-up condition, compressor air flow
is adjusted using inlet Guide Vane, Variable Vane and Bleed Valve.

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SL2 GCH-200067 29
 Compressor Stall

Normal Stall

Flow separation

Optimum flow angle to blade Large flow angle to blade

In case that the operating conditions deviate from the design point, the
inflow angle to the blade increases and the blade stalls.
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SL2 GCH-200067 30
 Compressor Rotating Stall

Propagation of stall
Change of flow direction

Stall
Block of flow
Rotation

Normal

When the blade stalls, the airflow is partially blocked. The flow direction
was changed partially. The compressor has a rotating stall due to the
propagation of the stall when the speed is increased.
From the outside, it looks like the stole is rotating.
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SL2 GCH-200067 31
 Compressor Surge

Flow separation

Large fluctuations in pressure and flow

When the range of flow separation extends to all around blades, the
compressor suddenly comes into the surging with intense pressure
fluctuation, flow fluctuation and mechanical vibration.

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SL2 GCH-200067 32
 Anti Surge-System
IGV Control (Start-up & Shutdown)

IGV Opening Open

Start-up
Start-up
Shutdown

Close
0% speed 100% speed

Open
VV Opening

Start-up
Start-up
Shutdown

Close

0% speed 100% speed

In order to prevent compressor surge and stall, IGV & VV is controlled according to
above schedule.

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SL2 GCH-200067 33
 Bleed Valve Control (Start-up & Shutdown)

Open Start-up Shutdown

Low Press. Bleed Valve

Close

Open Start-up Shutdown

Middle Press. Bleed Valve

Close

Open Start-up Shutdown

High Press. Bleed Valve

Close

0% speed 100% speed

In order to prevent compressor surge and stall, bleed valves are controlled
according to above schedule.

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SL2 GCH-200067 34
 Contents

1. Principle of Gas turbine

2. Gas Turbine’s Performance
3. Detail of Components
3.1 Inlet & Compressor section
3.2 Combustor section
3.3 Turbine section
3.4 Monitoring
4. Structural Features

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SL2 GCH-200067 35
 JAC series Combustor 1/3
J enhanced Air Cooling (JAC) series gas turbine;
Based on experienced the J-series gas turbine, the JAC applied Enhanced air
cooling system.
Boost-up Compressor

Cooler Cooling Air

Generator Combustor

Compressor Turbine
Enhanced Air Cooled Combustor Enhanced Air Cooling System

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SL2 GCH-200067 36
 JAC series Combustor 2/3
Enhanced Air cooling Combustor (ECA)
Concept: Enhanced air cooling system realize higher performance and improve NOx
characteristics compared to air cooled or steam cooled system.

Air Cooled Steam Cooled Enhanced Air Cooled

Used for
To Bottoming Cycle combustion air
Comp. discharge Air
Steam Boost up comp.
Q Q discharge Air
Flame Temp.
Flame Temp.
High Flame Temp.

Flame Temp.＞TIT Flame Temp.≒TIT Flame Temp. ≒ TIT

TIT TIT TIT
Low NOx for high TIT Low NOx for high TIT
(TIT:Turbine Inlet Temp.)
Decoupled from Bottoming Cycle

Combustor Combustor Combustor

Exh. gas
Exh. gas

Steam

Steam

Steam
Boost up Comp.
Q Q Cooler. Q
Work Work Work Work Work
in ST in GT in ST in ST in GT

Steam Steam Steam

Gas Turbine HRSG Gas Turbine HRSG Gas Turbine HRSG
Turbine Turbine Turbine
Exchanged heat at combustor Exchanged heat at combustor Exchanged heat at combustor
is recovered by GT and ST. is recovered by ST only. is recovered by GT and ST.

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SL2 GCH-200067 37
 JAC series Combustor 3/3
Enhanced Air cooling Combustor (ECA)
Enhanced air cooled combustion liner has only 1 supply pipe (blue line in right figure).
The combustion liner is cooled by air supplied through a cooling hole around the wall.

return to combustor shell air

flow in MT Fin
Compressor To Comb. Cooling
Discharge Air Filter
supply

Gas Turbine

supply pipe
cooling air jacket
(supply)

Boost-up
Compressor Cooler Convective cooling passage

M
M M

w/ inverter

Manifold

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SL2 GCH-200067 38
 Combustor Section

NOZZLE ASS’Y SWIRLER HOLDER,

COMBUSTION LINER ASS’Y

TORQUE TUBE COVER ASS’Y

INNER DIFF ASS’Y

COMP COMB CYL ASS’Y

Compressor & Combustor Casing

Combustors are installed in the compressor and combustor casing.

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SL2 GCH-200067 39
 Combustor Section
Compressor & Combustor Casing
Turbine casing
Fuel Nozzles
Combustion Liners
Torque Tube
Seal Air Port

Air Extraction
Combustion gas
Chamber
Compressor discharge air
Compressor
Diaphragms
Torque Tube Seals

Compressor discharge air and fuel burns in the combustion liner.

Combustion gas is supplied to the turbine.
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SL2 GCH-200067 40
 Requirement for Reducing NOx Level

To satisfy both of increase in turbine inlet temperature and reducing

NOx level is most challenging issue.

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SL2 GCH-200067 41
 GT Exhaust NOx Emission

Exhaust NOx Emission

Thermal NOx Fuel NOx

Produced by combining Produced by combining O2 and
O2 and “ N2 in the Air ” “ Nitrogen Compound in the Fuel ”

Thermal NOx
Most of the exhaust NOx emission comes from
“Thermal NOx”.
Any increase of “Flame Temperature” very
significantly increase ”Thermal NOx” ⇒
Flame Temperature

The key to decrease the exhaust NOx is to decrease flame temperature.

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SL2 GCH-200067 42
 Approach for Low NOx Combustion

Decrease thermal NOx by decreasing flame temperature.

Diffusion Combustion Dry Pre-Mix Combustion

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SL2 GCH-200067 43
 Comparison Between Diffusion Combustion and Premix Combustor

Diffusion Combustion
Air Diffusion
flame
空気
Locally high

NOx (ppm)
Fuel temperature due
to diffusion
combustion of
fuel with air

Premix flame
・Stable combustion
・Higher NOx
Air ratio λ
Dry Pre-Mix Combustion

Air

NOx (ppm)
Uniform Flame
due to pre-
mixed

NOｘ
Fuel
combustion of
fuel with air Lower NOx

・Low NOx potential

・Small stable combustion zone
・Flash back
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Flame temperature
火炎温度

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SL2 GCH-200067 44
 501G
DLN Combustor Evolution History

501J
Steam cooling combustor
Diffusion type Multi-nozzle Pilot nozzle
combustor

501G
Enhanced air
cooled combustor

150

World First V-nozzle

Premixed
NOx (ppmV)

D type
100 combustor F type
(1984) combustor World First
multi-nozzle, World First World First 1650℃
pilot nozzle Steam cooling 1600℃ JAC type
G type J type combustor
D type combustor combustor (2015),T-point
(1997) (2011)
50 Premixed type combustor

J type
F type G type JAC type
0
1150 1400 1500 1600 1650 1700
Turbine inlet temperature (°C)

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SL2 GCH-200067 45
 Combustor Section
Compressor & Combustor Casing
Turbine casing
Fuel Nozzles
Combustion Liners
Torque Tube
Seal Air Port

Air Extraction
Combustion gas
Chamber
Compressor discharge air
Compressor
Diaphragms
Torque Tube Seals

Compressor discharge air and fuel burns in the combustion liner.

Combustion gas is supplied to the turbine.
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SL2 GCH-200067 46
 Combustor assembly

Pilot Nozzle(gas) Main Nozzle

Combustion Liner

Pilot Nozzle(oil)

Top Hat Nozzle

Swirler Holder

Cross Flame Tube

DLN combustor consists of the fuel nozzle, swirler holder and combustion liner.
The pre-mix nozzle consists from pilot nozzle, main nozzle and top hat nozzle.

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SL2 GCH-200067 47
 Fuel nozzles (1)
Top Hat Fuel Gas

Pilot Atomizing
Water Main Fuel Gas(A)
Main Fuel Oil(A)

Pilot Fuel Gas(B) Pilot Fuel Oil

Swirler Holder

Main Fuel Oil(B)

Main Fuel Gas (B)

Pilot Fuel Gas(A)

Individual combustor
(top view) Combustion Liner

(side view)
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SL2 GCH-200067 48
 Fuel Nozzles (2)

Fuel Gas
(Main) Fuel Oil
(Main)
Atomizing
Line
Fuel Gas Fuel Gas (Main)
(Main) Fuel Oil (Main)

Atomizing
Line
Fuel Gas (Pilot)

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil

(Pilot) (Main)

Fuel Gas (Pilot)

Fuel Gas
(Pilot)

Fuel Gas
(Main)

Fuel Gas
Fuel Oil Fuel Oil (Pilot)
(Main) (Pilot)
Fuel Gas Fuel nozzles
Fuel Gas
(Pilot) (Main) (side view)

Individual combustor
(top view)
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SL2 GCH-200067 49
 Swirler Holder

Flow Guide
Extended Mouth

Pilot Cone

Perforated Plate

Swirler Holder
(side view)

Function of fuel nozzles and swirler holder assembly is to supply the premixed gas of
fuel and air, and to burn.

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SL2 GCH-200067 50
 Combustion Liner

From Swirler Holder

Cooling air hole

Cooling Air

MT-FIN Cooling

（Outside of Combustion liner）

Cooling Air To
(Compressor Turbine
Discharge Air) Acoustic hole
Thermal Energy

Cooling Air
Combustion liner
(Enhanced Combustor pressure fluctuation
Cooling Air) Acoustic Liner

Function of Combustion liner is to lead the combustion gas to the turbine.

In order to resist the high temperature of combustion gas, MT fin cooling
is adopted to the combustion liner.
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SL2 GCH-200067 51
 Combustion Liner : Acoustic Liner

Technologies for Stable Combustion

- Optimization of premix nozzle configuration
- Suppress of combustor pressure fluctuation

acoustic liner

Outer liner

Air Side

Thermal
energy

Conversion Inner liner

Acoustic Gas Side

Energy
(Combustor
Combustion Liner pressure
fluctuation

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SL2 GCH-200067 52
 Combustor Arrangement and Igniter location

Look
Ignition Position
with Flow
Normal Position

Flame propagation

Igniter detail
Igniters
Compressor & Combustor casing

The ignition flame propagates one after another to the adjacent

combustor through the cross frame tube. After ignition, the igniters are
extracted from combustion liners by spring force.
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SL2 GCH-200067 53
 Cross Flame Tube

Marman Clamp
Cross Flame Tube
Combustion Liner

Flame Propagation

Cross flame tube detail

After ignition, the flame propagates from the ignited combustor to

another combustor through a cross-flame tube.

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SL2 GCH-200067 54
 Contents

1. Principle of Gas turbine

2. Gas Turbine’s Performance
3. Detail of Components
3.1 Inlet & Compressor section
3.2 Combustor section
3.3 Turbine section
3.4 Monitoring
4. Structural Features

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SL2 GCH-200067 55
 Turbine Vane Assembly

Blade Ring

Turbine vanes direct the high velocity flow of the hot

combustion gas into the turbine blade.
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SL2 GCH-200067 56
 Secondary Flow System

#4 Stage Cooling Air

# 4 blade Cooling Air

#3 Stage Cooling Air
Cooler Filter
#2 Stage Cooling Air

Cooler
Rotor Cooling Air
MP Bleed

HP Bleed
LP Bleed

Filter
Cooler

Extracted air from compressor is used for the turbine cooling.

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SL2 GCH-200067 57
 Turbine Cooling Air Flow System
LP Bleed

MP Bleed
HP Bleed

TCA
Cooler

4S
Cooler

Cooling air for turbine vanes is supplied through ports of blade rings.
Cooling air for turbine blades is supplied through turbine discs.

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SL2 GCH-200067 58
 Pre-Swirl Nozzle System

Pre-Swirl
Nozzle

Disc

Direction of Rotation
#1
Disc

Nozzle Outflow
Angle

Match the Rotational

Turbine cooling air supply Speed of the Disc

Installing pre-swirl nozzle decreases the pumping loss by giving a rotational speed to
the cooling air in advance, it improves the performance of gas turbine.

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SL2 GCH-200067 59
 Contents

1. Principle of Gas turbine

2. Gas Turbine’s Performance
3. Detail of Components
3.1 Inlet & Compressor section
3.2 Combustor section
3.3 Turbine section
3.4 Monitoring
4. Structural Features

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SL2 GCH-200067 60
 Temperature Monitoring Location

R4V Cooling Air

R3V Cooling Air

R2V Cooling Air

Combustion Gas
6

Rotor Cooling Air

1 2 3
4
5

Temperature monitoring
① Rotor Cooling Air Temp. ④ Disc Cavity Temp.(#4)
② Disc Cavity Temp.(#2) ⑤ Row 4 Disc Downstream Temp.
③ Disc Cavity Temp.(#3) ⑥ Blade Path Temp.

The above temperatures are constantly monitored to ensure the soundness of

the operating gas turbine.
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SL2 GCH-200067 61
 Thermocouples for Disc Cavity Temperature

Guide pipe of
thermocouple

#4
A #3
#1 #2
Turbine casing
Vane
(top view)

Measuring Point of DCT Seal Ring Holder

Section A-A

To monitor the reverse flow of hot gas from gas path, thermocouples
for monitoring the disc cavity temperature are installed.

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SL2 GCH-200067 62
 Blade Path Temperature Measurement
Blade path temp. measurement

・Detecting abnormal gas

Thermocouples for Blade path temperature during the
temp. measurement startup and speed acceleration
due to the fast detecting
response

・Monitoring for the blade path

temperature deviation

Detection of the possible flame

loss of the combustor
Exhaust casing

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SL2 GCH-200067 63
 Bore Scope Inspection Holes

Bore Scope Inspection Holes

#4
#3
#2

Turbine casing
(side view)

Turbine blades and vanes can be inspected through borescope inspection holes
without disassembly of turbine casing.

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SL2 GCH-200067 64
 Contents

1. Principle of Gas turbine

2. Gas Turbine’s Performance
3. Detail of Components
3.1 Inlet & Compressor section
3.2 Combustor section
3.3 Turbine section
3.4 Monitoring
4. Structural Features

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SL2 GCH-200067 65
 Basic Structure : Design Commonality Emphasized

Proven structure design

F G/GAC J/JAC
Series Series series
(1,400ºC class)
Cold End
Generator ✔ ✔ ✔
Drive
2-Bearing
✔ ✔ ✔
Rotor
4-Stage
✔ ✔ ✔ G/GAC series (1,500ºC class)
Turbine

Individual ✔ ✔ ✔
(Steam Cooled (Steam Cooled
Combustors (Air Cooled)
/ Air Cooled) / Air Cooled）

Horizontal
Split ✔ ✔ ✔
Casing J/JAC series (1,600～1,650ºC class)
Turbine Air
Cooled ✔ ✔ ✔
Blade
Cooled &
Filtered ✔ ✔ ✔
Rotor Air

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SL2 GCH-200067 66
 Basic Structure : Trunnion and Center Support

⇒
Fixed Axial Thermal
Expansion

Trunnion Support
Radial Thermal
Expansion

Trunnion Support

Center Support Exhaust casing

Shaft can be maintained on the center line by absorbing the thermal

expansion at the trunnion support and center support.
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SL2 GCH-200067 67
 Basic Structure : Tangential Strut

＜Tangential Strut＞ ＜Radial Strut＞

Exhaust Casing
Exhaust Casing
Tangential Radial
Strut Strut

Bearing

Bearing

Even when difference in thermal The center of the bearing might be

expansion is caused between the strut displaced due to difference in
and the casing, the bearing can rotate thermal expansion between the strut
with its center kept in the right position. and the casing.
⇒ No change in alignment ⇒ Change in alignment

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SL2 GCH-200067 68
 Basic Structure : Exhaust Casing Structure & Tangential Strut Structure

As the outer casing and the struts expand due to temperature changes,
the bearing housing rotates to reduce the stress, provide a rigid support
and keep the bearing center.
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SL2 GCH-200067 69
 Basic Structure : Stacked Disc Type Rotor

Turbine section
Compressor section

Spindle Bolts
Compressor and Turbine Rotor
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SL2 GCH-200067 70
 Basic Structure : Gas Turbine Rotor

Torque
Compressor Rotor Turbine Rotor
Tube

Side Entry Type Side Entry Type

All turbine blades and compressor blades can be replaced with the
top half of the casing overhauled.
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SL2 GCH-200067 71
 Basic Structure : Compressor Blade Installation

Compressor Disc

The blades are keyed into compressor disc by fixing piece.

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SL2 GCH-200067 72
© 2020 Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary and Confidential Information. This document or information
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SL2 GCH-200067 73
 Appendix-1

A-CPFM System

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SL2 GCH-200067 74
 A-CPFM System

Advanced CPFM has

FUNCTION for AUTOMATIC COMBUSTION TUNING.

Advanced CPFM

Detect the pressure fluctuation

Analyze and estimate the detected data

for automatic tuning.

Far from pre-alarm level Approaching to pre-alarm level

Data will be stored as trend record . Combustion tuning will be
carried out automatically.

Minimum pre-alarm coming for reliable operation.

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SL2 GCH-200067 75
 A-CPFM Control Concept (1)

Combustion is controlled by Fuel Flow Ratio

in order to achieve Stable Combustion.

• Fuel flow ratio between Main , Pilot & Tophat

→ Controlled by Pilot Ratio and Tophat Ratio

Fuel Nozzles
Main & Pilot & Tophat

Compressor discharge air

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SL2 GCH-200067 76
 A-CPFM Control Concept (2)

＜Previous combustion control system＞

Control Schedules are fixed based on
Past Operation Records and Results of Combustion Tuning.
Re-tuning by Mitsubishi engineer is required in case of Characteristic Change.

Advanced CPFM adjusts Pilot Ratio and Tophat Ratio to keep

stable firing based on real-time combustion stability analysis.

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SL2 GCH-200067 77
 A-CPFM Automatic Tuning (1)

Automatic Tuning is carried out according to Combustion Stability Estimation.

Combustion Stability
Automatic Tuning
Estimation

dP = F( F/A ratio, Air Temperature, … ) Stable Region

Correction

Pilot Ratio
Plant Data Alarm Line

Past Records Operating

Tophat
Ratio Point

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SL2 GCH-200067 78
 A-CPFM Automatic Tuning (2)

New Operating Point

Stable Combustion Region

Pilot ratio
Pilot ratio
Pilot ratio

Operating Point

Tophat Ratio Tophat Ratio Tophat Ratio

The stable region changes due to Parameters are adjusted

an unexpected disturbance. so as the operating point
Normal Combustion
→ Operating point approaches to move toward center of
the unstable region. the stable region.

Normal Normal
Pressure fluctuation increases

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SL2 GCH-200067 79
 A-CPFM Automatic Tuning (3)

Control Parameters ( Pilot Ratio，Tophat Ratio ) are adjusted according to the

Combustion Stability Map in case the current operating point enters into the
unstable region.

Collect Data

Stability Estimation

Stable Region

Pressure Fluctuation Correction

Stable

Pilot Ratio
Alarm Line

Unstable

Automatic Tuning Operating

Tophat
Point
Ratio

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SL2 GCH-200067 80
 A-CPFM Configuration

GT Controller
Operation
Parameter

Gas Turbine
Control Signal

Plant Data
Tuning Parameters

Combustion Stability
Analysis Computer

Characteristic of Advanced CPFM

1) To obtain and store plant operating data.
2) To analyze combustion stability based on the obtained data.
3) To adjust control parameters automatically based on the analysis.

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SL2 GCH-200067 81
 Function & Technical Summary

Activation Criteria for Conventional CPFM and A-CPFM

Trip
CPFM
Pressure Fluctuation Level

Runback Interlock

Independent
Pre-alarm
A-CPFM
Tuning
Caution (75% of Pre-alarm value)

A-CPFM regulates combustion pressure fluctuation prior to activation

of the conventional CPFM Interlocking system, allowing for stable gas
turbine operation on a continual basis

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SL2 GCH-200067 82
 Appendix-2

Material

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SL2 GCH-200067 83
 Turbine Blade Material

The Blades use Ni-Base Super Alloy. The alloy is requested by the
properties shown below.
• CREEP STRENGTH
• LOW CYCLE FAIGUE
• ANTI-OXIDATION
γ ’(Ni3Al,Ti) Phase precipitates and improves creep strength

MGA1400 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (Example)

Ni Cr Co Mo Ti Al W Ta

MGA1400 Bal. 14 10 1.5 2.7 4 4.3 4.7

(WT%)

MGA1400 is developed by MITSUBISHI.

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SL2 GCH-200067 84
 Turbine Vane Material

The Vanes use Ni-Base Super Alloy. The alloy is requested by the
properties shown below.
• WELDABILITY
• ANTI-CORROSION
• ANTI-OXIDATION

MGA2400 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (Example)

Co Cr Ni W Ta Ti Al

MGA2400 19 19 Bal. 6 1.4 3.7 1.9

(WT%)

MGA2400 is developed by MITSUBISHI.

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SL2 GCH-200067 85
 Combustor Material

The Combustor use Ni-Base Super Alloy. The alloy is requested by the
properties shown below.
•CREEP STRENGTH
•WORKABILITY (PLATE)

HASTELLOY-X / TOMILLOY
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (Example)

Tomilloy is developed by MITSUBISHI.

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SL2 GCH-200067 86