DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL SAIL TOWNSHIP, DHURWA RANCHI-4

NOTES FOR CLASS 11th CHAPTER-09 SUB: PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS

DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS

The word ‘psychology’ is a combination of two Greek words- psyche and logas. ‘Psyche’ means soul and
‘Logas’ means Science. So the psychology means the science of soul.

Now the simple meaning of Psychology is ‘Science of behavior’

According to the conclusion of Woodworth, “First, psychology lost its soul. Then it’s lost its mind. Then
it’s lost its consciousness. It still has behavior of a short.”

According to Ross, “It is the interpretation and explanation of behavior in mental and physical terms.”

According to Pillsbury, “psychology is the science of human behavior.”

According to Watson, “Psychology is positive science of behavior.”

MEANING AND DEFINITION OF SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY

Sports psychology deals with the study of impact of exercise on human body, health, fitness, sports
training, fatigue etc.

Sports psychology is the study of psychological factors that affect the learning and performance of
motor skills.

According to John Lauther, Sports psychology is an area which attempts to apply psychological facts and
principles to learning performance and associated human behavior in whole field of sports.

According to Singer, Sports psychology explores ones behavior in athletics.

“Sports psychology is the scientific study of persons and their behavior in sports contexts and the
practical application of that knowledge.”

IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY

1. Enhances Physiological Capacities: Sports psychology plays a very unique role in the
enhancement of physiological capacities such as Speed, Strength, endurance etc. It is a well
known as well as an established fact that psychological capacities or power can increase
physiological capacities of individual.
 2. Assists to Learn Motor Skills: Sports psychology plays a major role in the learning of motor skills.
Learning of motor skills depends on the individual level of readiness, i.e., physiological readiness
and psychological readiness.
3. Aids in understanding Behavior: Sports psychology helps in understanding the behavior of
athletes engaged in competitive sports. Coaches also come to know the interest, attitudes
towards physical activity, drives and personality of sportsperson.
4. Helps in Controlling Emotions: Its helps to control the emotions of athletes during practice as
well as competition. These are anger, fear, negative thought etc. If these emotions are not
controlled well in time, the performance of a sportsperson may decrease.
5. Prepares Athletes Psychologically for Competitions: It has become a trend to give psychological
tips to athletes or team players before and after the competition. They create the willpower ‘to
win in the players.
6. Supports Emotional Needs of Sportspersons: Stress, tension and anxiety are natural during
practice and competition. There may be some other emotional problems such as depression,
frustration, panic etc. The knowledge of sports psychology may be helpful in such situations.

DEFINE AND DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Meaning and Definition of Growth and Development

Generally, Growth and Development are used as synonyms.

Growth means the growth of physical organs whether it is in shape, size, height or weight.

Development means not only growth but it is something more than that.

According to Hurlock, “Development is not limited to growing larger, instead it consist of a progressive
series of changes of an orderly, coherent type towards the goal of maturity”.

It can be said that growth is used physically. Generally, it is related to an individual size, height and
change in weight. Indeed, changes in quantitative aspects are included in the scope of growth. On the
other hand, development is related to all types of changes in shape of structure, which enhance the
working efficiency of an individual.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Growth can be measured, whereas, development presents a multiple change in behavior,

efficiency and capability. It is not an easy job to measure this type of change in development. It
can only be observed.
2. Growth is limited up to a definite age. Generally after maturity, growth does not take place,
whereas, development is a life long process.
3. Growth is a part of development, whereas, development is very comprehensive. Growth is
included in development. Development is holistic such as physical, mental, social, emotional,
spiritual etc.
 4. Growth is related to change in height, weight, shape and size of an individual. Whereas,
development is related to the changes in all aspect of individual.
5. Development does not necessarily take place along with growth. If we take more food, our body
weight can be increased but it is not necessary that our efficiency or capability will be increased.
Plato said, “A sound mind is in a sound body”.
6. Growth is related to one aspect of personality and its scope is also limited, whereas,
development is related to all aspects of personality and its scope is also very wide.

DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERSTICS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

According to Hurlock, “Development is not limited to growing larger instead its consist of a progressive
series of change of an orderly coherent type towards the goal of maturity.”

INFANCY: The stage from birth to the end of 2 years of age is called infancy. At this stage, grasping
power of an infant’s brain becomes very fast. His/her thinking ability also increases. He/she understands
the language clearly and speaks accordingly. His/her capability to know new word increases. He/she
starts understanding the simple conversation of adults. Children are emotional at this stage but they
don’t have their control over emotions. At this stage, they learn activities related to motor skills such as
walking, running, jumping, catching, Throwing etc. They do what they like and leave aside what they
don’t like.

CHILDHOOD: Childhood stage begins from the 3rd year and ends by the end of the 12 th year. at this
stage, the children are able to have enough control on their muscles. At this stage, children spend most
of their time playing. Their neuro-muscular coordination becomes efficient enough. At this stage,
concentration power of the children increases, but they cannot concentrate for a long time. Their power
of memory, logic, thinking and decision-making increases remarkably. Till the end of this stage, they
learn to control their emotions. They like to play with children of their age. At this stage, children are
more courageous, imaginative, resourceful and adventurous.

ADOLESCENCE: It is the stage of complex changes, which begins after childhood and ends before
adulthood. It is supposed that the adolescent stage begins from 13 years and remains till 19 years.

1. Physical Characteristics: The development of internal and external sexual organs begins. The
voice of girls become soft, sweet and light. Moustache and beards start appearing on the face of
boys. Generally, the height, weight, bones, muscle power and other physical organs of boys and
girls begin to mature.
2. Mental Characteristics: Physical growth and mental growth go hand in hand, but it is not
applicable for all the adolescents. It has been seen in case of some adolescents that they lag
behind in mental growth in earlier stage, though they achieve physical maturity much earlier.
They are curious to know more and more about the people, places and principles. They demand
self respect, dignity and self independence. Some are unable to adjust with other people. They
also indulge in day dreaming.
 3. Emotional Characteristics: The life of an adolescent is full of emotions. Under the influence of
such emotions, he/she performs such uphill task, which seems to be impossible in the
beginning. They are unable to have proper control over their emotions such as anger, love,
greed, hate etc. They cannot bear disrespect and disgrace. Sometimes, they do not even like the
suggestion or guidance given by someone.
4. Social Characteristics: During this stage, friends are very important to them. They exchange
their views, knowledge and experience with other ones. They try to present themselves better
than others. They have interest to participate in recreational activities like- picnic, dancing,
music, trekking etc.
5. Motor Characteristics: Motor coordination tends to improve during this stage. There is rapid
development of maximum strength and explosive strength in boys as compared to girls. The
performance in various sports improves at a faster rate during this stage with continuous
participation and regular exercise.

ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

Meaning of Adolescence

The word ‘adolescence’ is derived from the Latin word ‘adolesceker’ which means; ‘to grow to maturity’.
In fact it is a period of uncertain beginning and ending that cannot be dated exactly. But generally, it is
considered that this period is the age of 13 to 19 years.

According to Stanley Hall, “Adolescence is the period of great stress and strain, storm and strife.

According to Sadler, “Adolescence is that period in which a child tries to be capable of doing everything
by himself.”

Problems of Adolescents

1. Physical Problems: Many bodily or physical changes take place. Development of sex glands
takes place. As a result of these changes, adolescents become restless and worried.
2. Mental Problems: During this stage, stress, tension and strive are common. These traits create
mental problems.
3. Problem of Aggressive Behavior: In this age group, children tend to show aggressive behavior.
They become aggressive in small matters. They try to gain importance.
4. Lack of Stability and Adjustments: An adolescent does not have complete stability and he/she
faces adjustment problems. His/her behavior becomes erratic. He/she fails to coordinate with
other peoples. He/she finds it difficult to cooperate with his/her family members. He/she feels
that he/she is under pressure because of his/her parents.
5. Emotional Problems: Sometimes, the adolescents becomes so exited that he/she considers
himself/herself to be at the top of the world and, sometimes, he/she finds himself/herself in a
state of depression.
 6. Problems Related to Sex: In this period, children face many problems, which are related to sex.
Sometimes, they become so eager that they do not hesitate to leave their family.
7. Problems of Self Support: Each and every adolescent needs self support. He/she wants to make
his/her own place in society. He/she desires to live a fruitful life.
8. Feeling of Importance: They demand respect. But, sometimes parents do not take them
seriously. They fail to understand the feeling of adolescent. That’s why teenagers tend to feel
unimportant and it becomes a great problem.
9. Social Problems: Friends are important for this age group. They share their views, knowledge
and experience and hence sometimes, the group acts as a medium of spreading social vices and
dissatisfaction. The adolescents sometimes fall prey to intoxication, i.e., alcohol, drugs and
smoking.

MANAGEMENT OF PROBLEMS

1. Education of Motor Development: He/she should be encouraged to play various games and
sports. Through these games and sports, his/her motor development will take place properly.
2. Education of Psychology: Teachers and parents should have a basic knowledge of psychology.
They should be able to understand the psychology of an adolescent. It is essential to short out
the problems and focus on their management.
3. Sex Education: We are living in a society, where sex education is not provided properly.
However, it should be imparted in schools and colleges. Teachers a s well as parents should
provide sex education to adolescence without hesitation, so that they may not depend upon
other unreliable sources or may not refer to cheap literature.
4. Vocational Guidance: Guidance should be provided keeping in view their intelligence,
capabilities, aptitude and interest. This guidance is must because many adolescents fail to select
their vocations.
5. Moral and Religious Education: This will give them mental peace. Religious education should
not be included in educational curriculum. It is better to provide it at home. But moral education
should be imparted in educational institutions.
6. To Provide Suitable Environment: They should be provided proper facilities and opportunities
for development. They should be given proper or balanced diet. They should be taught that
hove to behave with other peoples.
7. Adequate Independence: Adolescents want freedom in every facet of life. They wish to express
their views independently. They should be allowed to express their feelings and suggestions.
They should be allowed to go for picnic, mountaineering, hiking and trekking.
8. Social Education: It is also important in adolescence. They should be taught how to adjust
themselves in the society. It is a fact that man is social animal. Our existence depends on society
but too much dependency is not good for leading a good life.