Microwave Devices & Radar

Table of Contents
(Ver5.0)

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Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (1) Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (2) Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (3) Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (4) Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (5) Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (6) Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (7) Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (8) Wave Reflection (1) Wave Reflection (2) Wave Reflection (3) Wave Reflection (4) Wave Reflection (5) Wave Reflection (6) Antenna Patterns, Directivity and Gain Polarization of Radiation Wave Polarization Electromagnetic Spectrum Radar and ECM Frequency Bands Radar Bands and Usage Joint Electronics Type Designation Examples of EW Systems Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) Time Delay Ranging Information Available From the Radar Echo Radar Classification by Function Radar Classification by Waveform Basic Form of the Radar Range Equation (1) Basic Form of the Radar Range Equation (2) Basic Form of the Radar Range Equation (3) Characteristics of the Radar Range Equation Maximum Detection Range Generic Radar Block Diagram Brief Description of System Components Coordinate Systems Radar Displays Pulsed Waveform Range Ambiguities Range Gates Range Bins and Range Resolution Radar Operational Environment Ground Clutter From Sidelobes Survey of Propagation Mechanisms (1) Survey of Propagation Mechanisms (2) Survey of Propagation Mechanisms (3) Radar System Design Tradeoffs Decibel Refresher Thermal Noise Noise in Radar Systems Noise in Radar Systems Ideal Filter Noise Bandwidth of an Arbitrary Filter Signal-to-noise Ratio (S/N) Example: Police Radar Attack Approach Defeating Radar by Jamming Jammer Burnthrough Range (1)

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Jammer Burnthrough Range (2) Noise Figure Probability & Statistics Refresher (1) Probability & Statistics Refresher (2) Probability & Statistics Refresher (3) Probability & Statistics Refresher (4) Rayleigh Distribution (1) Rayleigh Distribution (2) Central Limit Theorem Transformation of Variables Fourier Transform Refresher (1) Fourier Transform Refresher (2) Fourier Transform Refresher (3) Fourier Transform Refresher (4) Fourier Transform Refresher (5) Modulation of a Carrier (1) Modulation of a Carrier (2) Modulation of a Carrier (3) Fourier Transform of a Pulse Train (1) Fourier Transform of a Pulse Train (2) Fourier Transform of a Pulse Train (3) Response of Networks (1) Response of Networks (2) Response of Networks (3) Signals and Noise Through Networks (1) Signals and Noise Through Networks (2) Signals and Noise Through Networks (3) Rician Distribution Probability of False Alarm (1) Probability of False Alarm (2) Probability of False Alarm (3) Probability of Detection (1) Probability of Detection (2) Probability of Detection (3) Probability of Detection (4) SNR Improvement Using Integration Illustration of Noncoherent Integration SNR Improvement Using Integration Approximate Antenna Model Number of Pulses Available Integration Improvement Factor RRE for Pulse Integration RRE for Pulse Integration RRE for Pulse Integration Radar Cross Section (1) Radar Cross Section (2) Radar Cross Section of a Sphere Radar Cross Section of a Cylinder Target Scattering Matrix (1) Target Scattering Matrix (2) Example: Antenna as a Radar Target Scattering Mechanisms Scattering Sources for a Complex Target Two Sphere RCS (1) Two Sphere RCS (2) RCS of a Two Engine Bomber RCS of a Naval Auxiliary Ship

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RCS of a Geometrical Components Jet Geometrical Components Jet Fluctuating Targets Swerling Types Correction & Improvement Factors (1) Correction & Improvement Factors (2) Detection Range for Fluctuating Targets Example Defeating Radar by Low Observability Methods of RCS Reduction and Control Corner Reflector Reduction by Shaping RCS of Shaped Plates Application of Serrations to Reduce Edge Scattering Application of Serrations to Reduce Edge Scattering Traveling Waves Trailing Edge Resistive Strips Application of Reduction Methods Low Observable Platforms: F-117 Low Observable Platforms: B-2 Low Observable Platforms: Sea Shadow Other Sources of Loss Atmospheric Attenuation Rain Attenuation Transmission Line Loss Antenna Beamshape Loss Collapsing Loss (Combining Loss) Noise Figure & Effective Temperature (1) Comments on Noise Figure & Temperature Noise in Cascaded Networks (1) Noise Figure & Effective Temperature (2) Noise Figure From Loss Examples (1) Examples (2) Examples (3) Examples (4) Examples (5) Examples (6) Examples (7) Doppler Frequency Shift (1) Doppler Frequency Shift (2) Doppler Frequency Shift (3) Doppler Filter Banks Example Example I and Q Representation Doppler Frequency Shift (4) CW Radar Problems (1) CW Radar Problems (2) CW Radar Problems (3) Frequency Modulated CW (FMCW) FMCW (2) FMCW (3) FMCW (4) FMCW Complications FMCW Complications MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar MTI (1) MTI (2) MTI (3) PD and MTI Problem: Eclipsing PD and MTI Problem: Range Ambiguities Range Ambiguities (2) Range Ambiguities (3) Example

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PD and MTI Problem: Velocity Ambiguities Velocity Ambiguities (2) Airborne MTI and Pulse Doppler Operation Surface Clutter (1) Surface Clutter (2) Surface Clutter (3) Two-Way Pattern Beamwidth Surface Clutter (4) Backscatter From Extended Surfaces Backscatter From Extended Surfaces Clutter Spectrum (1) Clutter Spectrum (2) Clutter Spectrum (3) Clutter Spectrum (4) Clutter Spectrum (5) Clutter Spectrum (6) Clutter Spectrum (7) Sea States Sea Clutter Example: AN/APS-200 Example: AN/APS-200 Example: AN/APS-200 Delay Line Canceler (1) Delay Line Canceler (2) Delay Line Canceler (3) Delay Line Canceler (4) Staggered and Multiple PRFs (1) Staggered and Multiple PRFs (2) Staggered and Multiple PRFs (3) Synchronous Detection (I and Q Channels) Analog vs Digital Processing for MTI Single Channel Receiver Block Diagram Synchronous Receiver Block Diagram SNR Advantage of Synchronous Detection (1) SNR Advantage of Synchronous Detection (2) Processing of a Coherent Pulse Train (1) Sampling Theorem (1) Sampling Theorem (2) Processing of a Coherent Pulse Train (2) Processing of a Coherent Pulse Train (3) Processing of a Coherent Pulse Train (4) Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Doppler Filtering Using the DFT (1) Doppler Filtering Using the DFT (2) Pulse Doppler Receiver Sample Plot in Doppler-Range Space Pulse Burst Mode MTI Limitations (1) MTI Limitations (2) MTI Canceler Improvement Factors MTI Canceler Improvement Factors Example Coherent and Noncoherent Pulse Trains Noncoherent Pulse Train Spectrum (1) Noncoherent Pulse Train Spectrum (2) Search Radar Equation (1) Search Radar Equation (2) Search Radar Equation (3) Search Radar Equation (4) Radar Tracking (1) Radar Tracking (2) Radar Tracking (3) Gain Control Example

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Example Monopulse Tracking (1) Monopulse Tracking (2) Monopulse Tracking (3) Monopulse Tracking (4) Monopulse Tracking (5) Monopulse Tracking (6) Monopulse Tracking (7) Low Angle Tracking (1) Low Angle Tracking (2) Low Angle Tracking (3) Low Angle Tracking (4) Tracking Error Due to Multipath Low Angle Tracking (5) Low Angle Tracking (6) Atmospheric Refraction (1) Atmospheric Refraction (2) Atmospheric Refraction (3) Noise Power Spectral Density Matched Filters (1) Matched Filters (2) Matched Filters (3) Matched Filters (4) Matched Filters (5) Matched Filters (6) Matched Filters (7) Complex Signals Ambiguity Function (1) Ambiguity Function (2) Ambiguity Function (3) Ambiguity Function (4) Ambiguity Function (5) Range Accuracy (1) Range Accuracy (2) Range Accuracy (3) Range Accuracy (4) Velocity Accuracy Uncertainty Relation Angular Accuracy Pulse Compression Linear FM Pulse Compression (Chirp) Linear FM Pulse Compression (Chirp) Linear FM Pulse Compression (Chirp) Linear FM Pulse Compression (Chirp) Chirp Filter Output Waveform Range Resolution (1) Range Resolution (2) Pulse Compression Example Chirp Complications Digital Pulse Compression Barker Sequences Pulse Compessor/Expander The Ideal Radar Antenna Antenna Refresher (1) Lens Antenna Solid Angles and Steradians Antenna Far Field Antenna Pattern Features Antenna Refresher (2) Antenna Refresher (3) Directivity Example Antenna Polarization Loss Reflector Antennas Parabolic Reflector Antenna

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Parabolic Reflector Antenna Losses Other Reflector Configurations Example Example Radiation by a Line Source (1) Radiation by a Line Source (2) Array Antennas (1) Array Antennas (2) Visible Region Array Antennas (3) Array Antennas (4) Array Factor for 2D Arrays Gain of Phased Arrays Array Elements and Ground Planes Array of Dipoles Above a Ground Plane Series Fed Waveguide Slot Array Low Probability of Intercept Radar (LPIR) Low and Ultra Low Sidelobes Antenna Pattern Control Tapered Aperture Distributions Calculation of Aperture Efficiency Cosecant-Squared Antenna Pattern Example Array Example (1) Array Example (2) Array Example (3) Array Example (4) Calculation of Antenna Temperature Multiple Beam Antennas (1) Multiple Beam Antennas (2) Radiation Patterns of a Multiple Beam Array Beam Coupling Losses for a 20 Element Array Active vs Passive Antennas SNR Calculation for a Lossless Feed Network SNR Calculation for a Lossless Feed Network Passive Two-Beam Array (1) Passive Two-Beam Array (2) Active Two-Beam Array (1) Active Two-Beam Array (2) Comparison of SNR: Active vs Passive Example Active Array Radar Transmit/Receive Module Digital Phase Shifters Effect of Phase Shifter Roundoff Errors Digital Phase Shifters True Time Delay (TTD) Scanning Time Delay vs Fixed Phase Scanning Beam Squint Due to Frequency Change Example of TTD vs. Phase Shifter Time Delay Networks Time Delay Using Fiber Optics Digital Beamforming (1) Digital Beamforming (2) Digital Beamforming (3) Monopulse Difference Beams Sum and Difference Beamforming Waveguide Monopulse Beamforming Network Antenna Radomes Conformal Antennas & "Smart Skins" Testing of Charred Space Shuttle Tile Antenna Imperfections (Errors) Smart Antennas (1) Smart Antennas (2) Transmission Line Refresher (1)

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Transmission Line Refresher (2) Transmission Line Refresher (3) Multiplexers Rotary Joints Microwave Switches Circulators Waveguide Magic Tee Filter Characteristics Mixers (1) Mixers (2) Mixers (3) Input-Output Transfer Characteristic Intermodulation Products Intermodulation Example Amplifiers Low-Noise Amplifier Intermodulation Products of Amplifiers Sample Microwave Amplifier Characteristic Development of Sources Power Capabilities of Sources Transmitters (1) Transmitters (2) Klystrons Klystron Operation Cavity Magnetron Magnetron Operation Eight Cavity Magnetron Magnetron Basics (1) Magnetron Basics (2) Free-Electron Laser (FEL) Operation Free-Electron Lasers Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (1) Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (2) Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (3) Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (4) Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (5) Special Radar Systems and Applications AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder Radar Firefinder Radar Antenna (1) Firefinder Radar Antenna (2) AN/TPQ-37 Subarray Firefinder Radar Antenna (3) Patriot Air Defense Radar (1) Patriot Air Defense Radar (2) SCR-270 Air Search Radar SCR-270-D Radar SPY-1 Shipboard Radar X-Band Search Radar (AN/SPS-64) AN/SPS-64 C-Band Search Radar (AN/SPS-67) AN/SPS-67 Combat Surveillance Radar (AN/PPS-6) AN/PPS-6 Early Air Surveillance Radar (AN/APS-31) AN/APS-31 AN/APS-40 AN/APS-40 Plan Position Indicator (PPI) Radiometers (1) Radiometers (2) Radiometers (3) Radiometers (4) Radiometers (5) Harmonic Radar (1)

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Harmonic Radar (2) Harmonic Radar Tracking of Bees Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) SAR (2) SAR (3) Comparison of Array Factors Image Resolution Unfocused SAR (1) Unfocused SAR (2) Focused SAR Example Cross Range Processing (1) Cross Range Processing (2) Cross Range Processing (3) Motion Compensation Radar Mapping SAR Image SAR Range Equation SAR Problems (1) SAR Problems (2) Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) ISAR (2) ISAR (3) ISAR (4) Spotlight SAR HF Radars (1) HF Radars (2) HF Radars (3) Typical HF OTH Radar Parameters Typical HF Clutter and Target Spectrum HF Coastal Radar (CODAR) Relocatable OTH Radar (ROTHR) HF Radar Example (CONUS-B) Stepped Frequency Radar (1) Stepped Frequency Radar (2) Stepped Frequency Radar (3) Stepped Frequency Radar (4) Stepped Frequency Radar (5) Stepped Frequency Radar (6) Imaging of Moving Targets Stepped Frequency Imaging (1) Stepped Frequency Imaging (2) Stepped Frequency Imaging (3) Ultra-Wide Band Radar (1) Ultra-Wide Band Radar (2) Ultra-Wide Band Radar (3) Ultra-Wide Band Radar (4) Ultra-Wide Band Radar (5) Ultra-Wide Band Radar (6) Ultra-Wide Band Radar (7) Ultra-Wide Band Radar (8) RCS Considerations Time Domain Scattering F-111 Resonant Frequencies Currents on a F-111 at its First Resonance Excitation of the First Resonance Antenna Considerations Brown Bat Ultrasonic Radar (1) Brown Bat Ultrasonic Radar (2) Doppler Weather Radar (1) Doppler Weather Radar (2) Doppler Weather Radar (3) Doppler Weather Radar (4) Doppler Weather Radar (5)

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Implementation and Interpretation of Data (1) Implementation and Interpretation of Data (2) Implementation and Interpretation of Data (3) Implementation and Interpretation of Data (4) Implementation and Interpretation of Data (5) Clear Air Echoes and Bragg Scattering Weather Radar Example Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits Tile Concept Module Concept MMIC Single Chip Radar (1) MMIC Single Chip Radar (2) MMIC FMCW Single Chip Radar (1) MMIC FMCW Single Chip Radar (2) Defeating Radar Using Chaff Chaff (1) Chaff (2) Chaff (3) Chaff and Flares Bistatic Radar (1) Bistatic Radar (2) Flight-Tracking Firm Takes Off Bistatic Radar (3) Bistatic Radar (4) Bistatic Radar Example (1) Bistatic Radar (5) Bistatic Radar (6) Bistatic Radar (7) Bistatic Radar (8) Bistatic Radar (9) Bistatic Radar (10) Bistatic Radar Example (2) Line-of-Sight Constrained Coverage (1) Line-of-Sight Constrained Coverage (2) Bistatic Radar (11) Bistatic Radar (12) Bistatic Footprint and Clutter Area (1) Bistatic Footprint and Clutter Area (2) Bistatic Radar Cross Section (1) Bistatic Radar Cross Section (2) Bistatic Radar Cross Section (3) Bistatic Radar Example Revisited Cross Eye Jamming (1) Cross Eye Jamming (2) ECM for Conical Scanning Ground Bounce ECM Suppression of Sidelobe Jammers (1) Suppression of Sidelobe Jammers (2) CSLC Equations for an Array Antenna CSLC Performance Adaptive Antennas Laser Radar (1) Laser Radar (2) Laser Radar (3) Laser Radar (4) Laser Radar (5) Laser Radar (6) Laser Radar (7) Laser Radar (8) Ground Penetrating Radar (1) Ground Penetrating Radar (2) Ground Penetrating Radar (3) Ground Penetrating Radar (4) Ground Penetrating Radar (5)

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Ground Penetrating Radar (6) Ground Penetrating Radar (7) Ground Penetrating Radar (8)