Personal

Development
 Personal Development
Knowing Oneself – Strengths
and Limitations
Personal Development
Knowing Oneself – Strengths and Limitations
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Morena S. Dela Cruz

Editors: Cesar Chester O. Relleve
Reviewers: Melanie Mae N. Moreno, Joseph Jay Aureada, Darwin D. Bargo, Alona A. Encinares
Illustrator: Salvacion C. Montenegro
Layout Artist: Mark Laurence T. Tapas
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Christopher R. Diaz, Juan R. Araojo, Jr,
Cristina C. Salazar, Priscilla V. Salo, Anselmo C. Celeste Jr.

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Personal Development Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions
to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Personal Development Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we
may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully
achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know

This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to
take. If you get all the answers correct (100% ), you may decide to skip this module.

What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem,
a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.
You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned

This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.

Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned.
This also tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

1
 Week

1
Lesson 1 Knowing Oneself –
Strengths and Limitations
As an individual, we commonly see other people’s manner of doing things,
belief, and lifestyle. Most of the time, we give comments and/or judgment on how
they behave and react in certain scenarios. However, it is observed that most
people find it hard to make good and sound evaluation towards their own behavior,
traits, and personality. In this lesson, we will try to know ourselves better by having
careful reflections on how we see ourselves as an individual and understanding
our characters particularly as young and late adolescent.

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

The lesson in this module is about Knowing Oneself. After going through
this module, you are expected to:
1. Explain that knowing oneself can make a person accept his/her
strengths and limitations and dealing with others better.
What’s In
Start knowing yourself better. Kindly work with a partner (anyone who is
available to give you some assistance) and assess how well you know yourself by
listing down your values, characteristics and/or traits using the Four Quadrants
of Oneself. (Be guided by the instructions below.) Be able to discuss to your
teacher/guide or partner/buddy the result of this activity using your output.

I. Values you know well you possess

II. Values you and others knew you possess
III. Values you and others hardly knew you possess
IV. Values others knew well you possess

I II
self and others
Well-known by

Well-known by
self alone

Well-known by
Hardly known by
self and others

others alone

III IV

2
 What’s New
Self-Development
As an adolescent, it is undeniable that during this year, you find it most
important to know yourselves deeper. You most of the time find yourself asking ‘what
do you really want’ or ‘why do you really like doing these things
or being with these people’.

You may find it queer that you are starting to ask yourself questions, but you
have got to understand that you are not the only person who experienced it. In other
words, what you are experiencing is just normal. Now that you are in your middle
or late adolescence we can say that you may have discovered changes in your life,
or in your behavior or attitude that compel you to discover more.

Self-development is a process of discovering oneself by realizing one's

potentials and capabilities that are shaped over time either by studying in a formal
school or through environmental factors. Along this realization, an individual
encounters gradual changes deep within him/her that may help him/her overcome
unacceptable practices or traits which lead him towards positive change
for his growth or self-fulfillment. It is also called personal development.

On the other hand, examining yourself, most specifically how you react on
things, your belief, traits, and values is one of the most complicated things to do
in the world. You must understand, though, that it is not that simple.
In fact, it follows a process.

This lesson will be of great help for you to rediscover yourself better. Let us
start by knowing some concepts of understanding oneself.

Know Thyself
“An unexamined life is not worth living”, this is one of the famous lines once
uttered by one of the greatest philosophers of Ancient Greek, Socrates.

Know Thyself is an old maxim or aphorism which in time has been used
in varied literature and consequently gained different meanings. One of its meanings
is recorded in the Greek encyclopedia of knowledge called “The Suda”.

Thomas Hobbes also discussed his own views about the maxim from
which he used the phrase “read thyself” in his famous work The Leviathan. He
stressed that an individual could learn more by studying others and that he/she can
do this by engaging himself/herself to reading books. However, Hobbes emphasized
that a person learns more by studying oneself.

He further elaborates his views about know thyself from which he states
that a man who looks into himself/herself and considers contemplating on what
he/she did or what he/she thinks, reasons, hopes and/or fears and to what grounds
he/she feels all these can consequently learn how to read and learn others’ thoughts
and passions in similar occasions.

3
 Thus, this statement leads us to the realization that knowing oneself
is the open door that leads us to knowing others better.

Authors of other materials related to this idea believe that ‘know thyself’ is a
moral epistemological injunction. This suggests that the philosophy is the acquiring
the skills of way of questioning or challenging the person to gain careful
understanding of oneself. It is a form of self-concern.

Self-Concept
Self-concept is ones abstract and general idea about him/herself particularly
toward his/her unique personality and his/her own perception about his/her set
of values, point of views and behavior.

This theory began as Rene Descartes, the Father of Modern Philosophy,

proposed his theory that a person’s existence depends on his/her perception. Rene
Descartes stated that mind is the seat of consciousness.

This means that it is in the mind that we know everything about ourselves like
our identity, passion, interest, feelings, and/or intellect, thus everything that we are
comes from the mind.

Self-concept theory has a lot of suppositions regarding how people learn

to judge themselves. Among these Sincero named three aspects such as:

Self-concept is learned. This explains that no individual is born

with self-concept. A person will soon develop this as he/she grows old. This
means that self-concept can only be acquired as soon as the person learns how
to mingle with others and so this indicates that self-concept is influenced
by the person’s environment and can be a product of the person’s socialization.

Self-concept is organized. This stresses out that one’s perception towards

himself/herself is firm. This means that a person may hear other people’s point
of view regarding himself/herself but will keep on believing that what he/she thinks
of himself/herself is always the right one. Change on one’s perceptions towards
himself/herself, however, may also be possible but it takes time.

Self-concept is dynamic. As an individual grows older, he/she continues

to encounter problems or challenges that may reveal his/her self-concept
in that particular time or situation. A person will respond to the scenario
based on his/her own insights and how he/she perceives himself/herself
in the situation. Thus, self-concept undergoes development as the person goes
through different experiences.

Aside from the philosophers above, Sigmund Freud who is a well-known

psychologist, neurologist and the creator of Psychoanalysis Theory and the father
of psychoanalysis, proposed that there are three components of personality within
us: the Id, Ego and Superego that certainly play a vital role of how we think
of ourselves.

4
 The Id. Freud explained that man's personality is driven by pleasure principle.
This means that the nature of Id is to satisfy man's desire without thinking much
of the situation. This nature is being developed at a young age or present from birth.
To illustrate this idea let us take this as an example. An infant will cry if he/she
wants to be fed to satisfy his/her hunger. An infant cannot exactly explain what
he/she really wants. Also, infants do grab things and would want to get things on
their hands not minding if they hurt nor if they are important or not. All they want
is to get them for they want them. This is the nature of Id, when the id wants it the
rest are no longer important. However, this instinct is controlled by the ego and
superego as these aspects are developed in man’s life later.

The Ego. This is the second component of the personality that is developed
at approximately the age of three. This operates according to reality which makes
it possible for the Id to work in a more proper and satisfactory ways. The ego will give
a more socially accepted means of getting the desires and wants of a person without
getting to hurt other’s feelings. In other words, it is the job of the
ego to provide a man some guidelines on how to behave accordingly
while he fulfilled his pleasure.

This component of our personality is manifested whenever we try to satisfy

our cravings without compromising our self-image to others.

The Superego. Freud believed that this aspect of man begins to manifest
as a child turns 5. This is the last component of personality which holds our moral
judgments or concept of right and wrong that are believed to be acquired
from the family and the environment.

This personality is developed as man learns the culture of distinguishing right

from wrong based on the set of guidelines and standards that are known to people
which might have been probably imposed by the people in the community like
parents, teachers, elders or the community as a whole. Therefore, superego directs
a man’s life for him to avoid hurting others.

What is It
Various artists use arts to express their innermost thoughts
through painting, photos, cartoons, murals, and the likes. Our appreciation
and judgment of others’ works might reveal our innermost thoughts
and theirs, as well.

Challenge 1: Editorial Cartoon Analysis

Directions: Study the editorial cartoon below. Answer the questions that follow.
Do this on your answer sheet.

5
1. What do you think is the message of the cartoon? Do you agree
with the cartoonist?
2. How would you describe the thought of the cartoonist
toward adolescents?

Intelligence is not having the mind to see other

people’s mistakes but learning to have the
heart to accept them. #Stopcyberbullying.
1. How would you interpret the line in connection to cyber bullying?
Do you agree with it? Give concrete situation to justify your answer.
2. Visualize the situation being presented by the author.
3. In what certain scenario do you think would this line be applicable?

What’s More

Activity 1 Discussing and Understanding Terms and

Philosophies of Knowing Oneself
Knowing Oneself is quite an easy task but it requires a lot of self-assessment
and some “me” time in order to be very much adept with how one must analyze
his/her way of behaving, interacting and living his/her life with other people in
his/her community.
In this part of the module you are to do the following things to enable yourself
to measure the things you gained about Knowing Oneself.
Activity 1.1. Define the following terms below in your own words.
1. Self ____________________________________________________________
2. Knowing Thyself ____________________________________________________________
3. Ed ____________________________________________________________
4. Ego ____________________________________________________________
5. Superego ____________________________________________________________

Activity 1.2. Briefly discuss the principles and concepts

of the famous philosophers. Do this on your paper.
1. “Knowing others is intelligence; knowing yourself is true wisdom. Mastering
others is strength; mastering yourself is true power.” - Lao Tzu
2. “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” - Aristotle

6
Activity 1.3. Learning the Skill: Understanding Conceptual Paradigm
1. Study the conceptual framework below. Analyze the connections of the elements
and explain it in a concise manner.

What I Have Learned

1. Self-development means is taking steps to better yourself. It also
means efforts toward self-fulfillment.
2. Know Thyself is an old maxim or aphorism gained different
meanings.
3. “The Suda” is the encyclopedia of Greek knowledge wherein the concept
of Know Thyself is interpreted in different meanings.

4. Thomas Hobbes used the phrase “read thyself” to stress out that an
individual can learn more by studying others and that he/she can do this by
engaging himself/herself to reading book.

5. Knowing oneself is the beginning of all wisdom according to Aristotle.

6. Know thyself is a moral epistemological injunction according to some
writers which means acquiring the skills of way of questioning or
challenging the person to gain careful understanding of oneself.

7. Self-concept is ones abstract and general idea about him/herself

particularly toward his/her unique personality and his/her own perception
about his/her set of values, point of views and behaviour.

8. Rene Descartes states that mind is the seat of consciousness.

9. Self-concept have three aspects as enumerated by Sincero namely: Self-
concept is 1.) learned, 2.) organized, and 3.) dynamic.

10. There are three components of self, according to Sigmund Freud

namely: 1.) The Id, 2) The Ego, and 3.) The Superego.

What I Can Do
Now that you have a better grasp of yourself, you are to do
this activity. Recall the most important event/s of your life which you believe to have
helped you discover yourself more. Complete the road map below. Consider
the instructions given. Do this on a sheet of paper.

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 ____________________________________
Title of the Road Map

Name three traits/values you Justify why you

will constantly and consistently would still choose
share with others so that they the road you have
will also overcome the chosen to take.
challenges of their lives. ____________________
___________________________ _____________
Describe how your traits
State one good reason why you which you have gained
won’t choose to change yourself through your
or your present thoughts. experiences, have helped
___________________________ you surpass your
life’s challenges.
________________________
Name the changes you have
___
noticed in yourself after
encountering challenges you List down things/activities
have indicated in part 5 you do that make/s you
“Bridge.” strong whenever you feel
___________________________ so down...
__________________________
State things you have realized _
after overcoming problem/s List down the positive things
when no one was there to help that happened to you after
you. ___________________________ learning the lessons you have
in Gas Station 1.
___________________________

Describe yourself before you Name the first problem you

have encountered the have encountered that has
problem. given you a good lessons in
life.
__________________________
___________________________

8
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What explains the phrase “read thyself” of Thomas Hobbes?
a. It is the effort toward self-fulfillment.
b. an individual can learn more by studying others.
c. must not boast and attend to the opinion of others.
d. learning through one’s experiences and achievements

2. Which does NOT state the nature of The Id?

a. starts from birth
b. focuses on one’s desire
c. develops at the age of 5
d. satisfies pleasure principle

3. Which states FACT about The Superego?

a. acquired from birth
b. holds persons moral judgment
c. developed for a long period of time
d. affected by persons unique identify

4. Which statement can define The Ego?

a. satisfies ones wants
b. operates according to reality
c. develops according to one’s desire
d. affects persons opinion toward himself

5. Which statement is true about mind as the seat of consciousness as defined

by Rene Descartes?
a. through our minds we perceive the future
b. through our minds we know ourselves better
c. through our minds we realized our past experiences
d. through our minds we keep on discovering people’s belief

6. Which is NOT true about self-development?

a. Every people will undergo this process.
b. Everybody will look for ways to understand himself/herself.
c. Everyone will find it difficult to know himself/herself better.
d. Every individual has the chance of knowing himself/herself better.

7. What is likely to happen when one gained complete understanding

of himself/herself?
a. He/She will seek professional help.
b. He/She will find difficult knowing others.
c. He/She will build a better life on his/her own.
d. He/She will take his/her part in the society successfully.

9
 8. To where a person is believed to acquire his/her first and primary concept of
right and wrong?
a. from his/her family
b. from his/her school
c. from his/her friends
d. from his/her society

9. Why should a person develop The Ego?

a. He/She will become more mature
b. He/She will appear more educated
c. He/She will gain be more successful
d. He/She will learn how to control his/her instincts.

10. Why is The Superego important?

a. This gives person guidelines of distinguishing right from wrong.
b. This teaches an individual to be more careful of his/her actions.
c. This provides concept of communities’ rules for judging people’s actions.
d. This helps one realize whether actions of others are needed to be
judged.

11. Why did Lao Tzu say that Mastering yourself is true power?
a. Mastering one’s personality will give you courage to do everything.
b. Knowing yourself will effectively increase your strength and positive
traits.
c. Being familiar with one’s personality is really an advantage for one to
outstand the rest.
d. Knowing oneself will allow one to respond to a situation according to
his/her behavior.

12. What idea is embedded in the phrase, “Mastering others is strength.”

a. Knowing others is gift
b. Knowing others is ability
c. Knowing others is a talent
d. Knowing others is mastery

13. What is the probable reason why The Suda reminds people not to be affected
by others opinion?
a. Other people point of view is very belittling.
b. People have tendency to forget old teachings.
c. Self-concept does not concentrate on people’s opinion.
d. Self-concept does not value the point of view of others towards oneself.

14. What is meant by “Knowing others is intelligence.”?

a. Having ideas towards identify of others is just a mental state.
b. Getting to know others is also a gift that only few are blessed.
c. Knowing how to deal with different personalities is a special talent.
d. It is not easy to know others it requires mental capability to do this.

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 15. What is meant by “Knowing yourself is true wisdom.”?

a. Self-concept is a great power of mind.

b. Knowing oneself is achieving a higher level of thinking.
c. Knowing oneself is a process that is developed self-discovery.
d. Self-concept is a kind of intelligence that developed through
education.

Additional Activities
You are indeed successful in studying this lesson, now you are to do a certain
task to enhance your skills in knowing yourself better.

They say that people do live in accordance or opposite to what their names
suggest. Kindly ask your parents, guardian, or relatives of a short history of how they
name you. You may also surf the net of the meaning of your name.

After having the knowledge regarding the definition of your name, face the
mirror, contemplate, and relax for a moment. You are to recall happy thoughts and
the lowest moment of your life. In your mind, try to list down things that makes you
familiar with your behavior, personality, actions, and values.

Then, after a moment of contemplating make a diary note and write down your
thoughts there. Be guided by the instructions below.

Write a three-paragraph reflection on how you lived your life for the past five
years. Please take note of the guide questions given below.

1. Have you lived in accordance or opposite of your name?

2. What delivered you to having this kind of life?

3. What would you like to retain the same or to change your life?
4. What best quote can sum up your life?

My Life

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

11
 Personal Development
Knowing Oneself –
Characteristics, Habits, and
Experiences
Personal Development
Knowing Oneself – Characteristics, Habits, and Experiences
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Liezel B. Aling

Editors: Cesar Chester O. Relleve
Reviewers: Melanie Mae N. Moreno, Joseph Jay Aureada, Darwin D. Bargo,
Illustrator: Salvacion C. Montenegro
Layout Artist: Mark Laurence T. Tapas
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Regional, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Christopher R. Diaz,
Juan R. Araojo, Jr., Cristina C. Salazar, Priscilla V. Salo, Anselmo C. Celeste Jr.

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]/ [email protected]

12
Week

1
Lesson 2 Knowing Oneself
As an individual, we commonly observe, and undeniably, judge other people’s
manners, beliefs, and lifestyle. However, it can be perceived, though, that most
people find it hard to make good and sound evaluation toward their own behavior,
traits, and personality. In this lesson, we will try to know ourselves better by having
careful reflections on how we see ourselves as an individual and understanding our
characters particularly as young and late adolescent.
What I Need to Know
This material was crafted to give you – learners, the right amount of assistance
for you to absorb and acquire all the necessary concepts and nature comprising
oneself. Lessons are bounded on the performance and content standard, learning
competencies and level of the learners. This also used languages appropriate to the
understanding of the varied types of students’ learning acquisition. Sequence of the
lessons adhered to the arrangement of the competencies as reflected on the DepEd’s
curriculum guide for this course.
Lesson Title: Knowing Oneself
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. share his/her unique characteristics, habits, and experiences
What’s In
One of the most common self-report measures of self-esteem is the Rosenberg
Self-Esteem Scale. Indicated below is a list of statements dealing with your general
feelings about yourself. Kindly write on your paper the number that corresponds on
how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement.
Strongly Disagr Strongly
Statement Disagree ee
Agree
Agree

1. Overall, I am satisfied with myself. 1 2 3 4

2. At times I think I am no good at all. 1 2 3 4

3. I feel that I have several good qualities. 1 2 3 4

4. I can do things as well as most other people. 1 2 3 4

5. I feel I do not have much to be proud of. 1 2 3 4

6. I certainly feel useless at times. 1 2 3 4

7. I feel that I am a person of worth, at least on an

1 2 3 4
equal plane with others.

8. I wish I could have more respect for myself. 1 2 3 4

9. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure. 1 2 3 4

10. I take a positive attitude toward myself. 1 2 3 4

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 What’s New

Adolescence is the period when a young individual develops from a child into
an adult. There are a lot of changes that happen to an adolescent like you and some
of those are: how you look, how you take your role in the community, how other
people expect you in making decisions on your own, and how you perceive yourself.
Although the "Self" is one of the determinants of what we thought about ourselves,
it is also the result of what we think and/or do.

Many people believe that we are the product of our own experiences. Those
experiences shape our unique qualities and habits that define who we as a person
and differ from others. Your features or own qualities that made you a unique are
characteristics; when you do something repeatedly and regularly it is a habit; and
experiences are the skills or knowledge you have gained because you have done it
already from the past.

Now let us focus on when and how our characteristics, habits, and
experiences develop and manifest by identifying some of the factors that may affect
a person’s “Self” -- the foundation of all human behavior. It is our sense of identity
and of who we are as an individual (James 1890; Mead, 1934).

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is your evaluation of your own worth. It may be positive

or negative. Positive self-esteem is the valuation that is pleasing and acceptable
according to your standard and that of others, while negative self-esteem is the
opposite which is feeling distraught or down and unaccepted by others.

According to Tafarodi & Swann (1995), there are many factors to identify
the level of self-esteem of an individual and some of the major factors are:
- own appearance
- how satisfied you are in a relationship; and
- how you view your performance.
Our self-esteem may change from time to time depending on the situation we
encounter in our daily life. Since it can be partly a trait that someone can possess.
It depends on how you perceive the things coming your way.

Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy is not considered as a trait. “[It] does not refer to your abilities
but rather to your beliefs about what you can do with your abilities” (Stajkovic &
Luthans, 1998). It is your will to produce an effect on a specific thing. It is your
self-belief to effectively achieve your most important goal. The stronger the belief, the
bigger the possibility to achieve a positive result. For instance, you are aiming
for a higher grade and you are confidently believing it then, it will happen.

Maddux and Kleiman (2000) define and explain the five (5) different ways
that influenced self-efficacy beliefs from the ideas of Albert Badura, a professor
and a psychologist.

14
 (a) Performance Experiences – if you are good at achieving your specific goal, then
you probably think that you will achieve it again. When the opposite happens,
if you fail, you will often think that you will fail again.
(b) Vicarious Performances – if others achieved their goal or specific task, then
you will come to believe that you will also achieve your goal.
(c) Verbal Persuasion – it is when people tell you whether they believe or not
on what you can do or cannot do. The effect of your self-efficacy will depend
on how that person matters to you.
(d) Imaginal Performances – When you imagine yourself doing well, then it will
happen.
(e) The Affective States & Physical Sensations – if your mood or emotion (e.g.
shame) and physical state (e.g. shaking) come together, it will affect your self-
efficacy. If negative mood connects with negative physical sensation, the result
will be negative. And if it is positive, most likely the result will be positive.

Self and Identity

Have you tried to talk to yourself in front of the mirror? What did you see?
According to William James, a psychologist, “the self is what happens when I reflect
upon ME". Taylor (1989) described the self as a Reflective Project. How we see
ourselves is geared toward improving ourselves depending on a lot of factors.
Dan McAdam, a psychologist, reiterated that even there are many ways on
how we reflect to improve ourselves, it brings us back to these three (3) categories:
1. Self as Social Actor
o We are portraying different roles and behaving for every type/set
of people in front of us since we all care about what people think
about us. It is practically for social acceptance.
2. Self as Motivated Agent
o People act based on their purpose. They do things based on their
own dreams, desires, and planned goals for the future. This,
though, is not easily identifiable since it is self-conceptualized,
unless it was shared with us.
3. Self as Autobiographical Author
o He/she as the creator of his/her own entire life story. It is about
how oneself is developed from his/her past, up to the present, and
what he/she will become in the future.

Judgment and Decision Making

As an individual, you are expected to act and decide on your own. Most people
tend to decide based on the intuitions and available information that could be a
hindrance in making a wise decision.

It can be a habit, when our decision is always based on what is available or

gathered data. There could be a “missing link”.

For instance, you applied for different courses in five (5) different universities
and you were able to qualify in all. Now, how will you decide? To help you, Bazerman
and Moore (2013) suggested the Six Steps on How to Make a Rational Decision:
1. Define the Problem (select your most desired course);
2. Identify the criteria necessary to judge the multiple options (list things to be
considered like location, facilities, prestige, etc.);
3. Weight the criteria (rank the criteria based on its importance to you);

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 4. Generate alternatives (the schools that accepted you);
5. Rate each alternative on each criterion (rate each school on the criteria you have
identified); and
6. Compute the optimal decision

What is It
You now have the idea on how things affect one’s self. Knowing those factors,
aspects, indicators, and ways to know yourself better was just an instrument to help
you be able to meet and embrace your being. Who you are, what you do, and what
you have been through are ultimate reasons why you are unique from others.
This activity will let you dig deeper by remembering some important aspects
that made you who you are. You are opt to share your answers with your
teacher/classmates.
1. What are the things or who are the people that/who make you feel
confident?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What makes you doubtful to yourself?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How do thoughts of other people about you affect your mood?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the biggest decision you have made in your life? How did that decision
affect you and your decision-making?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What’s More
In this part, you will be given Two (2) different activities that will allow you to
share how you see yourself and how others see you.

Activity 1.1

Some “One” Dear

You learned from the previous text that Self is a “Reflective Project”. We do
reflective assessment and we keep on trying to change ourselves for what we think
is the best. Big part of the reflecting process are considerations like how you think
people perceive you. However, sometimes you could get so caught up with a lot of
things that you tend to fail to project yourself formally to others.

This activity will open the chance for you to tell everything that you want to
say to a person dear to you. You are tasked to create a letter for someone that matters
to you. Share all your learnings, your discovered characteristics, habits, and
experiences that you failed to tell him/her before.

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Activity 1.2
Sharing-Is-Caring
This time, you will have an idea of how well your family members know you
by letting each them write what they think your strengths and weaknesses are,
as well as, what they think makes you angry and happy. After the given time, look
for the common answers and discuss the result with them and with your teacher.

My Strengths My Weaknesses

What makes me
What makes me happy?
angry?

What I Have Learned

Modified True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If the

statement is wrong, change the underlined word/s with the correct answer.
Write your answer in a separate sheet.

1. Self-esteem is your evaluation of your own worth.

2. There are factors to identify the level of self-esteem of an individual namely:
own appearance; how satisfied you are in a relationship; and how
you view your performance.
3. Self-Identity is your belief on your own abilities.
4. There are five (5) different ways that influenced self-efficacy beliefs. Those are
Performance Experiences, Vicarious Performances, Verbal Persuasion, Literal
Performances, and the Affective States & Physical Sensations
5. There are three (3) categories on how we reflect to improve ourselves, these
are: Self as Social Actor, Self as Conscience Agent, and Self
as Autobiographical Author.
6. In Self, an individual, is expected to act and decide on his/her own.
7. Most people tend to decide based on the intuitions and available information
that could be a hindrance in making a wise decision.
8. Six Steps on How to Make a Rational Decision: Define the Problem, Identify the
criteria necessary to judge the multiple options, Weight the criteria, generates
alternatives, rate each alternative on each criterion, and change the optimal
decision.

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 What I Can Do
Time-To-Decide
You will need four other individuals to do this task to make a group of five. It
may be your siblings, parents, neighbors, etc. You are to imagine the following
scenarios. Make sure that each member of the group contributes on your decision-
making process.
Part I

You and your friends are on a vacation and you all decided to ride a boat to go
to a remote island to stay there overnight. Each of you brought 3 objects which you
think are essential for your adventure. Everything was doing well during the trip until
the winds grew stronger and the waves got rougher—you were caught in a storm at
sea! At that point, you were compelled to decide to unload the boat to ease it from your
weight for easier navigation. In total, you have brought 15 essential items. To make
room in your boat, you would need to discard 12 and just leave three items with you.
The items you brought were: bottled water, firecracker, first aid kit, plastic bag with 3
inflatable floater, bag of blankets, box of sandwich, speaker, insect repellent,
flashlight, compass, bucket of beer, bunch of banana, Ziplock bag of cellphone,
sunblock, a pair of slippers.

Let each member justify his/her decision. Write down your decision on a piece
of paper.

Part II

You already have discarded 12 essential items. The storm got stronger, though,
and the boat could not possibly make it unless the other four jumps right into the
stormy seas to spare one person.

Your group should decide who would stay on the boat. Each member should
state his/her reason/s why he/she chose that person to be saved. Come up with a
decision. Justify your decision and write it on a piece of paper.

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 Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. How can you define adolescence?
a. It is a healthy, yet risky time of life.
b. The period wherein a young individual develops from a child into an
adult.
c. The period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual
maturity have been attained.
d. The period from birth to eight years old, is a time of remarkable growth
with brain development at its peak.
2. What best describes the word “Self”?
a. It is an emotional state wherein you evaluate yourself.
b. It is our sense of identity and of who we are as individual.
c. It is your beliefs in yourself to effectively achieve your most important
goal.
d. It is how you are expected to act and decide on your own
3. Characteristics are best described as ____________.
a. Knowledge you have gained because you have done it already from the
past.
b. Something you do repeatedly and regularly
c. Your features or own quality that made you a unique individual.
d. Your feeling of being worthy
4. Which of the following is being described by the statement: If your mood or
emotion (e.g. shame) and physical state (e.g. shaking) come together, it will
affect your self-efficacy. If negative mood connects with negative physical
sensation the result will be negative and vice-versa.
a. Performance Experiences
b. The Affective States & Physical Sensations
c. Verbal Persuasion
d. Vicarious Performances
5. When you are portraying different roles and behaving for every type/set of
people in front of us. You are under what categories of improving yourself?
a. Self as Social Actor
b. Self as Autobiographical Author
c. Self as Motivated Agent
d. Decision Maker
6. When people act based on their purpose, it is under what categories of
improving oneself?
a. Decision Maker
b. Self as Social Actor
c. Self as Autobiographical Author
d. Self as Motivated Agent
7. Which of the following is being described by this statement: “It is about how
oneself is developed from his/her past, up to the present, and what he/she
will become in the future”?
a. Self as Social Actor
b. Self as Autobiographical Author
c. Self as Motivated Agent
d. Decision Maker

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 8. Self-Efficacy is best described as ___________.
a. may change from time to time, depending on the situation we encounter
in our daily life
b. The self as a Reflective Project
c. The will to produce an effect on a specific thing. Your beliefs in yourself
to effectively achieved your most important goal
d. your skills or knowledge you have gained because you have done it
already from the past.
9. Most people tend to decide based on the _____________________ that could be
a hindrance in making a wise decision.
a. available information
b. both a & c
c. intuitions
d. none of the above
10. When you imagine yourself doing well then, most likely, it will happen.
a. Imaginal Performances
b. Performance Experiences
c. The Affective States & Physical Sensations
d. Verbal Persuasion
11. We can get more of our self-esteem from:
a. people who do not like us
b. people who matter to us the most
c. people who do not know who we are
d. people who like
12. The most realistic way to create high self-esteem is:
a. to be the best
b. to be great
c. to live a generally positive life
d. to win all the time
13. Overconfident and high self-esteem can lead to:
a. failure
b. self-efficacy
c. self-fulfillment
d. success
14. Can self-efficacy affect our self-esteem?
a. no
b. yes
c. maybe
d. all of the above
15. There are Six (6) suggested ways to make decision. Which of the following does
NOT belong to the group?
a. Define the Problem
b. Generates alternatives
c. Rate each alternative
d. Determine the severity

Additional Activities
You have succeeded in studying the lesson. Now you are to know more about
yourself by accomplishing the table.

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 My Plan
List down the all the things you want to do/improve/change, your reason and
how will you do it. Do this on a separate sheet.

Your objective Reason How will you do it?

Example: to become a Because singing is my Look for a voice coach;

professional singer dream since I was in Attend in a singing
grade school class; etc.

_____________________________
Name and signature

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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