AI-ML Class-07

Vector spaces and their subspaces
A vector space is a non empty set V on which two operations, called

vector addition and scalar multiplication, are defined so that for any
elements u, v and w in V and any scalars a and b, the sum u + v and the
scalar multiple au are unique elements of V , and such that the following
axioms hold.
Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 1 / 15

Vector spaces and their subspaces
A vector space is a non empty set V on which two operations, called

vector addition and scalar multiplication, are defined so that for any
elements u, v and w in V and any scalars a and b, the sum u + v and the
scalar multiple au are unique elements of V , and such that the following
axioms hold.
Axioms of a vector space
1. u + v = v + u (commutative law)
2. (u + v ) + w = u + (v + w ) (associative law)
3. There is an element 0 in V such that u + 0 = u. (Identity law of

vector addition)
4. There is an element −u in V such that u + (−u) = 0.(Inverse law of
vector addition)
5. 1.u = u (Identity law of scalar multiplicatin)
6. (ab)u = a(bu)
7. a(u + v ) = au + av
8. (a + b)u = au + bu
The elements of a vector space are called vectors.

Example (1)
For any given positive integers m and n, let Mm×n denote the set of all
m × n matrices.

Example (1)
m × n matrices.
Then Mm×n is a vector space with the operations matrix addition and
scalar multiplication of a matrix by a scalar.

Example (1)
m × n matrices.
Then Mm×n is a vector space with the operations matrix addition and
scalar multiplication of a matrix by a scalar.
In this case, m × n zero matrix plays the role of the zero vector.

Example (2)
For n ≥ 0, the set Pn of polynomials of degree at most n consists of all
polynomials of the form p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t 2 + . . . + an t n , where the
coefficients a0 , a1 , . . . an and the variable t are real numbers. If all the
coefficients are zero, p is called the zero polynomial. If
q(t) = b0 + b1 t + b2 t 2 + . . . + bn t n then
(p + q)(t) = p(t) + q(t) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )t + . . . + (an + bn )t n
The scalar multiple cp is the polynomial defined by
(cp)(t) = cp(t) = ca0 + (ca1 )t + (ca2 )t 2 + . . . + (can )t n
Clearly zero polynomial serves as zero vector. Thus Pn with addition and
scalar multiplication is a vector space.

Subspaces
Definition
A subspace of a vector space V is a subset H of V that has three
properties
a The zero vector of V is in H.
b H is closed under vector addition i.e. for each u and v in H, the sum
u + v is in H.
c H is closed under multiplication by scalar i.e. for each u in H and

each scalar c, the vector cu is in H.

Note
• Every subspace is a vector space as it satisfy all axioms of vector

space(∵ follows from (a), (b)and(c)).
• The term subspace is used under when at least two vector spaces in
mind, with one inside the other. The subspace of V identifies V as
the larger space.

Examples
1 The set consisting of only the zero vector in a vector space V is a

subspace of V , called the zero subspace written as {0}.
2 The vector space R 2 is not a subspace of R 3 ∵ R 2 ⊈ R 3 .
3 A line in R 2 not through the origin is not a subspace of R 2 .

  


 s 


  
The set H =  t  ,s and t are real is the subspace of R 3
 
4

  


 0 


Problems on subspaces
  


 w 1



  
1
  3
Show that the set W = w2  ∈ R : 6w1 − 5w2 + 4w3 = 0 is a

  


 w 

3
subspace of R 3
2 Let w be a non-zero vector in R 3 . Show that the set W of all

multiples of w is a subspace of R 3

Problems
Let V and W be the subsets of R 2 defined by

  
 v1 
1 V =   ∈ R 2 ; v1 ≥ 0, v2 ≥ 0
 v 
2
  
 w1 
2 W =   2 2
∈ R ; w1 = w2 2
 w 
2
Verify whether V , W are subspaces of R 2 or not.

  
 v1 
1 V =   ∈ R 2 ; v1 ≥ 0, v2 ≥ 0
 v 
2
V is not closed under scalar multiplication. Since
/ V . Thus V is not a subspace of R 2 .
(−1)u = −u ∈
  
 w1 
2 W =   ∈ R 2 ; w12 = w22
 w 
2
W is not closed under vector addition.

  
 v1 
1 V =   ∈ R 2 ; v1 ≥ 0, v2 ≥ 0
 v 
2
V is not closed under scalar multiplication. Since
/ V . Thus V is not a subspace of R 2 .
(−1)u = −u ∈
  
 w1 
2 W =   ∈ R 2 ; w12 = w22
 w 
2
W is not closed under vector addition. Suppose w1 = [11]T ,
T are in R 2 . But
w2 = [−11]   
1 + (−1) 0
w1 + w2 =  = ∈ / W ∵ o 2 = 22
1+1 2

Theorem
The span of a finite non-empty subset of R n is a subspace of R n .
Proof.
Let S = {w1 , w2 , . . . , wk }. Since 0 = 0.w1 + 0.w2 + . . . + 0.wk . This
implies that 0 belongs to the span of S.
Let u and v ∈ span S.
Then u = a1 w1 + a2 w2 + . . . + ak wk
v = b1 w1 + b2 w2 + . . . bk wk for some scalars a1 , a2 , . . . , ak and
b1 , b2 , . . . , bk .
Now u + v = (a1 w1 + a2 w2 + . . . + ak wk ) + (b1 w1 + b2 w2 + . . . bk wk )

proof continued......
u + v = (a1 + b1 )w1 + (a2 + b2 )w2 + . . . + (ak + bk )wk

This implies u + v ∈ span S. Hence span S is closed under vector addition.
Further, for any scalar c,
cu = c(a1 w1 + a2 w2 + . . . + ak wk ) = (ca1 )w1 + . . . + (cak )wk . This
implies that cu ∈ span S, it is closed under scalar multiplication.
This proves span S is a subspace of R n .

Example
Show 
that
 the set of vectors of the form 


 2a − 3b 


  
W =  b
 
∈ R 3 ; a and b are scalars is a subspace of R 3 .


   


 −a + 4b 

     
2a − 3b 2 −3
     
Observe that  b  = a 0 +b 1 
     
     
−a + 4b −1 4
   
 2  −3

 

Here W = spanS where S =  0  ,  1  . Hence W is a subspace of
   

     
 −1 4

R 3 by above theorem.

note
It follows from the above theorem that the only sets of vectors in R n
that have generating (spanning) sets are the subspaces of R n .
Problem
  


 −s 



Show that V =  2t  ∈ R 3 ; s and t are scalars is a subspace of R 3 by
 

  

 3s − t 
finding a generating (spanning)set for V .
n o
Ans: V = spanS where S = [−1 0 3]T , [0 2 − 1]T is the generating
set for V .

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Vector spaces and their subspaces

A vector space is a non empty set V on which two operations, called

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 1 / 15

A vector space is a non empty set V on which two operations, called

3. There is an element 0 in V such that u + 0 = u. (Identity law of

5. 1.u = u (Identity law of scalar multiplicatin)

The elements of a vector space are called vectors.

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 2 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 3 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 3 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 3 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 4 / 15

a The zero vector of V is in H.

c H is closed under multiplication by scalar i.e. for each u in H and

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 5 / 15

• Every subspace is a vector space as it satisfy all axioms of vector

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 6 / 15

1 The set consisting of only the zero vector in a vector space V is a

2 The vector space R 2 is not a subspace of R 3 ∵ R 2 ⊈ R 3 .

3 A line in R 2 not through the origin is not a subspace of R 2 .

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 7 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 8 / 15

2 Let w be a non-zero vector in R 3 . Show that the set W of all

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 9 / 15

Let V and W be the subsets of R 2 defined by

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 10 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 11 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 11 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 12 / 15

u + v = (a1 + b1 )w1 + (a2 + b2 )w2 + . . . + (ak + bk )wk

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 13 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 14 / 15

Dr. Sabitha D’Souza September 1, 2022 15 / 15

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