MODERN BRICK CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS

A Catalogue of Affordable Solutions Made in Rwanda

Construction costs starting from FRW 150.000 per m2

New solutions for challenging slope conditions
Featuring 12-in-1 garden houses for medium-high density locations
Introducing the Swiss Cube Typology System

THIRD EDITION
August 2017

By Skat Consulting, Ltd.

PROECCO Promoting Off-Farm Employment th
Responsive Construction Material P

Daniel Wyss Implementation

Fatou Dieye
A programme of

PROECCO Promoting Off-Farm Employment th

Responsive Construction Material P

PROECCO Promoting Off-Farm Employment through Climate

Responsive Construction Material Production Implementation

Implementation
A programme of
A programme of
 FOREWORD
HOUSING CONSTRUCTION: AN ENGINE FOR EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Ban Ki-moon, former Secretary General of the UN:

“Income generation is closely associated with housing; it includes payments to construction works and
construction suppliers, as well as home-based activities, some of which are linked to the global chain of
production.”

“Housing makes a considerable contribution to the national economic development in a variety of ways,
including increases in capital stock, fixed investment and savings. In addition, there are significant
interactions with financial systems, through housing banks, mortgage schemes, interest rates and
consumption of housing services.”

Source: Foreword from Dr. Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka’s

Building Prosperity: Housing and Economic Development, 2009
   Modern Brick multiplexes CAN BE
TABLE OF CONTENTS   AFFORDABLE TO MEDIUM-INCOME EARNERS
 
Overview LOCAL BUILDING MATERIALS CAN GENERATE VIABLE SOLUTIONS TO HOUSING SUPPLY CHALLENGES
 
Construction
  costs in Rwanda are higher than in most other countries in Africa. This is mainly due to its
FOREWORD: Housing and Construction: An Engine for Economic Growth 3 land-locked geographic position and the resulting high transportation costs of imported material, namely of
INTRODUCTION: Modern Urban Brick Houses can be Affordable for Medium-Income Earners 5
  and cement. Rwanda’s abundant clay deposits are of excellent quality and the massive demand of the
steel
country’s fast-growing cities are fertile grounds for the construction industry to produce and build with Modern
 
REASON No. 1: Modern Brick Walls are Cheaper than Traditional Block or Cement Walls 6 Brick Technologies. For several years Rwandan SME’s, with the support of the Swiss Agency for Development
and   Cooperation, have started to produce machine-made Modern Bricks that allow for the construction of
REASON No. 2: Modern Brick Duplex Houses are Cheaper than Single-Storied Houses 7
smart and cost-effective buildings. These technologies have the potential to significantly reduce the cost of
REASON No. 3: Landowners Compose their Building by Selecting Duplex Unit Sizes/Standards They can Afford 8  
housing and construction and bring tens of thousands of jobs back to Rwanda that were lost to the foreign
REASON No. 4: The interior of a Modern Brick Duplex unit can be Customised and Changed OverTime 9 cement
  industry.
REASON No. 5: Modern Urban Brick Duplexes are Single-Plot Solutions for Small-Scale Landlords 10
 
REASON No. 6: Modern Urban Brick Duplexes are Suitable for Small Neighbourhood-Level Micro Estates 11
 

FORMAL HOUSING
REASON No. 7: Landlords Building Modern Urban Brick Duplexes Can House Twice the Number of Tenants 12

REASON No. 8: Smart Densification Allows Small Landowners to Self-Finance Neighborhood Upgrading 13  

REASON No. 9: Modern Bricks Can be Produced by Local SMEs and Substitute Imported Cement 14   Batsinda II
Villas or
REASON No. 10: Local Bricks Generate Local Jobs and Increase the Medium Income 15
 
Household Income:
Apartments
Cheapest House in formal real estate
FRW 600.000 5 Bedroom Houses Modern Brick Duplex Houses
TAXONOMY: The Swiss Cube System 16  

PRICE SEGMENT OF MODERN BRICK DWELLINGS

4 Bedroom Houses XXL-Size: FRW 14mio
FRW 500.000
XL-Size
XXL Technical Specifications Sheet 18   400.000 3 Bedroom Houses L-Size
FRW
M-Size
XXL Technical Specifications Sheet (solutions for sloped terrains) 20 FRW 300.000 S-Size: FRW 9mio
  2 Bedroom Houses
(often built in informally) Modern Brick Apartments
XL Technical Specifications Sheet 22 XXL-Size
 
FRW 200.000
XL-Size
L Technical Specifications Sheet 24 L-Size
1 Bedroom Houses M-Size
M Technical Specifications Sheet 26   S-Size
(“Chambre-Salon”)
Modern Brick Studios
Often built in unplanned
S Technical Specifications Sheet 28   settlements using substandard
XXL-Size
XL-Size
S Technical Specifications Sheet (solutions for sloped terrains) 30 building material L-Size
FRW
  100.000 M-Size
XS Technical Specifications Sheet 32 S-Size: FRW 5.5mio
 

INFORMAL HOUSING
Case Study: Kigali PSF Expo House (2017) 34 Studios (“Chambrettes”)
 
Built of adobe or substandard
Case Study: Rusizi Model Brick Duplex Shophouse (2015) 36 walling material
 
ANNEX 1: RCC Reinforced Rowlock Bond Walling System 38
 
ANNEX 2: Modern Brick Multiplex Construction System 39
 
ANNEX 3: Construction Industry Info Portal 40 Stock of available Dwelling Units per Income Bracket in Kigali

42
 
ANNEX 4: Base Maps for Developing Modern Brick Supply for Urban Agglomerations

ANNEX 5: Overview on Modern Brick Production Facility Typologies 43  

 
5
Reason No 1: Modern Brick WALLS are cheaper Reason No 2: Modern Brick multiplexes are
than traditional brick or cement blocK walls cheaper than Single-storied Houses
MODERN BRICKS ARE SEMI-INDUSTRIAL BRICKS PRODUCED BY RWANDAN ‘SMEs’ STRUCTURAL DESIGN DRIVES COST SAVINGS

Breakdown of Material Costs

The Modern Brick Multiplex System is a standardised structural design for urban low-rise buildings, using
per square meter of wall (including taxes)
RCC-reinforced Rowlock-Bond made of Modern Bricks. Its simple details are easy-to-apply and well-suited to
medium-skilled masons who undergo a short training.

Modern Modern Modern

Single Storey Double Storey
Traditional Industrial Semi-Industrial Semi-Industrial
4 x 67 sm3 4 x 67 sm3
Hand-moulded Brick Wall Brick Wall Brick Wall Brick Wall
Cement Outside facing Fully Facing Fully Facing Fully Facing
Block Wall English Bond English Bond English Bond Rowlock Bond

FRW 15.500 FRW 15.500 FRW 21.500 FRW 14.000 FRW 9.500

cement mortar 4 x 67 sm2 4 x 67 sm2

350 kg 206 kg 98 kg 98 kg 41 kg

bricks
Walling
Walling Material
Material

Foundation
0 121 121 121 101 Materials
Foundation
Materials Roof, Floor
and Slabs
Roof and
Floor

The Modern Brick Multiplex is particularly attractive for landlords who dream of a modern urban house and
want to offer their middle-income tenants a modern and affordable house, apartment or studio.

Hand-moulded Traditional Modern Modern Modern • The S-size shell of a Modern Brick House Duplex (58m2), ready for interior works, costs FRW 6mio
Cement Brick Wall Industrial Semi-Industrial Semi-Industrial • A Modern Brick Duplex with 3 bedrooms costs less than FRW 10 mio (5 bedrooms: FRW 15mio)
Block Wall English Bond Brick Wall Brick Wall Brick Wall
• Modern Brick Apartments can be built for less FRW 5mio, Studios for less than FRW 3mio
English Bond English Bond Rowlock Bond
• A common plot can accommate up to 12 duplexes,14 simplexes or even 28 equipped studios!

6 7
REASON No 3: Landowners CAN COMPOSE THEIR BUILDING REASON No 4: THE INTERIOR of a modern brick
BY SELECTING sizes/standards they can afford multiplex can be customised and changed over time
Buildings are assembled from a catalogue of SIMPLEX, duplex and TRIPLEX UNITS ROOMS + WALLS CAN BE BUILT INCREMENTALLY IN RESPONSE TO EVOLVING NEEDS

Overview of modern brick duplex sizes and related costs* and options on how they can be used.

SHELL DUPLEX APARTMENT STUDIO BACK-TO- BACK

XXL
5.25m x 8.3m
86m2 or 2 x 43m2
M L S M
10.2 mio 14.4 mio 8.6 mio 4.2 mio

XL
4.9m x 8.3m
81m2 or 2 x 41m2

9.8 mio 13.6 mio 8.0 mio 4.0 mio

L
4.6m x 8.3m
77m2 or 2 x 38m2

9.5 mio 13.0 mio 7.5 mio 3.8 mio

2016 2022
Neighborhood Services: Water & Electricity only Neighborhood Services: Pathways / drainage channels
M Tenant Profile: Shop Employees, Taximoto Drivers Tenant Profile: Drivers, Artisans
4.1m x 8.3m Tenant Income per HH: 100.000 FRW/month Tenant income per HH: 200.000
67m2 or 2 x 33m2 16 Studios @ 35.000 FRW/month (8 per floor) 8 Apartments @ 65.000/month (4 per floor)
8.1 mio 10.7 mio 6.5 mio 3.6 mio

S
3.78m x 8.3m
63m2 or 2 x 29m2

7.5 mio 10.2 mio 5.9 mio 3.3 mio

XS
3.5m x 8.3m
58m2 or 2 x 29m2 2028 2036
Neighborhood Services: Asphalt Road Neighborhood Services: Public Transportation
6.1 mio 9.2 mio 5.1 mio 2.9 mio Tenant Profile: Clerks, Junior Engineers, Shopkeepers Tenant Profile: Civil Servants, Entrepreneur
Tenant income per HH: 400.000 Tenant income per HH: 600.000
4 duplexes @ 130.000/month 2 rowhouses @ 200.000/month
*Calculated based on a simple plot in Kigali context that include all installations as well as tax and profit. Land excluded.

8 9
REASON No 5: Modern Urban Brick multiplexes REASON No 6: Modern Brick multiplexes ARE
are single-plot solutions for small-SCALE landlords SUITABLE FOR SMALL NEIGHBORHOOD-LEVEL MICRO ESTATES
adaptable to any plot geometry, topography and tenant profile LANDOWNERS WHO JOIN HANDS TO UPGRADE THEIR ENVIRONS CAN FORMALISE THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Adaptability 78% of urban dwellings are in

A standard plot size of 600 m2 (20m unplanned neighbourhoods and
x 30m) can accommodate a variety informally constructed due to the
of duplex combinations (from lack of affordable formal construction
rowhouses to apartment blocks), solutions. The formalisation of these
depending on the purchasing power neighborhoods becomes affordable
of owners and tenants. through the Modern Brick multiplex
housing solution.
The flexible combination of units
Upgrading begins at the plot level
allows for optimized use of plot size,
with individuals or small groups
geometry and topography.
of landowners without disrupting
existing tenancy patterns.
Sample 12-in-1 Building
This method minimises the need
Configuration (left)
for government intervention or
12-in-1 Stacked Duplex Solution expropriation.
4 x 600 m2 4 x 600 m2
Estimated Construction Costs:
Ideally, two or three neighbours
Starting from 96 million FRW
would come together to create a
Sample 9-in-1 Building small city block with the architectural
Configuration (below) and environmental qualities of a
small estate with sufficient parking,
2 - Split-level back-to-back duplex
walkways, private courtyards and a
2 - Double Split-level duplex
recognizable address.
1 - Split-level triplex (T*)
1 - Stacked split-level duplex
1 - Stacked Duplex Sample Neighborhood
1 - Stacked Simplex Development (right)
1 - Duplex
The flexibility of the Modern Brick
Estimated Construction Costs:
Multiplex system allows for the
Starting from 92 million FRW
design of a dense neighborhood,
with a variety of house sizes,
configurations and architectural
T*
expression, given rise to a truly
mixed-use and mixed-income
neighborhood.

Axonometric of
double split-level
triplex duplex

10 11
REASON No 7: LANDLORDS BUILDING MODERN URBAN BRICK REASON No 8: smart densificAtion allows small
multiplexes CAN HOUSE TWICE THE NUMBER OF TENANTS landowners to self-finance neighborhood upgrading
MODERN BRICK MULTIPLEX HOUSES ARE SUITABLE FOR MANY DIFFERENT ZONING DESIGNATIONS LAND VALUE IN INFORMAL AREAS CAN BE UNLOCKED THROUGH COMPACT AFFORDABLE BUILDING SOLUTIONS

Irregular plot and building distribution

Typical Unplanned Settlement in Kigali
Built up area as shown totals 5000 m2.

5000 m2 built-up area

Existing building coverage is low

Study of building footprints reveals
that less than 80% of land is occupied.
50 Dwelling Units / Ha 60 Dwelling Units / Ha

5000 m2 built-up area

Storied houses can improve land use

Building an additional floor and compacting
structures can free up land for development.

5000 m2 floor area on two floors

Compact development can unlock value of land

Available land can be sold to co-finance the in-situ
AVAILABLE LAND FOR resettlement of land owners and tenants into storied
SALE AND/OR modern brick houses (left).
RE-DEVELOPMENT
After self-financing, the floor area could be increased
as per below.
settlement with 5000 m2 floor area
120+ Dwelling Units /Ha
5000 m2 floor area 20.000+ m2 floor area
High-densities are achievable even on challenging and sloped terrains

20% Slope

12 13
REASON No 9: modern brickS can be produced REASON No 10: local bricks generate
by local smes and substitute imported cement local jobs and increase the medium income
PRODUCTION UNITS IN AND AROUND THE SECONDARY CITIES COULD RESPOND TO THE DEMAND FOR MATERIALS SUBSTITUTING FOREIGN CEMENT WITH MODERN BRICK COULD GENERATE UP TO 20,000 CONSTRUCTION JOBS

Even though the current production of Modern Bricks is still low, they can be - and, are - produced by existing
small and medium-scale upgraded brickyards. 100 more could be upgraded and produce bricks for 3,000
houses per year. Given the annual demand of 40,000 - 50,000 new urban houses, 50 new medium-scale brick
factories could profitably produce Modern Bricks to substitute the expensive and substandard traditional ones.
In the case where houses currently made of imported cement would be built with Modern Bricks instead, up
to 150 brick factories could operate profitably.

±
Building Material Supply for Kigali and Secondary Cities after introduction of Modern Bricks
NYAGATARE

±
Modern Bricks MUSANZE
New semi-industrial
from Factories to be establsihed brick factory that Scenario 0
Cimerwa could profitably Scenario 0
Modern Bricks
Cement from existing upgraded brickyards produce Modern
Bricks if production
Scenario 1
Traditional Bricks and environmental Scenario 1
protection standards Nyagatare
Adobe and were enforced and
substandard substandard bricks no Scenario 2
longer used/produced Scenario 2
Imported Cement

KIGALI
Musanze

RUBAVU Scenario 0
Current
Rubavu Situation
Scenario 0

Scenario 1
Scenario 1
Modern
Bricks
MUHANGA
Substitute
Kigali Traditional
Scenario 0
Scenario 2 Bricks
Current Situation Modern Bricks Replace Concrete Blocks
Scenario 1
Muhanga
Scenario 2
Modern Concrete blocks are mostly composed of The introduction of 50 new modern brick facilities
Scenario 2 Bricks
Substitute
Imported
imported cement (Cimerwa production is in proximity to Kigali and the secondary cities
Cement
sufficient for concrete work and mortar only). reduces the need for imported cement. With more
RUSIZI
The capital spent for concrete blocks is mainly production facilities in operation, the number of
Scenario 0 Legend
HUYE MINALOC Kiln
lost to the foreign cement industry and does not local jobs available in the building material and
Rusizi
Scenario 1
Scenario 0
Modern brick producer
Improved Kiln
further circulate in the country or create local construction sector increases exponentially.
Scenario 2
Huye Scenario 1
Improved Kiln Out of Use

Traditional brickyard
jobs. The capital remains in-country, the job growth
Scenario 2
Abandoned brickyard

National road
translates to higher demand.
]
District road
Cities
0 10 20 30 40 50 Potential zone for modern brick production
Km
0 10 20 30 Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance
Km Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

Brickyard Type XL L M S The transformation of Rwanda’s brick industry will require targeted interventions and investments all along
Semi-Industrial Artisanal Artisanal Upgraded Tile Kiln the value chain. The Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation has therefore mandated Skat Consulting to
Annual Output 3.000.000 Bricks 1.000.000 Bricks 600.000 Bricks 300.000 Bricks offer the following services to entrepreneurs, investors and technicians in the following areas:
(200-350 houses) (70-110 houses) (40-70 houses) (20-35 houses)

New brickyards
required for
substituting:
A: Traditional Bricks 50 brickyards - or- 150 brickyards - or - 190 brickyards - or - 380 brickyards
B: Cement Blocks 161 brickyards - or - 484 brickyards - or - 661 brickyards -or - 1,221 brickyards
Site and Clay Analysis Business Design Support Access to Technologies + Skills Marketing Support

14 15
taxonomy taxonomy
the swiss cube system the swiss cube system
THE SWISS CUBE SYSTEM IS SUITABLE TO MOST PLOT AND TERRAIN CONFIGURATIONS THE SWISS CUBE SYSTEM IS SUITABLE TO MOST PLOT AND TERRAIN CONFIGURATIONS

HOW DOES IT WORK? MULTIPLY Traditional plot developments

are difficult to densify, especially
The modular Swiss Maximize plot development on sloped terrains
Cube system is and reduce construction costs x1 x1 x3

completely flexible by sharing external walls and x4 x4 x6

and inter-changeable, infrastructure services

while maintaining one (Standard plot 20m x 30m) STRETCHED corner duplex
houses are suitable for
core principle: 1 house
landlords or commercial
with road access and at spaces
x1 x3
least 1 private garden
x1 x4 x1 x3 x6 x3
per family x1
x1 x1
x6
x3
x3 x3
x4 x4 x6
x4 x6
x4 x4 x6 x6

x2 x2 x4 x2 x2 x2 x 4x 2

STRETCH
Extend or expand the x1 x3
x1 x2 x2 STACKED split-level simplex,
cube to accommodate duplex and triplex houses allow
x4 x6
x4 for increased density, height and
bigger families/budgets x1

luxuryxon
1 sloped terrains. x1
S duplex S Corner House XXL duplex

SPLIT SPLIT ON A SLOPE

Maximize plot Maintain private
area by sudviding cube garden access byx4 x2 x2 x2
x2 x2
into smaller
x2 units x2 x4 x2 x2
x2
x2 introducing split-level
x4 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
units S split-level simplexes
x x2 2 S Back-to-back split-level xS studio
x x2 2
x2 x x2 2
x2 x x4 4
x4
x2
x 2x 2 x2 x x2 2
x2 x 2 x2 2
duplexes S simplex
STACK S superposed simplex S back-to-back S studio
Superimpose the duplex
STACK ON A SLOPE
cube to maximize plot
Increase density by
development without
x2 superposing one unit
sacrificing precious
x2 x2 on another
liveable area x1
x1
x x2 2
x2 x1 x1 x1 S stacked duplex x 1 S stacked split-level triplex
Stacked S duplexes x1 S stacked simplex x1 S stacked split-level duplex
x1 x1 x1 x1
x x1 1 x x1 1
x1
x1

x x1 1
x1 x x1 1
x1 ANATOMY OF A BUILDING
Multiple units can be
assembled on a standard
plot without sacrificing basic
x2 x2 x4 x2 x2
amenities like direct road x
9 different split-level ...can be stacked ...and assembled x2 x...creating
2 an attractive x4 access and private gardens
x2
Swiss Cube configurations... one on top of the other... into one volume... urban multiplex.

16 17
XXL FRW
starting from
10.200.000 FRW
starting from
14.400.000 FRW
starting from
8.600.000 FRW
starting from
4.200.000

XXL SHELL 86m2 XXL DUPLEX 86m2 XXL SIMPLEX (1 unit per floor) 43m2 XXL STUDIO (2 units per floor) 21m2
Interior Dimensions: 5.20m x 8.34m Living Room/Dining Room 20 Living Room/Dining Room 17 Living Room/Dining 13
Room Height: 2.40m Master Bedroom 10 Master Bedroom 10 Kitchen √
Walling Material: Fully Facing Modern Bricks Additional Bedrooms (x4) 32 Additional Bedrooms (x1) 8 Bathroom √
Slab: Maxspan Kitchen √ Kitchen √ Garden √
Flooring: Cement Screed Bathroom √ Bathroom √
Roofing Material: Iron Sheet Storage √ Storage √
Garden √ Garden √

XXL Simple Duplex

XXL Apartment

Level 1

XXL Double Split-level duplex

Level 0

18 19
XXL x8 FRW
starting from
12.000.000 FRW
starting from
25.000.000 FRW
starting from
8.000.000 / unit FRW
starting from
12.000.000 / unit

XXL 8-in-1 DUPLEX 64m2 XXL 8-in-1 TRIPLEX 130m2 XXL BACK-TO-BACK DUPLEX (1 of 2 units) 43m2 XXL DOUBLE SPLIT LEVEL DUPLEX (1 of 2 units) 64m2
Living Room / Dining Room 16 Living Room/Dining Room 43 Living Room/Dining Room 17 Living Room/Dining Room 16
Master Bedroom 8 Master Bedroom 13 Master Bedroom 8 Master Bedroom 8
Additional Bedrooms (x3) 24 Additional Bedrooms (x4) 35 Additional Bedrooms (x1) 8 Additional Bedrooms (x3) 24
Kitchen √ Kitchen / Storage 8 Kitchen √ Kitchen √
Bathroom (x3) √ Bathroom (x3) √ Bathroom √ Bathroom (x3) √
Storage √ Storage √ Storage √ Storage √
Garden √ Garden √ Garden √ Garden √

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2

Level 0 Level 0
Level 0
STACKED

Unit 1 Level 0 - 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 L0 - L1

Unit 2 Level 1 - 4 Unit 2 Unit 2 L1 - L2

XXL Split-level Duplex and Triplex XXL Split-level Back-to-Back XXL Double Split-level Duplex

20 21
XL FRW
starting from
9.800.000 FRW
starting from
13.600.000 FRW
starting from
8.000.000 FRW
starting from
4.000.000

XL SHELL 81m2 XL DUPLEX 81m2 XL SIMPLEX 40m2 XL STUDIO (1 of 2 units) 20m2

Interior Dimensions: 4.92m x 8.34m Living Room/Dining Room 21 Living Room/Dining Room 15 Living Room/Bedroom 14
Room Height: 2.40m Master Bedroom 10 Master Bedroom 10 Kitchen √
Walling Material: Fully Facing Modern Bricks Additional Bedrooms (x3) 24 Kitchen √ Bathroom √
Slab: Maxspan Kitchen √ Bathroom √ Garden √
Flooring: Cement Screed Bathroom √ Storage √
Roofing Material: Iron Sheet Storage √ Garden √
Garden √

XL Duplex

XL Simplex

Level 1

XL Studio
Level 0

22 23
L FRW
starting from
9.500.000 FRW
starting from
13.000.000 FRW
starting from
7.500.000 FRW
starting from
3.800.000 / unit

L SHELL 77m2 L DUPLEX 77m2 L SIMPLEX 38m2 L STUDIO (1 of 2 units) 19m2

Interior Dimensions: 4.63m x 8.34m Living Room/Dining Room 20 Living Room/Dining Room 15 Living Room/Bedroom 14
Room Height: 2.40m Master Bedroom 10 Master Bedroom 10 Kitchen √
Walling Material: Fully Facing Modern Bricks Additional Bedrooms (x3) 24 Additional Bedrooms 8 Bathroom √
Slab: Maxspan Kitchen √ Kitchen √ Garden √
Flooring: Cement Screed Bathroom √ Bathroom √
Roofing Material: Iron Sheet Storage √ Storage √
Garden √ Garden √

L Single Duplex

L Simplex

Level 1

L Studio

Level 0

24 25
M FRW
starting from
8.100.000 FRW
starting from
10.700.000 FRW
starting from
6.500.000 FRW
starting from
3.600.000 / unit

M SHELL 67m2 M DUPLEX 67m2 M SIMPLEX 33m2 M STUDIO (1 of 2 units) 16m2

Interior Dimensions: 4.06m x 8.34m Living Room / Dining Room 27 Living Room/Dining Room 15 Living Room/Bedroom 11
Room Height: 2.40m Master Bedroom 9 Master Bedroom 9 Kitchen √
Walling Material: Fully Facing Modern Bricks Additional Bedrooms (x2) 16 Kitchen √ Bathroom √
Slab: Maxspan or Timber Floor Kitchen √ Bathroom √ Garden √
Flooring: Cement Screed Bathroom x1 (or x2) √ Storage √
Roofing Material: Iron Sheet Storage √ Garden √
Garden √

M Duplex

M Simplex

Level 1

M Studio

Level 0

26 27
S FRW
starting from
7.500.000 FRW
starting from
10.500.000 FRW
starting from
5.000.000 FRW
starting from
9.500.000

S SHELL 63m2 S SINGLE SPLIT-LEVEL DUPLEX 63m2 S SIMPLEX 31m2 S DUPLEX 63m2

Interior Dimensions: 3.78m x 8.34m Living Room / Dining Room 20 Living Room / Dining Room 13 Living Room / Dining Room 19
Room Height: 2.40m Master Bedroom 9 -11 Master Bedroom 8 Master Bedroom 10
Walling Material: Fully Facing Modern Bricks Additional Bedrooms (x2) 16 (or 7+7) Additional Bedroom (x1) 8 Additional Bedrooms (x2) 16
Slab: Timber Floor / Maxpan between units Kitchen √ Kitchen √ Kitchen √
Flooring: Cement Screed Bathroom (x2 or x3) √ Bathroom √ Bathroom (x1) √
Roofing Material: Iron Sheet Storage √ Storage √ Garden √
Garden √ Garden √

S Single Split-level Duplex

Level 1

S Simplex + S Duplex Level 1 Level 2

Unit 1 L0 - L1
Unit 2 L0 - L1
Level 0 Level 0

28 29
S FRW
starting from
9.000.000 FRW
starting from
18.000.000 FRW
starting from
6.000.000 / unit FRW
starting from
9.000.000 / unit

S SLOPE SPLIT LEVEL DUPLEX (Unit 1) 54m2 S SLOPE SPLIT LEVEL TRIPLEX (Unit 2) 107m2 S BACK-TO-BACK DUPLEX ( 1 of 2 units) 31m2 S DOUBLE SPLIT-LEVEL DUPLEX (1 of 2 units) 54m2
Living Room/Dining Room 13.5 Living Room / Dining Room 36 Living Room/Dining Room 13 Living Room 16
Master Bedroom 9 Master Bedroom 10 Bedroom (1 or 2) 12 Master Bedroom 9
Additional Bedrooms (x2) 15 (or 6 +7) Additional Bedrooms (x3) 24 Kitchen √ Additional Bedrooms (x2) 16
Kitchen √ Kitchen / Storage 8 Bathroom (x1) √ Kitchen √
Bathroom (x2) √ Bathroom (x3) √ Garden √ Bathroom (x1) √
Storage √ Garden √ Garden √
Garden √

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2

Level 0 Level 0 Level 0

Unit 1 L0 - L1 Unit 1 Unit 1 L0 - L1

Unit 2 L1 - L4 Unit 2 Unit 2 L1 - L2
S Split-level Duplex and Triplex S Back-to-Back S Double Split-level Duplex

30 31
XS FRW
starting from
7.500.000 FRW
starting from
9.200.000 FRW
starting from
2.900.000 / unit FRW
starting from
8.000.000 / unit

XS SHELL 58m2 XS SIMPLE DUPLEX 58m2 XS STUDIO (1 of 2 units) 14m2 XS DOUBLE SPLIT-LEVEL DUPLEX (1 of 2 units) 43m2

Interior Dimensions: 3.50m x 8.34m Living Room/Dining Room 19 Living Room/Dining Room 11 Living Room/Bedroom 12.5
Room Height: 2.40m Master Bedroom 8 Kitchen √ Master Bedroom 8
Walling Material: Fully Facing Modern Bricks Additional Bedrooms (2x) 15 Bathroom √ Additional Bedrooms (x2) 15
Slab: Timber Floor / Maxpan between stacked units Kitchen √ Garden √ Kitchen √
Ground Floor Slab: Cement Screed Bathroom (1x) √ Bathroom (x1) √
Roofing Material: Iron Sheet Storage √ Garden √
Garden √

XS Simple Duplex

XS Studio

Level11
Level Level 1 Level 2

Level 0
Level 0

XS Double Split-level duplex Unit 1 L0 - L1

Unit 2 L1 - L2

32 33
CASE STUDY CASE STUDY
kigali psf expo house (2017) kigali psf expo house (2017)
A detailed ILLUSTRATED construction guide FACILITATES EXECUTION and supervision THE “SWISS CUBE” DEMONSTRATES THE POTENTIAL OF THE LOCAL INDUSTRY TO SUPPLY AFFORDABLE HOUSING

Area: 50 m2 Elements Tested:

Unit Cost: FRW 8 million (basic finishes) RCC Reinforced Rowlock Bond Wall
Cost includes all features except land and Timber Slab + Timber Stairs
engineering. Profit and labor are included. Innovation:
Cost per square meter: 190 USD Illustrated Construction Guide (layer by layer details)

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ƌŝĐŬ͗&ĂĐŝŶŐƌŝĐŬϱ͘ϱͬϮϭͬϭϬĐŵ
ĐŽŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŵŝŶϭϬ͘ϱDWĂ
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/Zdz͊͊ The Kigali PSF Demonstration House introduces the “S.M.A.R.T. Tafali Etage” concept to the general public.
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Made entirely of local materials, it displays the potential of what the Rwandan construction industry would
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be capable of supplying on mass scale, if all relevant stakeholders, from the brickmaker to engineers and
/Eh/>dͬD^d>^dZhdhZ

architects, worked together to address the high demand for quality, affordable construction for rapidly
urbanizaing districts, cities and towns.

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/ŶĨŽ͗ /ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͊ ŽŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͗ŵŝŶϭϬ͘ϱDWĂ ďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐƚĞĞůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ
The Owners’s Corner house or Shop Rental Unit 1 Rental Unit 2 Rental Unit 3 Rental Unit 4 ĂŶĂůLJƐĞĚĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJ͘
ĂƚĞ͗hƉĚĂƚĞϭ͗ ĂƚĞ͗hƉĚĂƚĞϭ͗
ϴϬͲϵϱŵϮ͗&ZtϭϯͲϭϱŵŝŽϱϬŵϮͬϴŵŝŽϱϬŵϮͬϴŵŝŽϱϬŵϮͬϴŵŝŽϱϬŵϮͬϴŵŝŽ

34 35
CASE STUDY CASE STUDY
RUSIZI MODEL brick duplex shophouse (2015) RUSIZI MODEL brick duplex shophouse (2015)
TESTING COST SAVINGS POTENTIAL AND PRACTICABILITY OF ROWLOCK BOND CONSTRUCTION SHOPHOUSE SERVES AS EXAMPLE OF ANCHOR BUILDING FOR ROWHOUSE TYPOLOGY

Area: 117 m2 Elements Tested:

Unit Cost: FRW 20 million (basic finishes) RCC Reinforced Rowlock Bond Wall
Cost includes all features except land and Timber Slab with Terracotta + Plastic Finish
engineering. Profit and labor are included. Timber Stairs
Cost per square meter: 206 USD Strawtec Partitioning Walls

Tranverse Cross Section (above)

Longitudinal Cross Section (right)

Built in 2015, the Rusizi Modern Brick Duplex Shophouse serves as a testing/display unit for cost-effective
housing solutions built of Modern Bricks. It also serves as a model for a mixed-use building for urban contexts.

Ground Floor Plan

36 37
ANNEx 1 ANNEx 2
RCC REINFORCED ROWLOCK BOND WALLING system MODERN BRICK multiplex CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Rowlock Bond: A time-tested construction method structural integrity allows for maximum flexibility

Rowlock Bond walling is a cost-effective walling system for houses up to 2.5 stories. It was popular during The Modern Brick Muliplex Construction System is a “strong box” held together by concrete reinforcement
the industrial revolution in both the UK and United States. In the last three decades, the system has made a (tie beams). The result is a structural frame within which flooring and walling elements can be adjusted and
resurgence in South Asia. A damage assessment after the Kathmandu Earthquake (Nepal 2015) proved the modified at will. All typologies are suitable for maxpan floor slabs, while the narrower models, M and S, can
strength and good para-seismic performance of the Rowlock Bond walling system. The system has now been be outfitted with a timber floor. Both systems can be applied without modification to the structural “box.”
officially endorsed by the Nepalese government.

Canada, 1858

Maxpan Slab Hidden RCC Timber Floor

Option Reinforcement Option

Maxpan Slabs are suitable for all unit sizes (XXL through S). Timber Floors suitable for unit sizes M and S.

Detail  A   Detail  A  

Cavity Wall

Joint Detail of Modern Semi-Industrial Detail  A   Detail  A  

RCC Reinforced Rowlock Bond Brick Wall

38 39
ANNEX 3 ANNEX 3
construction industry info portal construction industry info portal
PLATFORM FEATURES CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY INFORMATION FOR AUDIENCES IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION PORTAL INCLUDES REAL-TIME BRICK SUPPLY DATA, STATISTICS AND ESTIMATION TOOLS

The Service Portal “Made in Great Lakes” offers access to information on various sectors and products in the The Portal displays maps and data collected and analysed by the programme, in particular potential sites
Great Lakes Region relevant for building material producers, contractors, developers and authorities. Key for clayish soils extraction, and suitable fuels. One of the newest features is the Comparative Construction
features include real-time data on brick supply, downloadable demand and supply scenario projection tools Cost Calculator, which allows technicians and clients to compare relative costs of different construction
and a list of regional construction industry events. technologies and building materials for any given project.

SCCCCC 0.1 Beta Version for

internal testing Skat Consulting's Comparative Construction Cost Calculator Version 0.1 Date:7th of July 2016 Author: dwy

KEY PORTAL FEATURES:

Select from drop-down list Design Option 1 Design Option 2 Design Option 3 Design Option 4 Design Option 5

XXL-Size 4-in-1 Row-House Duplex Shell with 4 x 86m2 : Reinforced XL-Size 5-in-1 Row-House Duplex Shell with 5 x 81m2 : Reinforced L-Size 5-in-1 Row-House Duplex Shell with 5 x 77m2: Reinforced
Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Max Pan Slab and light Brick Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Max Pan Slab and light Brick Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Max Pan Slab and light Brick M-Size 6-in-1 Row-House Duplex Shell with 6 x 67m2, Reinforced S-Size 7-in-1 Row-House Shell with
Fill in yellow cells Partitions Total Costs 40,892,156 Partitions Total Costs 48,846,750 Partitions Total Costs: 47,676,928 Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Max Pan Slab and light Brick Partitions Total Costs 48,725,514 Bond Brick Wall and Maxspan Slab
Construction Firm's Profit Margin 10% Select Offer >> Offers' Average Select Offer >> Offers' Average Select Offer >> Offers' Average Select Offer >> Offers' Average

Document Library featuring

Select your building material from drop down menue Fill in quantities Costs FRW Select your building material from drop down menue Fill in quantities Costs FRW Select your building material from drop down menue Fill in quantities Costs FRW Select your building material from drop down menue Fill in quantities Costs FRW Select your building material from d
1 Site Preparation Plot Low Site Complexity 1 1,279,294 Low Site Complexity 1 1,279,294 Low Site Complexity 1 1,279,294 Low Site Complexity 1 1,279,294 Low Site Complexity
2 Foundation m Stone Masonry 50cm deep 85.77 2,764,761 Stone Masonry 50cm deep 102.12 3,291,797 Stone Masonry 50cm deep 99.22 3,198,316 Stone Masonry 50cm deep 110.39 3,558,377 Stone Masonry 50cm deep
3 Concrete Footings pcs none - Footing 90cm deep - Footing 90cm deep - none - none
4 Tie Beam m Concrete Tie-Beam 15cm 301.25 3,572,457 Concrete Tie-Beam 15cm 346.67 4,111,083 Concrete Tie-Beam 15cm 322.57 3,825,286 Concrete Tie-Beam 15cm 331.84 3,935,217 Concrete Tie-Beam 15cm

urban planning codes, regulations

5 Ground Floor m2 Cement Floor Painted 173 4,238,990 Cement Floor Painted 205 5,013,421 Cement Floor Painted 193 4,717,915 Cement Floor Painted 203 4,964,510 Cement Floor Painted
6 Concrete Columns pcs Concrete Column 260cm - Concrete Column 260cm - Concrete Column 260cm - none -
7 Walling Systems A m2 Modern Bricks facing in&outside reinforced Rowlock Bond 426 8,388,508 Modern Bricks facing in&outside reinforced Rowlock Bond 513 10,101,654 Modern Bricks facing in&outside reinforced Rowlock Bond 509 10,013,043 Modern Bricks facing in&outside reinforced Rowlock Bond 566 11,137,418 Modern Bricks facing in&outside re
8 Walling Systems B m2 none - none - none - none - none
9 Slab A m2 Max Pan Slab 16cm with paint finish 186 9,782,128 Max Pan Slab 16cm with paint finish 224 11,789,673 Max Pan Slab 16cm with paint finish 212 11,189,689 Max Pan Slab 16cm with paint finish 185 9,741,085 Max Pan Slab 16cm with paint finis

and laws
10 Slab B m2 Concrete Slab 16cm with paint finish - Concrete Slab 16cm with paint finish - Concrete Slab 16cm with paint finish - none -
11 Partitions m2 Modern Bricks facing 10cm - Modern Bricks facing 10cm - Modern Bricks facing 10cm - Modern Bricks facing 10cm 0 - Modern Bricks facing 10cm
12 False Ceiling m2 Triplex boards with supporting structure - Triplex boards with supporting structure - Triplex boards with supporting structure - Triplex boards with supporting structure 0 - Triplex boards with supporting stru
13 Roof Structure m2 Simple roof (15°-25°) with low-cost iron sheets 221 3,256,881 Simple roof (15°-25°) with low-cost iron sheets 247 3,644,014 Simple roof (15°-25°) with low-cost iron sheets 234 3,444,248 Simple roof (15°-25°) with low-cost iron sheets 247 3,639,881 Simple roof (15°-25°) with low-cost
14 Electric Installation room Simple installations 4 1,640,000 Simple installations 5 2,050,000 Simple installations 5 2,050,000 Simple installations 6 2,460,000 Simple installations
15 Kitchen m none 4 - none 5 - none 5 - none 6 - none
16 Bathroom equipment dwelling Simple Bathroom (toilet, lavabo, shower) - Simple Bathroom (toilet, lavabo, shower) - Simple Bathroom (toilet, lavabo, shower) - Simple Bathroom (toilet, lavabo, shower) 0 - Simple Bathroom (toilet, lavabo, sh

Tenders for construction and

17 Sanitary equipment dwelling Shared system (water tank and septic tank) 4 1,513,333 Shared system (water tank and septic tank) 5 1,891,667 Shared system (water tank and septic tank) 5 1,891,667 Shared system (water tank and septic tank) 6 2,270,000 Shared system (water tank and sep
18 Windows Living Room pcs Large window (steel frame/wood simple 1.5-2.0m3) 4 360,245 Large window (steel frame/wood simple 1.5-2.0m3) 5 450,307 Large window (steel frame/wood simple 1.5-2.0m3) 5 450,307 Large window (steel frame/wood simple 1.5-2.0m3) 6 540,368 Large window (steel frame/wood s
19 Windows Bedroom pcs Bedroom (steel frame/wood simple 1.0-1.5m3) 20 1,573,286 Bedroom (steel frame/wood simple 1.0-1.5m3) 20 1,573,286 Bedroom (steel frame/wood simple 1.0-1.5m3) 25 1,966,608 Bedroom (steel frame/wood simple 1.0-1.5m3) 18 1,415,958 Bedroom (steel frame/wood simpl
20 Window Kitchen Bathroom pcs Bathroom (steel frame/wood simple 0.6-1.0m3) 4 398,173 Bathroom (steel frame/wood simple 0.6-1.0m3) 10 995,432 Bathroom (steel frame/wood simple 0.6-1.0m3) 10 995,432 Bathroom (steel frame/wood simple 0.6-1.0m3) 6 597,259 Bathroom (steel frame/wood simp
21 Doors Entrance pcs Large door (steel frame/wood 1.0/2.0m) 8 1,183,787 Large door (steel frame/wood 1.0/2.0m) 10 1,479,733 Large door (steel frame/wood 1.0/2.0m) 10 1,479,733 Large door (steel frame/wood 1.0/2.0m) 12 1,775,680 Large door (steel frame/wood 1.0/

infrastructure projects in the

22 Door Inside pcs Small door (steel frame/wood simple 0.8/2.0m) - Small door (steel frame/wood simple 0.8/2.0m) - Small door (steel frame/wood simple 0.8/2.0m) - Small door (steel frame/wood 0.8/2.0m) 0 - Small door (steel frame/wood simp
23 Stairs pcs Concrete Stair Outdoor - Concrete Stair Outdoor - Concrete Stair Outdoor - Concrete Stair Outdoor -
24 Inside Stairs pcs Timber Stairs 2 940,311 Timber Stairs 2.5 1,175,389 Timber Stairs 2.5 1,175,389 Timber Stairs 3 1,410,467 Timber Stairs
25 Handrails m Steel and wood - Steel and wood - Steel and wood - -
26 Outdoor Work m2 none - - - -

Secondary Cities and Districts 27 Land

Exchange rate FRW/USD

m2

800
Total Plot Size (m2) / Total Plot Price (FRW)
Inhabitable Area / Total Cost excl Land

Costs per Dwelling Unit (FRW/DU)

346.8
0

FRW Incl Land

10,223,038.90
40,892,156
FRW excl.Land
10,223,039
0 Total Plot Size (m2) / Total Plot Price (FRW)
Inhabitable Area / Total Cost excl Land

Costs per Dwelling Unit (FRW/DU)

0 FRW Incl Land
9,769,350
0
405 48,846,750
FRW excl.Land
9,769,350
0 Total Plot Size (m2) / Total Plot Price (FRW)
Inhabitable Area / Total Cost excl Land

Costs per Dwelling Unit (FRW/DU)

0 FRW Incl Land
9,535,386
0
385 47,676,928
FRW excl.Land
9,535,386
0 Total Plot Size (m2) / Total Plot Price (FRW)
Inhabitable Area / Total Cost excl Land

Costs per Dwelling Unit (FRW/DU)

FRW Incl Land
402

8,120,919
0
48,725,514
FRW excl.Land
8,120,919
0 Total Plot S
Inhabit

Co
Cost per inhabitable m2 (USD/m2) 147 147 Cost per inhabitable m2 (USD/m2) 150.76 151 Cost per inhabitable m2 (USD/m2) 155 155 Cost per inhabitable m2 (USD/m2) 152 152 C
Rent as Percentage of Total Costs 1.30% Rent Req. Fam Income Rent Req. Fam Income Rent Req. Fam Income Rent Req. Fam Income
FRW/month 132,900 442,998 FRW/month 127,002 423,339 FRW/month 123,960 413,200 FRW/month 105,572 351,906

Training Manuals on construction 140,000

Overview Costs/ inhabitable m2 per Design Option and Building Element

material production and

Site Preparation Foundation Concrete Footings Tie Beam Ground Floor Concrete Columns Walling Systems A Walling Systems B Slab A

120,000
Slab B Partitions False Ceiling Roof Structure Electric Installation Kitchen Bathroom equipment Sanitary equipment Windows Living Room

application
Windows Bedroom Window Kitchen Bathroom Doors Entrance Door Inside Stairs Inside Stairs Handrails Outdoor Work Land
100,000

80,000

Costs
60,000

madeingreatlakes.com National Maps of zones suitable 40,000

for semi-industrial brick 20,000

In addition to the Excel-based tools, the WebPortal features access to information about affordable housing
-

production in the Great Lakes

XXL-Size 4-in-1 Row-House Duplex Shell with 4 x 86m2 : XL-Size 5-in-1 Row-House Duplex Shell with 5 x 81m2 : L-Size 5-in-1 Row-House Duplex Shell with 5 x 77m2: M-Size 6-in-1 Row-House Duplex Shell with 6 x 67m2, S-Size 7-in-1 Row-House Shell with 7 x 58m2, Reinforced S-Size 7-in-1 Row-House Duplex Shell with 7 x 58m2:
Reinforced Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Max Pan Slab Reinforced Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Max Pan Slab Reinforced Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Max Pan Slab Reinforced Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Max Pan Slab Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Maxspan Slab and Light Reinforced Rowlock Bond Brick Wall and Timber Slab
and light Brick Partitions and light Brick Partitions and light Brick Partitions and light Brick Partitions Brick Partitions and Strawtec Partitions and Earthenable Floor
Design Options

construction value chains, training manuals for designers, planners and builders, along with a link to Buildapedia,
Doors Entrance Door Inside
Stairs Inside Stairs HandrailsLand Outdoor Work Site Preparation Doors Entrance
3%
Door Inside
Stairs
0%0%
Inside Stairs
2%
HandrailsLand
0% 0%
Outdoor Work
0%
Site Preparation Doors Entrance Door Inside
Stairs Inside Stairs HandrailsLand Outdoor Work Site Preparation Doors Entrance
4%
Door Inside Stairs
0%
Inside StairsHandrails
3% 0%
Land
0%
Outdoor Work
0%
Site Preparation Door
DoorsInside
Window 0%
Entrance
Kitchen
4% 0%
Stairs

Location services allowing

3% 0%0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 3% 3% 3% 0%0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 3% Windows Bedroom
Bathroom
Foundation 2%
Window Kitchen Foundation Window Kitchen Foundation Window Kitchen Foundation Window Kitchen 3%Room
Windows Living
7%

the PROECCO project’s online database of building material producers and construction techniques.
Bathroom Bathroom 7% Bathroom 7% Bathroom 1%
7%
1% Concrete Footings 2% Concrete Footings 2% Concrete Footings Bathroom
Kitchen 1%equipment
Windows Bedroom Windows
Sanitary Bedroom
equipment
0% Windows Bedroom 0% Windows Bedroom 0% 0% 0% Concrete Footings Sanitary equipment
4% 3%
5%
Bathroom equipment 3% Tie Beam 4% Tie Beam 0%
Tie Beam 5%
Kitchenequipment
Sanitary Tie Beam Bathroom equipment Windows Living Room

construction firms to locate

Windows 0%
Living 0% Kitchen
Sanitary
Livingequipment 8% 8%
4%Room 9% Windows Room Electric Installation 1% 8% Kitchen Bathroom equipment
1% 0% 4%0%
1%
Bathroom
Kitchen
Sanitary
Windows Living equipment
equipment
Room 0%
5% 0%
Electric Installation 0% 4%0%
1%
4% Electric Installation
4% Electric Installation Electric Installation
Ground Floor 4% Ground Floor 5%
Ground Floor 10%
10%

modern brick makers near

Roof Structure 10% Roof Structure
8% Roof Structure 7%
Concrete Columns Ground Floor
7% Concrete Columns Roof Structure
0% 10%
False Ceiling Concrete Columns 0% 7%
Partitions False Ceiling False Ceiling Roof Structure
0% 0%
0% Partitions
0% Slab B False Ceiling 0% 7% Partitions Slab B
0% 0% Partitions
0% Slab B False Ceiling0% 0%
Partitions Slab B

project their sites

Slab B 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% Concrete Columns
0%

Slab A Slab A
Slab A Walling Systems A
Slab A 24% Walling Systems A 20%
Walling Systems A 23% 21% Walling Systems A
Walling Systems B 21%
24% 21% Walling Systems B Walling Systems B Walling Systems B 23%
0% 0% 0% 0%

Production Zones of Building

Material Producers and Resellers
displayed on a map of clay areas
suitable for semi-industrial
production.

Address Book of construction

industry stakeholders

Statistics on regional building

material production quantities

Downloadable tools used to

simulate building material
demand and to cost compare of
construction costs

40 41
ANNEx 4 BASE MAPS FOR developing ANNEx 5 overview on modern
modern brick supply for urban agglomerations brick production facility typologies
BRICK SECTOR DATA OVERLAID WITH MASTER PLAN LAND USE SPECIFICATIONS THE ZIG ZAG KILN TECHNOLOGY is a key feature for ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BRICK PRODUCTION

Since 2012, the PROECCO project has consistently collected data and mapped location information for producers
Rugende, Rwanda 2017
of brick and tiles across Rwanda. This information is overlaid on land use plan to facilitate the urbanization
agenda. It follows that in 2016, the project introduced the Scenario Maker Tool, a tool that estimates the future
demand of building materials in City of Kigali and the 6 Secondary Cities.

City of Kigali

Huye District Rusizi District Muhanga District

Scenario-Maker for Walling and Floor Material Supply for CoK and Secondary Cities Test Version 1.0
Basic figures on the rate of urbanisation of selected cities Huye Kigali Muhanga Musanze Nyagatare Rubavu Rusizi All 7 Cities
Population 2012 52,768 870,000 50,608 102,082 47,480 149,209 63,258 1,335,405
Population 2016 73,941 1,228,076 75,179 155,527 92,993 250,684 93,291 1,969,691

Baseline Current Building Material Supply in

Market share of traditional brick houses 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Secondary Cities and Kigali Modern
200,000,000.00 Scenario 0: The Current Brick Supply Situation
Traditional Bricks Bricks from
Market share of Cement Block Houses 40% 45% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% Adobe and 16% Brick Traditional Bricks Modern Bricks from Brick Factories to be established
150,000,000.00
Market share of Modern Brick Houses (english Bond) 2% 8% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Substandard Factories to
Modern Bricks from existing upgraded brickyards Products made of CIMERWA Cement
26% be
Market share of Modern Brick Duplexes 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% established
Percentage of un-reinforced formal Houses (conrete frame etc) 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 1% 100,000,000.00
Remaining Informal Houses (Adobe etc) 38% 27% 38% 38% 38% 38% 38% Products
Modern
made of
Upgrading of Existing Brickyards Imported
Bricks from 50,000,000.00
existing
Brickyards with permanent kiln (operational or abandonned) 7 79 16 10 - 5 12 129 Cement
upgraded
20%
Brickyards which have been upgraded and equipped with Manual Extruders 2 60 1 1 1 3 68 brickyards
-
3%
Manual Extruder Machines required for equiping existing brickyards 13 2 9 0 2 9 45 Huye Kigali Muhanga Musanze Nyagatare Rubavu Rusizi
Demand for Modern Bricks which could be covered by upgraded kilns 170% 77% 74% 36% 0% 18% 206% Products made of CIMERWA Cement
34% -50,000,000.00
Durable Houses 62% Energy Required TJ 1,685

Scenario 1: Measures are taken to substitute Traditional Bricks and to reduce informal houses Building Material Supply for Secondary Modern
Market share of traditional brick houses 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% Cities and Kigali after introduction of Bricks
Scenario 1: Modern Bricks substitute traditional substandards bricks
Market share of Cement Block Houses 40% 45% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% Modern Bricks from Brick 180,000,000 Traditional Bricks Modern Bricks from Brick Factories to be established
Factories
Market share of Modern Brick Houses (english Bond) 27% 27% 27% 27% 27% 27% 27% Traditional Bricks
to be 160,000,000 Modern Bricks from existing upgraded brickyards Products made of CIMERWA Cement
Market share of Modern Brick Duplexes 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 7% 3% 3% Products made of Imported Cement Adobe and Substandard
Adobe and establishe
140,000,000
Percentage of un-reinforced formal Houses (conrete frame etc) 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Substandard d
18% 120,000,000
Remaining Informal Houses (Adobe etc) 27% 22% 27% 27% 27% 23% 27% 19%
A: Upgrading of Existing Brickyards 100,000,000
Brickyards with permanent kiln (operational or abandonned) 7 79 16 10 - 5 12 129 80,000,000
Products
Brickyards which can be upgraded and equipped with Manual Extruders 7 79 16 10 - 5 12 129 made of 60,000,000
Manual Extruder Machines required for equiping existing brickyards 12 130 26 17 0 8 20 213 Imported Modern
Demand for Modern Bricks which could be covered by upgraded kilns 41% 28% 83% 25% 0% 6% 57% 25% Cement Bricks from 40,000,000
19% existing
B: New Modern Brickyards/Brick Factories required for meeting the demand 20,000,000
upgraded
Number of new S-Size artisanal units required for satisfying the demand 10 200 3 30 44 83 9 379 brickyards -
Number of new M-Size artisanal units required for satisfying the demand 5 100 2 15 22 42 4 190 Products made of 6% Huye Kigali Muhanga Musanze Nyagatare Rubavu Rusizi
Number of new L-Size artisanal units required for satisfying the demand 4 79 1 12 17 33 4 150 CIMERWA Cement
35%
Number of new XL-Size Brickyards/Factories required for satisfying the demand 1 26 0 4 6 11 1 50
Import reduction of Cement by 3% Brick Jobs Created: 13,240 Durable Houses 78% Energy Required TJ 872

Scenario 2: Measures are taken to substitute Cement Blocks in order to reduce unnecessary import of cement Building Material Supply for Secondary Scenario 2: Modern Bricks substitute Traditional Bricks and Blocks of imported Cement
Market share of traditional brick houses 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% Cities and Kigali after introduction of
Market share of Cement Block Houses
Market share of Modern Brick Houses (english Bond)
Market share of Modern Brick Duplexes
5%
60%
25%
5%
60%
25%
5%
60%
25%
5%
60%
25%
5%
60%
25%
5%
60%
25%
5%
60%
25%
Modern Bricks
Adobe and Substandard
5%
Traditional
300,000,000

250,000,000
Traditional Bricks Modern Bricks from Brick Factories to be established Modern Bricks from existing upgraded brickyards Top: Semi-industrial factory in Rugende, on the outskirts of Kigali. Projected annual capactity between 2.5
Percentage of un-reinforced formal Houses (conrete frame etc) 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Products made of Products made of CIMERWA Cement Products made of Imported Cement Adobe and Substandard
Bricks

and 3.5 million bricks per annum. First firing scheduled for September 2017.
Remaining Informal Houses (Adobe etc) 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% Imported Cement 2%
9% 200,000,000
A: Upgrading of Existing Brickyards
Brickyards with permanent kiln (operational or abandonned) 7 79 16 10 - 5 12 129
150,000,000
Brickyards which can be upgraded and equipped with Manual Extruders 7 28 16 10 - 5 12 78

Middle: 3D Visualizations of ZigZag Kilns in the planning (2 in Bugesera Districts and 1 in Huye) and construction
Manual Extruder Machines required for equiping existing brickyards 12 130 26 17 0 8 20 213 Products 100,000,000
Demand for Modern Bricks which could be covered by upgraded kilns 16% 4% 32% 10% 0% 2% 22% made of
B: New Modern Brickyards/Brick Factories required for meeting the demand CIMERWA Modern
Cement Bricks from 50,000,000
Number of new S-Size artisanal units required for satisfying the demand 37 695 34 93 114 206 42 1221 26% Brick

(Bujumbura and Ngozi, Burundi) phases.

Number of new M-Size artisanal units required for satisfying the demand 18 348 17 46 57 103 21 611 Modern Bricks from Factories to
-
Number of new L-Size artisanal units required for satisfying the demand 15 275 13 37 45 82 17 484 existing upgraded be
Huye Kigali Muhanga Musanze Nyagatare Rubavu Rusizi
brickyards established
Number of new XL-Size Brickyards/Factories required for satisfying the demand 5 92 4 12 15 27 6 161 4% 54%
Import reduction of Cement by 36% Brick Jobs Created: 34,185 Durable Houses 93% Energy Required TJ 1619

Bottom: Plan of ZigZag kiln factory based on an optimized workflow.

42 43
 Skat Consulting Rwanda Ltd.
PB: 1017, Kigali City, Rwanda
phone: +250 (0)78 838 57 90 (office)
web: http://www.skat.ch/greatlakes

Skat Swiss Resource Centre

and Consultancies for Development
PROECCO Promoting Off-Farm Employment and Income
in the Great Lakes Region through Climate Responsive
Construction Material Production

Skat Consulting Ltd. (Head Office)

Vadianstrasse 42 CH-9000 St.Gallen Switzerland
phone: +41 (0)71 228 54 54
web: http://www.skat.ch