Name: Christin Vonne B.

Ramos Date: August 24, 2022

Subject: Nutrition and Diet Therapy Section: BSN2-NBA
STUDY QUESTIONS
08-24-2022 Quiz Score:18/20
1. Distinguish between protein anabolism and protein catabolism.
Describe a clinical situation in which protein anabolism exceeds protein catabolism and
one in which the opposite is true.
Anabolism refers to the process which builds molecules the body needs; it usually requires
energy for completion. Catabolism refers to the process that breaks down complex
molecules into smaller molecules; it usually releases energy for the organism to use.
Anabolic and Catabolic Processes
Anabolic processes use simple molecules within the organism to create more complex and
specialized compounds. This synthesis, the creation of a product from a series of
components, is why anabolism is also called "biosynthesis." The process uses energy to
create its end products, which the organism can use to sustain itself, grow, heal, reproduce
or adjust to changes in its environment. Growing in height and muscle mass are two basic
anabolic processes. At the cellular level, anabolic processes can use small molecules

called monomers Links to an external site. to build polymers Links to an external

site., resulting in often highly complex molecules. For example, amino acids (monomers)
can be synthesized into proteins (polymers), much like a builder can use bricks to create a
large variety of buildings.
Catabolic processes break down complex compounds and molecules to release energy. This
creates the metabolic cycle, where anabolism then creates other molecules that catabolism
breaks down, many of which remain in the organism to be used again.
The principal catabolic process is digestion, where nutrient substances are ingested and
broken down into simpler components for the body to use. In cells, catabolic processes

break down polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen Links to an external site., and

cellulose into monosaccharides (glucose Links to an external site., ribose and fructose

Links to an external site., for example) for energy. Proteins are broken down into
amino acids, for use in anabolic synthesis of new compounds or for recycling. And nucleic

acids, found in RNA and DNA Links to an external site., are catabolized into nucleotides

Links to an external site. as part of the body's energy needs or for the purpose of
healing.
Anabolism vs Catabolism - Difference and Comparison | Diffen. (n.d.).
Www.diffen.com. https://www.diffen.com/difference/Anabolism_vs_Catabolism#:~:text=

Anaboli Links to an external site.

2. Explain the term protein-sparing effect. What happens to protein requirements

in poorly planned weight-loss diets that are inappropriately low in
carbohydrate?

The protein-sparing effect is simply the body's capacity to prevent the conversion of
proteins obtained from diet into energy molecules. This protein-sparing action is crucial
because it aids in the preservation of the body's proteins, which are needed for processes
like promoting tissue growth and repair and the synthesis of antibodies and enzymes. The
body ensures that lipids and carbs are utilized for energy production in this way.
When a diet is poorly designed and has few carbohydrates, the body breaks down the
proteins to make energy. The body's muscles are also broken down so that energy can be
released. This may have a negative effect on muscle mass and result in muscle wasting.
Therefore, to prevent this, when carbohydrates are low in the diet, they must be
compensated with high levels of proteins.
2022). Study.com. https://homework.study.com/explanation/explain-the-term-protein-
sparing-effect-what-happens-to-protein-requirements-in-poorly-planned-weight-loss-

diets-that-are-inappropriately-low-in-carbohydrates.html Links to an external site.

3. Describe the factors that influence dietary protein needs.

Here are the following factors that influence dietary protein needs:

1. CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE

One of the most influential factors in deciding your protein requirements is carbohydrates
and the amount you’re consuming. In short, you could say that carbohydrates are
“anabolic” since they are “protein sparing.” In theory, if your diet is high in carbs, it
should mean that you require slightly less protein, and if you are on a low-carb diet then
you will need more protein to help retain a positive nitrogen balance. This occurs as your
body will naturally look to stored glycogen as its primary fuel source, which spares your
amino acids for key roles in recovery and growth. Without enough glycogen from
carbohydrates, your body is more likely to then start converting protein into glycogen via
gluconeogenesis, which will influence the amount of protein you require to recover
properly and build muscle.
 2. HORMONE PROFILES

The endocrine system is an extremely powerful operation that influences just about
everything, including your ability to synthesize protein. When you consume protein, which
is high in the amino acid leucine, you will stimulate muscle protein synthesis, the driver
behind muscle recovery and growth. The more “free testosterone” you have within your
system (in theory), the more you’re able to utilize protein. This is why those with naturally
high levels of testosterone grow easier on a high-protein diet.
In relation to muscle protein synthesis, testosterone has a direct impact on the way this
process works by binding to cells on the surface of the muscle cell and driving muscle
protein synthesis further. With that said, if you have had tests to show that you naturally
produce a lot of testosterone, or have a high libido, then the chances are you will do better
consuming protein at the higher end of the scale I suggested at the start of this column.

3. TRAINING VOLUME

If your training volume increases significantly, then you will potentially require more
protein to ensure there are enough amino acids present within your body to facilitate your
full recovery— otherwise, you will quickly fall into a state of overtraining. This is when I
have seen some people require even more than that 1.5g of protein per pound of lean body
weight. Their training volume has significantly increased where the demands are so huge
they simply cannot do without the extra protein. I’m generally speaking about those who
train six times per week at an extreme level of intensity. In relation to a more typical
bodybuilding training split, if you find that your recovery is lagging and your muscles are
always sore, then you might need to consider consuming higher levels of protein as your
body clearly isn’t recovering quickly enough.

4. GUT HEALTH

I’ve written thousands of articles and published multiple books throughout my career, and
I’ve always maintained that gut health is absolutely imperative to your success in relation
to your diet. If your gut is not working properly, then this will influence your ability to
process and assimilate nutrients, including protein.
If you suffer with constant bloating, frequent gas, or abdominal pain, then you should have
your gut checked with a comprehensive test. This will highlight anything which your gut
doesn’t like or needs in order to function properly. As a by-product, this will then have a
positive influence on your ability to process protein efficiently, which is going to speed up
your recovery and ability to gain size.

5. QUALITY OF PROTEIN

As I mentioned earlier, you require protein that is rich in the amino acid leucine in order to
spike muscle protein synthesis, which is the key reason for consuming a lot of protein to
recover and build muscle. Pork, for instance, is very, very low in leucine—which means that
you would have to consume almost a kilo in one sitting just to consume enough leucine.
Obviously, you cannot do this because it will then affect your overall calorie intake for the
day, which then becomes counterproductive to your overall nutrition strategy.
The best sources of protein when it comes to leucine content are egg whites, whole eggs,
lean poultry, oily fish, white fish, and whey protein. By focusing on this you will maximize
the effect that your protein intake has, which in a way means you’re being more efficient
with the protein you’re consuming.

6. CALORIE INTAKE

Let’s not forget that your calorie intake will probably fluctuate from one day to the next
throughout the week, depending on things like the body part you’re training that day and
your current goals. Your protein needs will then also fluctuate depending on what you do
with your fat and carb intake.
anebbia. (2017, March 27). 6 Factors That Affect Your Protein Requirements. Muscle &
Fitness. https://www.muscleandfitness.com/flexonline/flex-nutrition/6-factors-affect-

your-protein-requirements/#:~:text=It%20will%20depend%20on%20genetics Links
to an external site.

4. A pediatrician told a vegan couple that their 2-year-old daughter was falling
behind in her growth rate. What dietary factors are likely related to her poor
growth? Using the various tools for developing vegetarian food plans presented
in this chapter, plan 1 day of meals for this child, indicating food amounts that
would meet her protein and energy needs and respect the vegan food pattern.

Breakfast - 1/4 cup white rice 1 slice of bread and 1 tablespoon of peanot butter - 3.5 g
Lunch - 1/4 cup of cooked rice 3g and 1 oz of tofu -
Dinner

5. How does poor gastric acid secretion influence protein nutrition?

The gastric juices hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and rennin (in children) are necessary for
protein digestion. If these enzymes are not working correctly, the protein will be excreted
in the feces instead of absorbed and metabolized by the body.
Dallas, D. C., Sanctuary, M. R., Qu, Y., Khajavi, S. H., Van Zandt, A. E., Dyandra, M., Frese, S. A.,
Barile, D., & German, J. B. (2015). Personalizing protein nourishment. Critical Reviews in
Food Science and Nutrition, 57(15), 3313–3331.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1117412