CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND OPERATIONS

Construction Methods and Project Management

Prepared by:
Assoc. Prof. CRISPIN S. LICTAOA CE, MSManEng
Civil Engineering Department
 PRESENTATION OUTLINE

 Introduction
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 Definition of Construction Methods

 Organization And Working Method To Civil Engineering
Industry
 Commonly-used Residential Construction Methods
 Modern Methods of Construction
 Construction Operations
 Operation and Maintenance
 INTRODUCTION
 The construction industry covers many facets and these are all bound together.
Generally speaking, building works is confined to building structures of conventional
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modern design, whilst civil engineering works can be completely divorced from any
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such building.

 Civil engineering deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical
and natural built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, and
dams.

 It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental

engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation
engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering,
surveying, and construction engineering.

 Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through
to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to
international companies.
 DEFINITION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
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 The procedures and techniques utilized during construction.

 After a thorough review of the plans’ specifications, construction

drawings, and contract conditions, study the most appropriate, efficient,
and cost effective technological solutions to implement the project.

 Determine how the job will be undertaken.

 Execution of project activities must be planned competently.

 ORGANIZATION AND WORKING METHOD TO
CIVIL ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
 The carrying through of a civil engineering project requires that its object should first be
identified. Then the scheme has to be planned and thereafter implemented.
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 All these stages require not only vision and thought, but also the most important thing is
organization.

 On signing the contract, the contractor will use the data from the preliminary planning
stage to establish and set up an appropriate organization.

 This organization will include layout of the site: access road (for sites limited to water: the
use of barges , temporary jetties, conveyors etc.)

 Method used in civil engineering works depends on the types of civil engineering to be
carried out. The two most common method: - critical path analysis techniques - bar
charts.
 By producing the work programme, the most suitable method of carrying out the many
different operations in civil engineering can be determined.
 ORGANIZATION AND WORKING METHOD TO
CIVIL ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
 Most buildings (both residential and commercial) are built around a frame that
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provides the structure and support for the building.

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Framing typically falls into two categories – heavy framing and light framing – with light
framing used in the majority of residential buildings.

 Heavy framing includes construction methods such as post-and-beam construction,

also known as timber framing, where large, heavy timber beams are used instead of
dimensional lumber (wood cut to standardized dimensions such as 2×4, 2×6, etc.),
and heavy steel framing that is normally seen in skyscrapers and other large
commercial buildings.

 Light framing is typically done using dimensional lumber or light-gauge steel, with
the building’s structural skeleton of wood or steel components assembled piece by
piece.
 OTHER CONSTRUCTION METHODS
 Masonry (building with individual stones or bricks held together by
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mortar).
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 Reinforced or Unreinforced concrete (a material made from a mixture of

gravel, sand, cement and water)

 Rammed-earth blocks (building blocks made of compressed earth).

 Structural insulated panels (SIPs) (sandwich panels with engineered

wood on two sides and insulation in between) can be used
independently or in conjunction with frames to build homes
 COMMONLY-USED RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Platform/Stick Framing with Wood

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 Far and away the most common way to build a home is using “platform”
or “stick” framing, also known as “stick-built”.

 Platform framing uses individual pieces of dimensional lumber (further

customized on site to the exact required size) which are assembled
piece by piece to form the frame of a home.

 With this building method the platform or foundation is built first, followed
by the walls of the first level of the home (created with vertical pieces of
lumber), and then an additional platform for the second-story floor with
the walls of the second-story anchored into the second platform.
 COMMONLY-USED RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Steel Framing
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Steel has been used in construction since the 19th

century, most widely for commercial buildings. There
are two types of steel – “hot-rolled” and “cold-formed”.
Hot-rolled steel (sometimes “structural steel”) is
produced in an industrial process using high heat

Hot-rolled steel is expensive, making it cost-prohibitive

for most residential projects.
 COMMONLY-USED RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Concrete
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Concrete is often used in commercial buildings and civil

engineering projects, but much less commonly used in
residential home construction.

The strength of concrete (a mix of cement and water plus

an aggregate such as sand or stone) means it can support a
great deal of weight, especially when reinforced through
embedded steel bars known as rebar.
 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

Concrete
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Concrete is often used in commercial buildings and civil

engineering projects, but much less commonly used in
residential home construction.

The strength of concrete (a mix of cement and water plus

an aggregate such as sand or stone) means it can support a
great deal of weight, especially when reinforced through
embedded steel bars known as rebar.
 MODERN METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

 Volumetric Construction
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 Panelized Construction System

 Hybrid Construction

 Sub-assemblies and Components

 Site-based Modern Methods of Construction

 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

Are generally classified according to specialized fields. These include:

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 preparation of the project site

 earthmoving
 foundation treatment
 steel erection
 concrete placement
 asphalt paving
 electrical and mechanical installations

Procedures for each of these fields are generally the same, even when
applied to different projects,such as buildings, dams, or airports. However,
the relative importance of each field is not the same in all cases.
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

For site preparation work, we need to have certain instruments to do it properly.

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The must have things that we need includes the following:

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 Fencing material or boards according to size of site

 Company placard
 Health and Safety signs
 Screws and screwdriver
 Shears, axes and shovels
 Heavy machinery if buildings have to be removed
 Skips

During construction site preparation, boundary line pillars are also to be fixed on the
ground or as directed by the authority. All of these will help you to prepare a site for
starting the construction process.
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

Erection
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- is the process of assembling fabricated components on site,

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and with careful planning can be completed relatively quickly.

 steel erection involves positioning, aligning and securing the

components on prepared foundations to form a complete
frame.

 Erection of structural steelwork consists of the assembly of

steel components into a frame
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

Steel erection essentially consists of four main tasks:

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 Establishing that the foundations are suitable and safe for erection to commence.

 Lifting and placing components into position, generally using cranes but sometimes by jacking.
To secure components in place bolted connections will be made, but will not yet be fully
tightened. Bracings may similarly not be fully secured.

 Aligning the structure, principally by checking that column bases are lined and level and
columns are plumb. Packing in beam-to-column connections may need to be changed to allow
column plumb to be adjusted.

 Bolting-up which means completing all the bolted connections to secure and impart rigidity to
the frameon site, and it can be a significant project cost
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

Concrete Placing
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Procedure For Placing Of Concrete:

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 Before any concrete is placed the entire placing programme consisting

of equipment, layout, proposed procedures and methods is planned and
no concrete is placed until formwork is inspected and found suitable for
placement. Equipment for conveying concrete should be of such size
and design as to ensure a practically continuous flow of concrete during
depositing without segregation of materials considering the size of the
job and placement location.

 Concrete is placed in its final position before the cement reaches its
initial set and concrete is compacted in its final position within 30
minutes of leaving the mixer and once compacted it should not be
disturbed.
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

Concrete Placing
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Procedure For Placing Of Concrete:

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 In all cases the concrete is deposited as nearly as practicable directly in

its final position and should not be re-handled or caused to flow in a
manner which may cause segregation, loss of materials, displacement of
reinforcement, shuttering or embedded inserts or impair its strength.

 For locations where direct placement is not possible and in narrow forms
suitable drop and Elephant Trunks to confine the movement of concrete
is provided.

 Special care is taken where concrete is dropped from a height especially

if reinforcement is in the way particularly in columns and thin walls.
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

Asphalt Paving
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Placing Asphalt Pavement

Placing the Coat

 Before the paving operation starts, an asphalt distributor is used to
spray asphalt on the unpaved surface. This film of asphalt serves as
the prime and tact coats.

 The coats are then allowed to cure before the actual paving resume.
The purpose of having these coats is to prevent any slippage between
the surface and overlay during or after the compaction.
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

Asphalt Paving
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Placing Asphalt Pavement

Placing the Asphalt Mix

 To start the paving operation, the paver is positioned properly onto the
road. The screed of the paver is lowered onto block of the same depth
of the loose asphalt mat that is going to be laid on the road. (The
screed is responsible for the setting the depth of the asphalt mix.)

 After that, the block can be removed and paving can start. As soon as
the haul truck arrives at the job site, the paving inspector must check
that the asphalt delivered must be in a satisfactory condition.
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

Asphalt Paving
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Placing Asphalt Pavement

Placing the Asphalt Mix

The paving inspector usually check for these criteria listed below:

1.blue smoke - blue smoke indicate that the mix is too hot.
2.stiff appearance
3.mix slumped in truck.
4.lean, dull appearance - this indicates that the mix has insufficient
asphalt.
5.rising steam - too much moisture.
6.segregation.
7.contamination.
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

Mechanical and Electrical Installation

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 Mechanical and electrical services make buildings work better - more

efficient, more sustainable, and more cost-effective. Whether it’s an office
block, school, museum, or hospital, we strive for perfect delivery, and we’re
accountable every step of the way.

 Mechanical systems can include elements of infrastructure, plant and

machinery, tool and components, heating and ventilation and so on.

 Electrical systems might include, power supply and distribution,

telecommunications, computing instrumentation, control systems and so on.


CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
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When the constructed structures are completed and turned over to the
project owner, they are the operated and maintained. Allied to these
activities are repairs, rehabilitation and redevelopment and expansion.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Construction Methods and Project Management
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Thank you for listening.

Keep Safe Everyone….