CAPE

MATHEMATICS
WORKSHOP
April 28, 2022

Dennis Xavier
School of Mathematics and Statistics
Faculty of Science and Sport
Email: [email protected]
MODULE 3

CALCULUS 1

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Problem 1
(CAPE May
2019)

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Limit of a function

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PROBLEM 1(MAY 2019)
−𝑥; 𝑥<0
A function is given by 𝑓 𝑥 = ൞ 1; 0<𝑥≤1
𝑥; 𝑥>1

• (i) Find: lim− 𝑓(𝑥) (ii) Determine whether lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
Give reason for your answer.
Ans: lim− 𝑓 𝑥 • lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists, then
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
lim− 𝑓 𝑥 = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim− − 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑥→0
Now lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
• =0 𝑥→0

• Here, lim− 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ lim+ 𝑓 𝑥

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

• ⇒ lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist

𝑥→0
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(iii) Determine whether f is continuous at x = 1.
Give a reason for your answer

• A function is said to be continuous at a point 𝑥 = 𝑎 if the following three conditions are satisfied.
• 1. 𝑓(𝑥) is defined at 𝑥 = 𝑎
• i.e., 𝑓 𝑎 exists
• 2. The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑎 exists.
• 3. lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

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(iii) Determine whether f is continuous at x = 1.
Give a reason for your answer

−𝑥; 𝑥<0 • lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑥

𝑥→1 𝑥→1
• 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 1; 0<𝑥≤1 =1
𝑥; 𝑥>1
• lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
• When x = 1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

𝑓 1 =1
• lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
• To find lim 𝑓(𝑥) if it exists.
𝑥→1
• ⟹ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→1
• lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 1 = 1
𝑥→1
• f is continuous at x =1
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Problem 2
May 2014

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Solution

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Problem 3
(CAPE May
2018)

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• Solution: • lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 4𝑥
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
𝑥 4 −1
• (i) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
• =4
(𝑥 2 −1)(𝑥 2 +1)
• = lim
𝑥→1− 𝑥−1 • lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +1)
• = lim−
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
• lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→1
• = lim− (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) • lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 4
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

• =4

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• (ii) Here 𝑓 1 = 2

• lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 4
𝑥→1

• lim 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(1)
𝑥→1

• 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 1

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Differentiation
𝑑 4. Chain rule
1. 𝑘 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
where k is a constant 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 × 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 5. Product rule
2. 𝑘 =0 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑥 ×𝑣 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑥 × 𝑣 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑥 × 𝑢′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. 𝑥 =1 6. Quotient rule
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑣 𝑥 × 𝑢′ 𝑥 − 𝑢(𝑥) × 𝑣′(𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣(𝑥) 𝑣 𝑥 2

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Differentiation
𝑑 𝑑
• 7. 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 • 9. (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑
• 8. ln 𝑥 = • 10. (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑓′ (𝑥)
•. ln 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

•
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Integrated Maths 2021
Question 5 (b) (i) 3 marks

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Integrated Maths 2021
Question 5 (b) (ii) 5 marks

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CAPE 2017
• Given that 𝑦 = 2 + 2𝑥 2 , show that
𝑑𝑦
• a) 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 4
(b) Show that − =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦3

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• PROBLEM :Given that 𝑦 = 2 + 2𝑥 2 , show that
𝑑𝑦
• a) 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

• Given 𝑦 = 2 + 2𝑥 2
1
• ie , 𝑦 = 2 + 2𝑥 2 2
• Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
• = 2 + 2𝑥 2 2−1 × (2 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 1 −
• = 2 + 2𝑥 2 2 × 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
1
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
• = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 2 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2+2𝑥 2
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 𝑑𝑦
To verify 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
• 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 2 + 2𝑥 2 × − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2+2𝑥 2

= 2𝑥 − 2𝑥

𝑑𝑦
• 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

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Parametric Differentiation
• There are times when a curve in the coordinate plane is not just
expressed as a function of x but rather as two parametric equations.
• These equations are generally of the form 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑡
where 𝑡 is called the parameter.
• In order to find the derivative of the curve we apply the chain rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
• = ÷ or = ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
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CAPE May/June 2021 Question 6

𝑥 = 5 cos 𝜃

𝑑𝑥
= −5 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃

𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃

𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝜃
= 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑦 2
= −5 sin 𝜃 =− cot 𝜃
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Parametric Differentiation
• MAY 2018 Question 6
• The parametric equation of a curve 𝑔, is given by
𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 3 − sin 𝜃
𝑑
(i) Determine 𝑔 𝑥 in terms of 𝜃 [3 marks]
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Determine the equation of the normal to the curve
5
at the point 3, [8 marks]
2

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(ii) Determine the equation of the normal to the curve
5
at the point 3, [8 marks]
2

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CAPE May/June 2019

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Stationary Points
• Let f(x) be a continuous function
on [a, b] and differentiable in
(a, b).
• f(x) is said to be stationary
at x = a if f ' (a)=0.

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 Method: finding stationary points

1 2 3

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3

find f′(x) solve the equation f′(x)=0, calculate the y-
this will give us the coordinate(s) of the
stationary point(s) by
x - coordinate(s) of plugging the x values
any stationary point(s). found in step 2 into f(x)

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CAPE May/June 2018
• The equation of a curve is given as
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
• (i) Determine 𝑓 ′
• (ii) Determine 𝑓 ′′
• (iii) Calculate the x coordinate of the stationary points
of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 and determine the
nature of the stationary points

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The equation of a curve is given as
4 3
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 6𝑥 2

• (i) Determine 𝑓 ′

• 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 12 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 6

• (ii) Determine 𝑓 ′′

• 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 36 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 12
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(iii) Calculate the x coordinate of the stationary points of
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 and determine the nature of the stationary points

• At stationary points 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0

• 12 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 6 = 0

• 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0

• Let x = 1 ; 2 1 3 − 1 2 −2 1 +1=0
• 𝑥 − 1 is a factor

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• To find the remaining factors

• 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 ÷ 𝑥 − 1

• We get Quotient as 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1

• 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0

• 𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 1) = 0

1
• 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = −1
2

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• 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 36 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 12

• When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 ′′ 1 = 36 − 12 − 12 = 12 > 0

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥

• 1, 1 is a local minimum

• When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓 ′′ −1 = 36 1 − 12 −1 − 12 = 36 > 0

• 1, 36 is a local minimum

1 ′′ 1 1 2 1
• When 𝑥 = , 𝑓 = 36 − 12 − 12 = −9 < 0
2 2 2 2

1 1
• , 𝑓( ) is a local maximum.
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 Integration

𝑘 𝑥 𝑛+1
• 1. ‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 𝑘 ׬‬ 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶; 𝑛 ≠ −1 where k is a constant
• 2. ‫ 𝑥𝑘 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑘 ׬‬+ 𝐶
𝑛 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑛+1
• 3. ‫ 𝑥𝑎 ׬‬+ 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎(𝑛+1)

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Integration
Integrated Maths
May/June 2021

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• 4. (i) ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝐶
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
• (ii) ‫𝑒׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎

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 1
• 6. ‫𝑥׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑓′(𝑥)
‫𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑓 ׬‬ = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶

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• 7. ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
• ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐶
𝑎

• 8. ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
• ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐶
𝑎

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Problem
Integrated Maths
May/June 2021

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CAPE 2019

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CAPE 2021

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 Definite integral and Area
Definite integration results in a value.

It can be used to find an area bounded, in part, by a curve

1
e.g.

0
3 x 2 + 2 dx gives the area shaded on the graph

y = 3x2 + 2
The limits of integration . . .

. . . give the boundaries of the area.

x = 0 is the lower limit

( the left hand boundary )

x = 1 is the upper limit

(the right hand boundary )
0 1
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Differential Equations

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CAPE 2019

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Thank you