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    Rayan Najdi Seminar Presentation 2

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    The document is an introduction to thermal physics presented by Rayan Najdi. It discusses the history and development of thermodynamics. It introduces fundamental concepts including thermodynamic systems, equilibrium, and processes. It then covers the first law of thermodynamics including its form, applications to different systems, the Carnot cycle, and refrigerators and heat pumps. The document provides an overview of key topics in thermal physics.

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    Rayan Najdi Seminar Presentation 2

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    Rayan
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    The document is an introduction to thermal physics presented by Rayan Najdi. It discusses the history and development of thermodynamics. It introduces fundamental concepts including thermodynamic systems, equilibrium, and processes. It then covers the first law of thermodynamics including its form, applications to different systems, the Carnot cycle, and refrigerators and heat pumps. The document provides an overview of key topics in thermal physics.

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    The document is an introduction to thermal physics presented by Rayan Najdi. It discusses the history and development of thermodynamics. It introduces fundamental concepts including thermodynamic systems, equilibrium, and processes. It then covers the first law of thermodynamics including its form, applications to different systems, the Carnot cycle, and refrigerators and heat pumps. The document provides an overview of key topics in thermal physics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as KEY, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as key, pdf, or txt
    19 views23 pages

    Rayan Najdi Seminar Presentation 2

    Uploaded by

    Rayan
    The document is an introduction to thermal physics presented by Rayan Najdi. It discusses the history and development of thermodynamics. It introduces fundamental concepts including thermodynamic systems, equilibrium, and processes. It then covers the first law of thermodynamics including its form, applications to different systems, the Carnot cycle, and refrigerators and heat pumps. The document provides an overview of key topics in thermal physics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as KEY, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as key, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Introduction to Thermal Physics

    By: Rayan Najdi


    School of Arts & Sciences
    Lebanese International University-LIU
    “Physics Seminar”, 2020-2021

    Instructor: Dr. Ayman Farhat

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    Outline

    Outline

    Introduction
    History
    Basic Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics
    Thermodynamic Systems
    Thermodynamic Equilibrium
    Processes
    First Law of Thermodynamics
    Form and Concept of the 1st law
    Applications on different systems
    Carnot Cycle
    Refrigirators and Heat Pumps
    2
    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics
    Outline

    Outline

    Summary
    References

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    Introduction - History

    History
    Development of the steam engine in the 19th
    century.
    Thermo: Heat and Temperature
    Thermodynamics
    Dynamics: motion, forces,
    momentum, energy, etc

    Movement of Random motion


    invisible particles

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    Basic Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics - Thermodynamic Systems

    Thermodynamic Systems

    Energy can neither be created nor destroyed


    however it can be transformed from one form
    to another, or from one object to another.

    Portion of the Universe + System


    Boundary
    System can be solid, liquid, gas, or any field
    (ex: Magnetic)
    Boundary: Real or Imaginary

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    Basic Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics - Thermodynamic Systems

    Thermodynamic Systems
    3 Types of thermodynamic Systems: Open, Closed, and
    Isolated
    Open system:
    exchanges both
    energy and matter
    Closed system:
    exchanges only
    energy
    Isolated system: Figure (1): Types of Thermodynamic
    systems. Source: Reference [3]
    neither exchanges
    energy nor mass
    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics
    Basic Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics - Thermodynamic Equilibrium

    Thermodynamic Equilibrium
    Thermal Equilibrium: all parts of system have same
    temperature.
    Mechanical Equilibrium: all parts are at rest (no
    contracting or expanding)
    Chemical Equilibrium: no chemical reactions taking
    place between components of the system

    Thermodynami
    Thermal Eq.+ Chemical Eq. + c Eq.
    Mechanical Eq.

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    Basic Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics - Thermodynamic Equilibrium

    Thermodynamic Equilibrium

    Figure (2): A system in thermal equilibrium. Source: Reference


    [2]

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    Basic Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics - Processes

    Processes

    Thermodynamic process is defined as a change


    from one equilibrium macrostate to another
    macrostate[10].

    5 Types of thermodynamic processes:


    Isobaric (Constant P) Adiabatic (Constant
    Isochoric (Constant V) Q)
    Isothermal (Constant T) Cyclic (returns to
    same state)

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    Basic Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics - Processes
    c
    Processes

    Figure (3):PV Diagram showing an isothermal Figure (4):PV Diagram showing a cyclic
    process. Reference [11]
    process. Source: Reference [11]

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    First Law of Thermodynamics - Form and Concept of the First Law
    c
    Form and Concept of the First Law
    energy cannot be created or destroyed.
    energy can be transferred from one object to another or converted
    to other forms of energy.

    Example: Turning on a light


    bulb
    Expectation: Production of
    Energy
    Reality: Conversion of electric
    energy to thermal and light
    energy
    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics
    First Law of Thermodynamics - Form and Concept of the First Law
    c
    Form and Concept of the First Law
     

    change in kinetic energy (Classical


    Work is due to: Mechanics)
    change in volume (Thermodynamics)

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    First Law of Thermodynamics - Form and Concept of the First Law
    c
    Form and Concept of the First Law

    Not a State Property


    Unit: Joules(J)

    Positive : Work
    Path Dependent Work (W) done on system

    Negative: Work
      done by system
    Measurable
    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics
    First Law of Thermodynamics – Applications of the first law on different systems
    c
    Applications of the first law on different systems

       

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    First Law of Thermodynamics – Applications of the first law on different systems
    c
    Applications of the first law on different systems

    Work Calculation is related to PV Graphs

    Figure (5): Graph showing the work done by the gas during isothermal expansion. Source:
    Reference [15]

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    First Law of Thermodynamics – Carnot Cycle
    c
    Carnot Cycle
    Proposed by Sadi Carnot, a young French scientist, in the year
    1824. [17]
    can be carried out with a system of any nature (solid, liquid, or
    gas).
    Involves 4 process:
    isothermal expansion
    adiabatic expansion
    isothermal compression
    adiabatic compression.

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    First Law of Thermodynamics – Carnot Cycle
    c
    Carnot Cycle

    Figure(15): demonstrative P–V diagram for the Carnot cycle. Source: Reference [18]

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    First Law of Thermodynamics – Carnot Cycle
    c
    Carnot Cycle
    In a carnot cycle, one of the most important relations
    between temperatures and heat flowing quantities is:
     

     
    Efficiency of the Carnot
    cycle:
     
     

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    First Law of Thermodynamics – Refregirators and Heat Pumps
    c

    Refregirators and Heat Pumps


    In any heat engine, heat is extracted from a hot source.
     

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    First Law of Thermodynamics – Refregirators and Heat Pumps
    c

    Refregirators and Heat Pumps

    As a whole we can conclude


    that:  

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    Summary

    Summary
     

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    References

    References

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics


    Thank You!

    R.Najdi Introduction to Thermal Physics

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