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Subnetting

The document discusses IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It covers the basics of IPv4 including the four classes (A, B, C, D, E), subnet masks, and binary and quick methods for subnetting. It then explains two scenarios for subnetting - by hosts and by networks. Subnetting by hosts involves stealing bits from the host portion of the IP address to create subnets that meet a required number of hosts. Subnetting by networks involves stealing bits to create a required number of network subnets.

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58 views5 pages

Subnetting

The document discusses IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It covers the basics of IPv4 including the four classes (A, B, C, D, E), subnet masks, and binary and quick methods for subnetting. It then explains two scenarios for subnetting - by hosts and by networks. Subnetting by hosts involves stealing bits from the host portion of the IP address to create subnets that meet a required number of hosts. Subnetting by networks involves stealing bits to create a required number of network subnets.

Uploaded by

Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IPv4 , IPv6 and Subnetting.

Internet Protocol version 4


32 Bits | Bit----> 0/1
4 Octet | Octect ---> 8bits structure

0.0.0.0 (Decimal)
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 (32 Bits) Binary

Classes:

Class A:
Range: 0.0.0.0 --- 127.255.255.255
Exception: 127 (Reserve) 127.0.0.1 (LoopBack Address)
0.0.0.0 (Network)
Actual Range : 1.0.0.0 --- 126.255.255.255
No. of devices/users: 16 Million Hosts
Subnet Mask: /8 (255.0.0.0)

(1111111.0000000.00000000.00000000)

It consists of 1 Network Portion and 3 Hosts portion.

1 (N).1.1.1(H)

Class B:
Range: 128.0.0.0 --- 191.255.255.255
No. Devices: 65,534 Hosts
Subnet Mask: /16 (255.255.0.0)

(11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000)

2 Network and 2 Host Portions

172.16 (N). 1.1 (H)

Class C:
rANGE: 192.0.0.0 --- 223.255.255.255
Number of Devices: 254
Subnet Mask : /24 (255.255.255.0)
3 Network Portion and 1 Host Portion

192.168.1 (Network) .1 (Host)

192.168.1. 1
192.168.1. 00000001

192.168.1.1-254

Class D:

Multi Cast Addresses:


Range: 224.0.0.0 --- 239.255.255.255

Class E:
Experimental Purposes
Range: 240.0.0.0 --- 255.255.255.255
Subnetting: To avoid the wastage 0f ip addresses we use
subnetting.

Method 1 : Binary Method


Method 2 : Quick Method

A --> /8
B --> /16
C --> /24

192.168.1.18

3 Network & 1 Host

192.168.1.11111111

Subnet/ Network : Host portion all zero ( 192.168.1.0)


1st Host: Last binary bit turned to 1 (192.168.1.1)
Last Host: Broadcast address -1 = 192.168.1.254
Broadcast Address: All host bits turned to 1 (192.168.1.255)

2) Quick Method

172.16.35.123 /20

Short Cut Table:

2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0


128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255

2^8 (Octect) = 256 (0 - 255)

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
240

Total - Changed Value


256 - 240 = 16

(Networks are incrementing by 16)

1st Network: 172.16.0.0


2nd network: 172.16.16.0
3rd Network: 172.16.32.0 (35 in the third octet lies btw 3rd and 4th net)
4th network: 172.16.48.0

Choose the nearest number to 35.

Network/Subnet: 172.16.32.0
Next Network: 172.16.48.0

Broadcast address: Next Network - 1


172.16.47.255

Last Host : Broadcast - 1


172.16.47.254
Subnetting is done for 2 Scenarios:

1) Subnetting by Hosts
2) Subnetting by networks

192.168.1.0 /24

1) Subnetting By Hosts

Hosts = 2^n -2 ; n= Binary Bits (1,2,3,...)

Steal Bits from host portion


Allocate the stolen bits to the network portion.

Company ABC Subnet = 10.1.1.0 /24. Admin need to split the


subnet into smaller subnets. Each subnet need to support 14 hosts.

Step 1
n=1 , n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5
Host = 2^n -2 (No. of hosts>= 25)
2^4 -2 = 16 -2 = 14

n=4 (We need to steal 4 bits from host portion)

Step 2:

Convert Host Portion into binary


Orignal = 10.1.1.0 /24

Network Host
10.1.1 .0

Network Host in Binary


10.1.1 .00000000 (Right to Left)

Step 3:

Network | Subnet | Host


10.1.1 | 0000 | 0000 <----- (Right to Left)

Step 4:
Calculate new subnet mask

Network Subnet Host


10 .1 .1 . 0000 0000
8 8 8 4

New Subnet Mask = nETWORK BITS + Subnet Bits = 24+ 4= 28 ---> /28

Step 5:

Network Subnet Host


1st N= 10.1.1 0000 0000 = 10.1.1.0 /28

2nd N= 10.1.1 0001 0000 = 10.1.1.16 /28


3rd N= 10.1.1 0010 0000 = 10.1.1.32 /28

4th N= 10.1.1 0011 0000 = 10.1.1.48 /28

5th N= 10.1.1 0100 0000 = 10.1.1.64 /28

6th N= 10.1.1 0101 0000 = 10.1.1.80 /28


.
.
.
Last N = 10.1.1 1111 0000 = 10.1.1.240 /28

Network = 2^n = 2^4 = 16

2) Subnetting by Networks

Company ABC Subnet = 10.128.192.0 /18. This cmpany has 30 depart

Step 1)

Network = 2^n (=<30)


= 2^5
= 32

N = We have to steal 5 bits from host portion and allocate to netw

sTEP 2)
Convert host portion into binary

Orignal = 10.128.192.0 /18

Network Network/Host Host


10.128. 192 0
10.128. 11000000 00000000

Network Host
10.128.11 000000.00000000

Step 3:

Network Subnet Host


10.128.11 00000 0.00000000 (Steal values L->R from H)
8+ 8+ 2+ 5bits

Step 4:

Subnet Mask = Network Bits + Subnet Bits = 23 bits ---> /23

Step 5:

Work out new subnets

Network Subnet Host


10.128.11 00000 0.00000000 = 10.128.192.0 /23
10.128.11 00001 0.00000000 = 10.128.194.0 /23

10.128.11 00010 0.00000000 = 10.128.196.0 /23

10.128.11 00011 0.00000000 = 10.128.198.0 /23


.
.
.
10.128.11 11111 0.00000000 = 10.28.254.0 /23

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