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Assignment 2 State Arman

This document contains information about normal distributions including: 1. Normal distributions are symmetrical and bell-shaped, with most values clustered around the mean. 2. The empirical rule states that approximately 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 standard deviations, and 99.7% within 3 standard deviations. 3. According to the central limit theorem, the sampling distribution of the mean will be normally distributed for large sample sizes, even if the original population is not normally distributed.

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44 views9 pages

Assignment 2 State Arman

This document contains information about normal distributions including: 1. Normal distributions are symmetrical and bell-shaped, with most values clustered around the mean. 2. The empirical rule states that approximately 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 standard deviations, and 99.7% within 3 standard deviations. 3. According to the central limit theorem, the sampling distribution of the mean will be normally distributed for large sample sizes, even if the original population is not normally distributed.

Uploaded by

M.Nadeem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment No.

02

Name: Arman Ali Zaib


Reg No: FA20-BSE-025
Subject: Statics
Assigned by: Ma’am Haseena Ameer
Dead_line: 19-10-2022
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Normal distribution:
The normal distribution is a continuous
probability distribution that is symmetrical around its mean, most of the
observations cluster around the central peak,
In a normal distribution, data is symmetrically distributed with no skew. When
plotted on a graph, the data follows a bell shape, with most values clustering around
a central region and tapering off as they go further away from the center.

Normal distributions are also called Gaussian distributions or bell curves because of
their shape.

Why do normal distributions matter?


All kinds of variables in natural and social sciences are normally or
approximately normally distributed. Height, birth weight, reading ability, job
satisfaction, or SAT scores are just a few examples of such variables.

Because normally distributed variables are so common, many statistical


tests are designed for normally distributed populations.
Understanding the properties of normal distributions means you can use
inferential statistics to compare different groups and make estimates
about populations using samples. properties of normal
distributions?
Normal distributions have key characteristics that are easy to spot in
graphs: The mean, median and mode are exactly the same.
• The distribution is symmetric about the mean—half the values fall
below the mean and half above the mean.
• The distribution can be described by two values: the mean and the
standard deviation.
The mean is the location parameter while the standard deviation is the
scale parameter.

The mean determines where the peak of the curve is centered. Increasing
the mean moves the curve right, while decreasing it moves the curve left.

The standard deviation stretches or squeezes the curve. A small standard


deviation results in a narrow curve, while a large standard deviation leads
to a wide curve.
Empirical rule:
The empirical rule, or the 68-95-99.7 rule, tells you
where most of your values lie in a normal distribution:

• Around 68% of values are within 1 standard deviation from the mean.
• Around 95% of values are within 2 standard deviations from the
mean.
• Around 99.7% of values are within 3 standard deviations from the
mean.

Using the empirical rule in a normal distribution:


You
collect SAT scores from students in a new test preparation course.
The data follows a normal distribution with a mean score (M) of 1150
and a standard deviation (SD) of 150. Following the empirical rule:

• Around 68% of scores are between 1,000 and 1,300, 1 standard


deviation above and below the mean.
• Around 95% of scores are between 850 and 1,450, 2 standard
deviations above and below the mean.
• Around 99.7% of scores are between 700 and 1,600, 3 standard
deviations above and below the mean.

The empirical rule is a quick way to get an overview of your data and check
for any outliers or extreme values that don’t follow this pattern.

If data from small samples do not closely follow this pattern, then other
distributions like the t-distribution may be more appropriate. Once you
identify the distribution of your variable, you can apply appropriate
statistical tests.

Central limit theorem:


The central limit theorem is the basis for
how normal distributions work in statistics.
In research, to get a good idea of a population mean, ideally you’d collect
data from multiple random samples within the population. A sampling
distribution of the mean is the distribution of the means of these different
samples.

The central limit theorem shows the following:

• Law of Large Numbers: As you increase sample size (or the number
of samples), then the sample mean will approach the population
mean.
• With multiple large samples, the sampling distribution of the mean is
normally distributed, even if your original variable is not normally
distributed.

Parametric statistical tests typically assume that samples come from


normally distributed populations, but the central limit theorem means that
this assumption isn’t necessary to meet when you have a large enough
sample.

You can use parametric tests for large samples from populations with any
kind of distribution as long as other important assumptions are met. A
sample size of 30 or more is generally considered large.

For small samples, the assumption of normality is important because the


sampling distribution of the mean isn’t known. For accurate results, you
have to be sure that the population is normally distributed before you can
use parametric tests with small samples

Formula of the normal curve:


Once you have the
mean and standard deviation of a normal distribution, you can fit a normal
curve to your data using a probability density function.
In a probability density function, the area under the curve tells you
probability. The normal distribution is a probability distribution, so the
total area under the curve is always 1 or 100%.

The formula for the normal probability density function looks fairly
complicated. But to use it, you only need to know the population mean and
standard deviation.

For any value of x, you can plug in the mean and standard deviation into
the formula to find the probability density of the variable taking on that
value of x.

• f(x) = probability
• x = value of the variable
• μ = mean
• σ = standard deviation
• σ2 = variance

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