Akuntansi Manajemen
Akuntansi Manajemen
Akuntansi Manajemen
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-2
Fixed Costs
A cost that stays the
same as output
changes is a fixed
cost.
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-3
Total Fixed Cost Graph
$120,000
$100,000
Fixed Costs
Total Costs
$80,000
F=
$60,000 $60,000
$40,000
$20,000
0 60 120 180 240
Units Produced (000)
Variable
Cost
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-5
Total Variable Cost Graph
$48,000
Yv = .20x
$36,000
Total Costs
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-7
Mixed Cost Behavior
$130,000
$110,000
$90,000
Total Costs
$70,000
$50,000
$30,000
0 40 80 120 160 180
Units
200 Sold (000)
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-9
Asumsi-asumsi Fungsi Biaya
1. Perilaku biaya diperkirakan dengan fungsi
biaya linear dalam rentang yang relevan
Secara grafis, biaya total versus tingkat suatu
aktivitas tunggal yang berhubungan dengan
biaya itu adalah suatu garis lurus dalam
rentang yang relevan
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-10
Fungsi Biaya Linear
y = a + bX
Kemiringan Garis:
Titik Potong:
Biaya variable
Biaya tetap
per unit
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-11
Perilaku Biaya Campuran
(Mixed-Cost Behaviour)
Asumsi Linearitas
Total Biaya
Biaya
Biaya Tetap
Biaya Variabel
Kuantitas Produk
12
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-12
Fungsi Biaya Tetap, Secara Grafis
Fungsi Biaya Total: Y = $10,000
$60,000
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$-
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-13
Fungsi Biaya Variabel, secara Grafis
Fungsi Biaya Total : Y = $5X
$60,000
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$-
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-14
Fungsi Biaya Total, secara Grafis
Fungsi Biaya Total: Y = $10,000 + $5X
$70,000
$60,000
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$-
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-15
Fungsi-fungsi Biaya Digabungkan
$70,000
$60,000
$50,000
$40,000
Variable Cost Y = $5X
Fixed Cost Y = $10,000
B Total Cost Y = $10,000 + $5X
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$-
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-16
Metode Pemisahan Biaya
Semivariabel:
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-17
Metode Tinggi-Rendah
Metode analisis kuantitatif paling sederhana
Menggunakan hanya nilai-nilai teramati yang
tertinggi dan terendah
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-18
Langkah-langkah dalam
Metode Tinggi-Rendah
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-19
Langkah-langkah dalam
Metode Tinggi-Rendah
2. Hitung Biaya Tetap Total
Biaya Total dari tingkat aktivitas tertinggi atau terendah
– (Biaya Variabel per unit aktivitas X Aktivitas terkait dengan biaya total di atas)
Biaya Tetap
Y = FC + (VCu * X)
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-20
High Low Method
Penentuan bagian Biaya Variabel dan biaya tetap didasarkan
pada pengamatan data masa lalu yaitu data pada posisi
ekstrim tinggi dan posisi ekstrim rendah.
Keunggulan:
- Mudah dilakukan
- Tidak perlu banyak data
Kelemahan :
-Tidak memperhatikan fluktuasi dan tendensi perkembangan
data biaya
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-21
Contoh :
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-22
Pemisahan biaya……
3.487.500
Biaya Variabel = --------------------- = Rp. 4.500/jam kerja
775
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-25
Metode Stand By Cost
Metode ini diterapkan apabila ada
kesempatan perusahaan dihentikan
semetara.
Padasaat perusahaan dihentikan maka biaya
yang tetap harus dikeluarkan disebut dengan
Stand by Cost yang dianggp setara dengan
Fixed Cost.
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-26
Biaya Variabel per unit dihitung dengan rumus
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-27
Analisis Regresi / Least Square
Analisis Regresi adalah metode statistik yang
mengukur jumlah rata-rata perubahan dalam variabel
dependen yang terkait dengan suatu unit perubahan
dalam salah satu atau lebih variabel independen
Lebih akurat dari metode Tinggi-Rendah karena
persamaan regresi mengestimasi biaya menggunakan
informasi dari semua pengamatan; metode Tinggi-
Rendah menggunakan hanya dua pengamatan
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-28
Jenis-jenis Regresi
Simple – mengestimasi hubungan antara
variabel dependen dan satu variabel
independen
Multi – mengestimasi hubungan antara
variabel dependen dan dua atau lebih
variabel independen
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-29
Untuk mendapatkan persamaan garis regresi
Y = a + b X dapat dihitung dengan rumus
(Σ Y ) (ΣX2) - ( ΣX)( ΣX Y)
a = ----------------------------------------
n ΣX2 – (ΣX) 2
Y = 64.615.260 + 4.537 X
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-31