NARAYANA SCHOOL

NEWTOWN

Academic Year: 2022-23

Project Report on: “POPULATION
EXPLOSION AND BIRTH CONTROL”

Name: ANSHIKA ARORA

Class: XII
Subject: Biology
Subject Code: 044
Registration Number:
Roll Number:
 DECLARATION

I, ANSHIKA ARORA, Roll No. ________________,

hereby declare that the project titled “POPULATION
EXPLOSION AND BIRTH CONTROL”, is
submitted by me to the Department of Biology,
Narayana School, Newtown, for the fulfillment of
A.I.S.S.C.E. 2022 – 2023 practical examination,
conducted by CBSE, New Delhi.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ANSHIKA ARORA, Roll No.:
_____________, has successfully completed the
project titled “POPULATION EXPLOSION AND BIRTH
CONTROL “as per regulations laid down by A.I.S.S.C.E.
for the purpose of Practical Examination, and
submitted to the Department of Biology, Narayana
School, Newtown. It is an original work done by the
candidate under the supervision and able guidance of
the concerned supervisors.

SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL

Signature of Internal Examiner:

Signature of External Examiner:

 Table of Contents

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 ACKNOWLEGMENT 5

2 INTRODUCTION 6

3 CONSEQUENCES OF 7

HUMAN REPRODUCTION
4 POPULATION EXPLOSION 8

AND BIRTH CONTROL

5 ENVIRONMENTAL 9

PROBLEMS
6 BIRTH CONTROL 10

METHODS
7 CONCLUSION 15

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my sincere and heartfelt gratitude towards my
teachers who guided and encouraged me throughout,
and helped me complete the project successfully.
I would also like to thank our Principal Ma’am, for
always extending a helping hand to us and lastly, I
would thank Narayana School, Newtown for giving me
the opportunity to work on this project.
Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and friends
who are a source of constant encouragement for me.

Submitted by: ANSHIKA ARORA

 INTRODUCTION
HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Human reproduction is sexual reproduction that results

in human fertilization to produce a human offspring. It typically
involves sexual intercourse between a sexually
mature human male and female. During sexual intercourse, the
interaction between the male and female reproductive
systems results in fertilization of the ovum by the sperm to form
a zygote. The zygote then undergoes a defined development
process that is known as human embryogenesis, and this starts
the typical 9-month gestation period that is followed
by childbirth. The fertilization of the ovum may be achieved
by artificial insemination methods, which do not involve sexual
intercourse. Assisted reproductive technology also exists.
CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Although humans have increased the carrying capacity of their

environment, the technologies used to achieve this
transformation have caused unprecedented changes to Earth’s
environment, altering ecosystems to the point where some may
be in danger of collapse. The depletion of the ozone layer,
erosion due to acid rain, and damage from global climate
change are caused by human activities. The ultimate effect of
these changes on our carrying capacity is unknown. As some
point out, it is likely that the negative effects of increasing
carrying capacity will outweigh the positive ones—the carrying
capacity of the world for human beings might actually decrease.

The world’s human population is currently experiencing

exponential growth even though human reproduction is far
below its biotic potential. To reach its biotic potential, all
females would have to become pregnant every nine months or
so during their reproductive years. Also, resources would have
to be such that the environment would support such growth.
Neither of these two conditions exists. In spite of this fact, the
human population is still growing exponentially. Humans have
increased the world’s carrying capacity through migration,
agriculture, medical advances, and communication. The age
structure of a population allows us to predict population growth.
Unchecked human population growth could have dire long-term
effects on our environment.
POPULATION EXPLOSION AND BIRTH
CONTROL
Increased health facilities and better living conditions have enhanced
longevity. According to a recent report from the UN, India’s
population has already reached 1.26 billion and is expected to
become the largest country in population size, surpassing China
around 2022. To overcome the problem of population explosion,
birth control is the only available solution. People should be
motivated to have smaller families by using various contraceptive
devices. Advertisements by the Government in the media as well as
posters/bills, etc., with a slogan Naam iruvar namakku iruvar (we
two, ours two) and Naam iruvar namakku oruvar (we two, ours one)
have also motivated to control population growth in Tamilnadu.

Statutory rising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and

that of males to 21 years and incentives given to couples with small
families are the other measures taken to control population growth
in our country
ENVIRONMENTOL PROBLEMS RELATED TO
RAPID POPULATION GROWTH
 DEFORESTATION: - This is cutting down of trees. Rapid
population growth can cause since people will clear a new area
for agriculture and settlement.
 POLLUTION: - This is the addition of unwanted substances to
the environment. Rapid population growth has led to
increasing wastes generation and an increase in emissions from
industries due to an increase in demand which has led to an
increase in industrial activities.
 LOSS OF

BIODIVERSITY: - This is the reduction or total extinction of

certain species of plants or animals in the planet. Rapid
population increase has led to clearing large areas
for agriculture and settlement and this has led to the reduction
or total extinction of some animal and plants species.
 SOIL EROSION: - This is wearing away of the topsoil layer due to
erosion agents such as wind, running water, and glaciers. Rapid
population growth has led to over-cultivation of land,
monoculture, and overgrazing to meet the need of an
increased number of people.
BIRTH CONTROL METHODS
“Birth control is the use of certain devices, drugs or
surgical procedures in both males and females, to
prevent conception. “

Birth control includes a variety of devices and procedures by

which conception can be prevented. These methods can be
implemented both in men and women. Out of the several
methods, only a few are reliable. The effectiveness depends on
how carefully the method is used.

An ideal contraceptive should be user-friendly, easily available,

effective and reversible with no least side-effects. It also should
in no way interfere with the sexual drive, drive and/or the sexual
act of the user. A wide range of contraceptive methods are
presently available which could be broadly grouped itno the
following categories: -

 NATURAL/ TRADITIONAL
 BARRIER
 IUDs
 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
 INJECTABLES
 IMPLANTS
 SURGICAL METHODS

1.) NATURAL METHODS

Natural method is used to prevent meeting of sperm with ovum. i.e.,
Rhythm method (safe period), coitus interruptus, continuous
abstinence and lactational amenorrhoea.
a. Periodic abstinence/rhythm method
Ovulation occurs at about the 14th day of the menstrual cycle. Ovum
survives for about two days and sperm remains alive for about 72
hours in the female reproductive tract. Coitus is to be avoided during
this time.

b. Continuous abstinence is the simplest and most reliable way to

avoid pregnancy is not to have coitus for a defined period that
facilitates conception.

c. Coitus interruptus is the oldest family planning method. The male

partner withdraws his penis before ejaculation, thereby preventing
deposition of semen into the vagina.

d. Lactational amenorrhoea Menstrual cycles resume as early as 6

to 8 weeks from parturition. However, the reappearance of normal
ovarian cycles may be delayed for six months during breast-feeding.
This delay in ovarian cycles is called lactational amenorrhoea. It
serves as a natural, but an unreliable form of birth control. Suckling
by the baby during breast-feeding stimulates the pituitary to secrete
increased prolactin hormone in order to increase milk production.
This high prolactin concentration in the mother’s blood may prevent
menstrual cycle by suppressing the release of GnRH (Gonadotropin
Releasing Hormone) from hypothalamus and gonadotropin secretion
from the pituitary.

2.) BARRIER METHODS

In these methods, the ovum and sperm are prevented from meeting so
that fertilization does not occur.
a. Chemical barrier Foaming tablets, melting suppositories, jellies
and creams are used as chemical agents that inactivate the sperms in
the vagina.
b. Mechanical barrier Condoms are a thin sheath used to cover the
penis in male whereas in female it is used to cover vagina and cervix
just before coitus so as to prevent the entry of ejaculated semen into
the female reproductive tract. This can prevent conception. Condoms
should be discarded after a single use. Condom also safeguards the
user from AIDS and STDs. Condoms are made of polyurethane, latex
and lambskin.

3.) ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

Pills are used to prevent ovulation by inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH
hormones. A combined pill is the most commonly used birth control pill. It
contains synthetic progesterone and estrogen hormones. Saheli, contraceptive
pill by Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow, India contains a non-
steroidal preparation called centchroman.

4.) INTRA UTERINE DEVICES

Intrauterine devices are inserted by medical experts in the uterus

through the vagina. These devices are available as copper releasing
IUDs, hormone releasing IUDs and non-medicated IUDs. IUDs
increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus. IUDs are the ideal
contraceptives for females who want to delay pregnancy. It is one of
the popular methods of contraception in India and has a success rate
of 95 to 99%.
Copper releasing IUDs differ from each other by the amount of
copper. Copper IUDs such as Cu T-380 A, Nova T, Cu 7, Cu T
380 Ag, Multiload 375, etc. release free copper and copper salts into
the uterus and suppress sperm motility. They can remain in the uterus
for five to ten years.
Hormone-releasing IUDs such as Progestasert and LNG – 20 are
often called as intrauterine systems (IUS). They increase the viscosity
of the cervical mucus and thereby prevent sperms from entering the
cervix.
Non-medicated IUDs are made of plastic or stainless steel. Lippes
loop is a double S-shaped plastic device.
5.) SURGICAL METHODS
Permanent birth control methods are adopted by the individuals who
do not want to have any more children.

Surgical sterilisation methods are the permanent contraception

methods advised for male and female partners to prevent any more
pregnancies. It blocks the transport of the gametes and prevents
conception. Tubectomy is the surgical sterilisation in women. In this
procedure, a small portion of both fallopian tubes are cut and tied up
through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina. This
prevents fertilization as well as the entr1y of the egg into the
uterus. Vasectomy is the surgical procedure for male sterilisation. In
this procedure, both vas deferens are cut and tied through a small
incision on the scrotum to prevent the entry of sperm into the urethra.
Vasectomy prevents sperm from heading off to penis as the discharge
has no sperms in it. 
 CONCLUSION

The problem of population can be solved only by

creating awareness and educating the people to
control birthrates. The advantages of adopting to
various birth control methods should be properly
explained to common people. Population
explosion has caused more pressure on earth. We
should save energy so that the entire population
can enjoy its benefit. We can control the global
warming issues by curbing the usage of fossil fuels.
Food security is another area that need attention.
The agricultural output should increase with
growing population to make sure steady supply of
food to all. We should use potable water carefully.
With larger population, there is a need for
harmony and peace among nations.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Reproductive_rights

 https://www.brainkart.com/article/
Population-explosion-and-birth-control-
methods

 https://byjus.com/biology/birth-control

 https://imp.center/i/population-explosion-
in-india-meaning-causes-effects-and-control-
mesures