VARIABLE SEPARABLE

If the equation is in the form 𝑀 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 can be put in the form
𝑁(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑀 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 , so that the coefficient of dx involves x and that of dy involves y, the
variable are said to be separable and the solution is obtained by integrating term by term,
the equation in which the variables have been separated.

Obtain the general solution of the following differential equations.

∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑦 −1 2𝑥 2
= +𝐶
−1 2
1
− = 𝑥2 + 𝐶
𝑦
𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝐶 ) = −1
−1
𝑦=
𝑥2+𝐶
 2.) 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
[ = 3𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦 2 )]
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∫ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑢 2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑦
∫ = 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦2
𝑢=𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑎=1
1 𝑦 3𝑥 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = +𝐶
1 1 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
𝑦 = tan (𝑥 3 + 𝐶)

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
3. = −
𝑑𝑝 𝑝
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑝
=−
𝑣 𝑝
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑝
∫ = −∫
𝑣 𝑝

𝑑𝑢
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢

𝑙𝑛𝑣 = −𝑙𝑛𝑝 + 𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑣 + 𝑙𝑛𝑝 = 𝐶
ln 𝑝𝑣 = 𝐶

𝑒 ln 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑒 𝐶 = 𝐶

𝑝𝑣 = 𝐶

𝐶
𝑣=
𝑝
4.) (4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
[ (4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑦(4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑑𝑥 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢

𝑢 = 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑛𝑓 =
2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒 2𝑥 (2)𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
𝑑𝑥 2 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥
1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = ln(4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
2
1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = ln (4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )2 + 𝐶
1
2𝑥 )2 +𝐶
𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 ln (4+𝑒
1
2𝑥 )2
𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 ln (4+𝑒 ∙ 𝑒𝐶

𝑦 = 𝐶 √4 + 𝑒 2𝑥

5.) (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
=
𝑦 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫
1+𝑥
𝑦 −1
= ln(1 + 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
−1
1
− = ln(1 + 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
𝑦
𝑦[𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥 ) + 𝐶] = −1

−1
𝑦=
ln(1 + 𝑥 ) + 𝐶

6. ) (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥

1
[(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑦(𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑦 𝑥+2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑦 𝑥+2

𝑢 =𝑥+2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑛𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶

𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 ln (𝑥+2)+𝐶

𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 ln (𝑥+2) ∙ 𝑒 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝐶(𝑥 + 2)

𝟕. ) 𝑦𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥

1
( 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑒𝑥

∫ 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Integration by Parts

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
 𝑢=𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑢 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥 𝑛𝑓 = −1

𝑦𝑒 𝑦 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐
ey (y − 1) = −e−x + c

ey (y − 1) + e−x = C

8.) (𝑒 3𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥

1
[ (𝑒 3𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑦(𝑒 3𝑥 + 6)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥
𝑦 𝑒 +6
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 3𝑥
𝑦 𝑒 +6

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑦 1 + 6𝑒 −3𝑥

𝑢 = 1 + 6𝑒 −3𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = −18𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑛𝑓 = − 18

1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = − 18 𝑙𝑛(1 + 6𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 𝐶
1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 18 𝑙𝑛(1 + 6𝑒 −3𝑥 ) = 𝐶

1
𝑙𝑛𝑦 + ln (1 + 6𝑒 −3𝑥 )18 = 𝐶
1
𝑙𝑛𝑦(1 + 6𝑒 −3𝑥 )18 = 𝐶
1
𝑦(1 + 6𝑒 −3𝑥 )18 = 𝑒 𝐶
 𝐶
𝑦= 1
(1 + 6𝑒 −3𝑥 )18

𝐶
𝑦= 18
√1 + 6𝑒 −3𝑥

𝟗. ) (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 4 𝑦 4
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑥 4𝑦 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
[ (𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑥 4 𝑦 4] 4 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦4 𝑥 2 +1

𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 1
= 𝑥2 − 1 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
𝑑𝑦 2
1
= 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑦4 𝑥2 + 1

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑦 −4 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫
𝑥2 +1

𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎=1

𝑦 −4+1 𝑥 2+1
= − 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
−4 + 1 2 + 1

𝑦 −3 𝑥 3
= − 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
−3 3
𝑦 −3 𝑥 3
3( = − 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶)
−3 3
1
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
−𝑦 3
−y3 (x 3 − 3x + 3tan−1 x + c) = 1

1
−𝑦 3 =
x3 − 3x + 3tan−1 x + c
 3 1
𝑦 = −√
x 3 − 3x + 3tan−1 x + c

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝟏𝟎. ) 𝑦 ′ + =0
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
+ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
( + = 0) 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑦2
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝐶
2
𝑦2
= cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
y2 = 2cosx + c

𝑦 = √2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝟏𝟏. ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦

1
(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦)
𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 𝑦
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫(sec2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦(1 − cos 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫(sec2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 − ∫ cos 2 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫(sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝟏𝟐. ) 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ =
𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑥2

𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
1 𝐴 𝐵
[ = + ] 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑥 1 − 𝑥
1 = 𝐴(1 − 𝑥 ) + 𝐵𝑥

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑥=1
1 = 𝐴(1 − 0) 1 = 𝐴(1 − 1) + 𝐵(1)
𝐴=1 𝐵=1

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑥
∫ = 1∫ +∫
𝑦 𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ln(1 − 𝑥 ) + 𝐶

𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ln(1 − 𝑥 ) = 𝐶

𝑦(1 − 𝑥)
𝑙𝑛 =𝐶
𝑥
𝑦(1−𝑥)
𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑒𝐶

𝑦(1 − 𝑥)
=𝐶
𝑥
𝑦(1 − 𝑥 ) = 𝐶𝑥

𝐶𝑥 −𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑥
𝑦= 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: − 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝐶
1−𝑥 −(−1 + 𝑥) 𝑥−1

Obtain the particular solution:

𝟏. ) 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0
 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦= +𝐶
2
12
0= +𝐶
2
−1
𝐶=
2
𝑥2 1
𝑦= −
2 2
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒚=
𝟐
𝑑𝑟
2.) = −4𝑟𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑟 = 2
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟 = −4𝑟𝑡𝑑𝑡
1
(𝑑𝑟 = −4𝑟𝑡𝑑𝑡) 𝑟

𝑑𝑟
= −4𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑟
𝑑𝑟
∫ = −4 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑟

−4𝑡 2
𝑙𝑛𝑟 = +𝐶
2
𝑙𝑛𝑟 = −2𝑡 2 + 𝐶
ln 2 = −2(0)2 + 𝐶
𝐶 = ln 2

𝑙𝑛𝑟 = −2𝑡 2 + ln 2
𝑙𝑛𝑟 − ln 2 = −2𝑡 2
𝑟
𝑙𝑛 = −2𝑡 2
2
𝑟 2
𝑒 𝑙𝑛2 = 𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑟 2
= 𝑒 −2𝑡
2
𝟐
𝒓 = 𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒕

𝟑. ) 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑦 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 = 3
 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 = 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

1
[𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )dx] [ ]
𝑥(1 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
=
1+𝑦 𝑥
1 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
=∫
2 1+𝑦 𝑥

1
𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1
𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
1
2 )2
𝑒 ln (1+𝑦 = 𝑒 (ln 𝑥+𝐶)
1
2 )2
𝑒 ln (1+𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝐶
1
(1 + 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝑐𝑥
1
(1 + 32 )2 = 2𝑐

√10 = 2C
√10
𝑐=
2
1 √10
(1 + 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝑥
2
2
√10
1 + 𝑦2 = ( 𝑥)
2
10𝑥 2
1 + 𝑦2 =
4
2
10𝑥
𝑦2 = −1
4
10𝑥 2 − 4
𝑦2 =
4
10𝑥 2 − 4
𝑦=√
4
 𝟏
𝒚= √𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝟐