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Computer Network Notes

A network is a set of devices connected by communication links. Key criteria for networks include performance, reliability, and security. Routers connect devices and operate at the physical, data link, and network layers. Physical networks combine local and wide area networks using routers. Amplitude-shift keying represents digital data as variations in a carrier wave's amplitude. Multiplexing involves accepting items from multiple sources, while demultiplexing delivers items to multiple sources. TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol suite providing specific functions at each layer. MAC addresses uniquely identify network interfaces. Twisted pair cabling uses two insulated conductors for improved electromagnetic compatibility. Repeaters regenerate signals at the physical layer. Physical topologies describe a network's physical layout,

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Devika Dakhore
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182 views

Computer Network Notes

A network is a set of devices connected by communication links. Key criteria for networks include performance, reliability, and security. Routers connect devices and operate at the physical, data link, and network layers. Physical networks combine local and wide area networks using routers. Amplitude-shift keying represents digital data as variations in a carrier wave's amplitude. Multiplexing involves accepting items from multiple sources, while demultiplexing delivers items to multiple sources. TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol suite providing specific functions at each layer. MAC addresses uniquely identify network interfaces. Twisted pair cabling uses two insulated conductors for improved electromagnetic compatibility. Repeaters regenerate signals at the physical layer. Physical topologies describe a network's physical layout,

Uploaded by

Devika Dakhore
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1} WHAT IS NETWORK AND ITS CRITERIA:

Network is a set of divice conneted by communication links .


Performance
Reliability
Security

A router is a three-layer device; it operates in the physical,


data-link, and network layers. It connect 2or more divice

Routing: A physical network is a combination of


networks (LANs and WANs) and one or many routers.

Amplitude-shift keying is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as variations in
the amplitude of a carrier wave.

Whenever an entity accepts items from more than one source, this is referred to as multiplexing
(many to one);

whenever an entity delivers items to more than one source, this is referred to as demultiplexing (one
to many).

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet PROTOCOL)= is a hierarchical protocol made up


of interactive modules, each of which provides a specific functionality
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol
suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet
Protocol (IP).

MAC address is a unique identifier that is assigned to a NIC (Network Interface Controller/


Card). It consists of a 48 bit or 64-bit address, which is associated with
the network adapter. MAC address can be in hexadecimal format. The full form
of MAC address is Media Access Control address.

Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together
for the purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility.  Each with its own plastic insulation

Repeaters are network devices operating at physical layer of the OSI model that amplify or
regenerate an incoming signal before retransmitting it. 
 
2} PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically.
TYPES : Mesh, star, bus, ring

3} LOCAL AREA NETWORK LAN


A local area network is usually privately owned and connets some hots in a single office building or
campus

4} WIDE AREA NETWORL WAN


A WAN has a wider geographical span than LAN spanning town a state a country or even the world
4}INTERNET
When two or more network are connected they make an interwork or internet

5} an internet is a switch network in switch connects at leat two links together A switch needs to
forward data from a network to another network when
required.
TYPES : Circute switch and packet switch
CIRCUIT SWITCH = is a dedicated connection .is always available between the two end system.

PACKET SWITCH= IS The communication betn the two ends is done in blocks of data

6}PROTOCOL LAYERING =
The first principle dictates that if we want bidirectional communication, we need to make each
layer so that it is able to perform two opposite tasks, one in each direction.
The second principle that we need to follow in protocol layering is that the two objects under
each layer at both sites should be identical.

7}
.

8} Physical Layer = physical layer is responsible for carrying individual


bits in a frame across the link.

9] Data-link Layer = when the next link to travel is determined by the router, the data-link layer is
responsible for taking the datagram and moving it across the link.

10] Network Layer = network layer is responsible for host-to-host communication and routing the
packet through possible routes.

11] Transport Layer = The transport layer at the source host gets the message from the application
layer, encapsulates it in a transport layer packet (called a segment or a user datagram) and sends it, to
the transport layer at the destination host.

12] Application Layer = Communication at the application layer is between two


processes (two programs running at this layer).

13] Multiplexing = in this case means that a protocol at a layer


can encapsulate a packet from several next-higher layer
protocols (one at a time).

Demultiplexing= means that a protocol can decapsulate


and deliver a packet to several next-higher layer protocols
(one at a time).

14] The term analog data= refers to information that is continuous;


digital data = refers to information that has discrete states.

15] A periodic signal completes a pattern within a measurable time frame, called a period,
16] The completion of one full pattern is called a cycle.

17] A nonperiodic signal changes without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats over time.

18] Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal


needs to complete 1 cycle. Period is formally expressed in seconds.

19] Frequency is formally expressed in Hertz (Hz), which is


cycle per second. Frequency refers to the number of periods in 1 s.

20] Time-domain plot = shows changes in signal amplitude with respect to time (it is an amplitude-
versus-time plot).

21] A frequency-domain plot= is concerned with only the peak value and the frequency.

22] The bandwidth = of a composite signal is the difference


between the highest and the lowest frequencies contained
in that signal.

23] Attenuation means a loss of energy. When a signal, simple or composite, travels through a medium,
it loses some of its energy in overcoming the resistance of the medium. To compensate for this loss,
amplifiers are used to amplify the signal.

24] Distortion means that the signal changes its form or shape.

25] Several types of noise, such as thermal noise, induced noise, crosstalk, and impulse noise, may
corrupt the signal.

thermal noise: random motion of electrons in a wire, creates an extra signal

Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and appliances.


Crosstalk is the effect of one wire on the other.
Impulse noise is a spike that comes from power lines, lightning, and
so on.

26] The throughput is a measure of how fast we can actually send data through a network.

27] Line coding is the process of converting digital data to digital signals. It converts a sequence of bits to
a digital signal.

28] In decoding a digital signal, the receiver calculates a running average of the received signal power.
This average is called the baseline.

29] When the voltage level in a digital signal is constant for a while, the spectrum creates very low
frequencies (results of Fourier analysis). These frequencies around zero, called DC (direct-current)
Components
28] Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.

29] the word link refers to the physical path.

The word channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission between a
given pair of lines.

30] A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that can carry information from a source
to a destination.

31] Guided media, which are those that provide a medium from one device to another, include twisted-
pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

32] Whenever bits flow from one point to another, they are subject to unpredictable changes because of
interference. This interference can change the shape of the signal.
33] The term single-bit error means that only 1 bit of a given data unit is changed from 1 to 0 or from 0
to 1.

34 ] The term burst error means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have changed from 1 to 0 or from 0
to 1.

35]The central concept in detecting or correcting errors is redundancy.

36] In error detection, we are only looking to see if any error has occurred.

37 ] In error correction, we need to know the exact number of bits that are corrupted and, more
importantly, their location in the message.

38]

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