REMOTE SENSING: GIS APPLICATION

Tata Hadinata 0706173465 Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia

REMOTE SENSING: GIS APPLICATION

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Outline
Introduction GIS Software Basic Data Structures Relationship between Remotely Sensed and GIS Contributions of GIS to Remote Sensing Contributions of Remote Sensing to GIS Application f Remote S A li ti of R t Sensing i Conclusion
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Introduction
Geographic Information Systems ( g p y (GIS) are ) specialized computer programs designed to analyze spatially referenced data. A GIS consists of a series of map overlays for a specific geographic region. These overlays may depict raw data (e.g. topographic elevation) or may show th t hi l ti ) h thematic ti information (e.g. soils, land use, or geology), but they must share common geographic qualities that permit them to b merged so that one can h i h be d h identify and analyze interrelationships between the data.
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Introduction

GIS data consist of many compatible data sets for the same geographic region
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Introduction
Remote sensing and GIS have many close relationships to each another.
Remote sensing systems contribute data to GIS. Remotely sensed data can provide timely information at low cost and in a form that is compatible with the requirements of a GIS Both GIS and digital remote sensing systems use q p p program. similar equipment and similar computer p g The non remote sensing data from a GIS can be used to assist in the analysis of remotely sensed images

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Introduction
A GIS must include at least these main elements:
Computer Hardware Computer programs Data Operator (personnel that operate and maintain the GIS)

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GIS Software
A GIS requires specialized p g q p programs tailored for the manipulation of geographic data. The tasks essential for GIS:
Image display Overlay capability permits the analyst to superimpose two or more data sets for display or analysis.
Visual overlay refers to the ability to superimpose two overlays on the screen so that the two pattern can be seen together in a single image. Logical overlay and arithmetic overlay mean that the analyst can define new variables or categories based upon the matching of different overlays at each point on the map.

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GIS Software

Visual overlay and Logical overlay y g y

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GIS Software
Operations for GIS: p
Data Input Spatial interpolation Display Raster-to-vector conversion Subset Data output Overlay Data storage and vertical Projection conversion Buffering Registration/image matching Network operation Resampling Data manipulation Logical Operations Data reporting Arithmetic operations Statistical generation Vector-to-raster Vector to raster conversion Models
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GIS Software
There are wide range of software packages for GIS analysis:
ArcInfo and ArcView Intergraph Corporation IDRISI MapInfo GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis (G hi R A l i and Support System)

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GIS Software
There are wide range of software packages for GIS analysis:
ArcInfo and ArcView (www esri com) (www.esri.com) Intergraph Corporation (www.integraph.com) IDRISI (www clarklabs org) (www.clarklabs.org) MapInfo (www.mapinfo.com) GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis (G hi R A l i and Support System) (www.baylor.edu)

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Basic Data Structures

Two alternative GIS data structures:
Raster or cellular data structures consist of cell like units, cell-like units analogous to the pixels of a TM scene. Vector or polygon data structures records the boundaries or outlines of parcels on the source document by listing the coordinates of the boundaries or the coordinates of the vertical of polygons.
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Basic Data Structures

Raster or cellular data structures:
The region of interest is subdivided into a uniform size and shape then encoded with a single category or value. value Raster structures offer ease of data storage and manipulation, and therefore permit use of relatively simple computer program. i l t Raster structures lend themselves to use with remotely sensed data because digital remote sensing data are collected and presented in raster formats. Disadvantages are primary related to losses in accu acy and detail accuracy a d deta due to t e cod g o eac ce the coding of each cell.
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Basic Data Structures

Vector or polygon data structures: p yg
Provide more efficient of use of computer storage, finer detail, and more accurate representation of shapes and sizes. Its main disadvantages are the higher costs of encoding data and the greater complexity required for the computer programs that must manipulate data.

Today most GIS are designed to use vector format, although most accommodate raster data, or may use raster structures for selected analyses. Raster-to-vector and vector-to-raster conversions permit mixing of two kinds of data , although unnecessary conversions can create errors errors.
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Basic Data Structures

Raster data structure

Polygon data structure

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Basic Data Structures

A rule is necessary to consistently select which y y category represents the cell in the database.
The predominant category rule selects the single category that occupies the largest part of the cell (a) (a). The category that falls beneath the dot is entered as the category for the cell (b). The procedure uses a dot randomly positioned within each cell (c).

Relative to the predominant category rule, these procedures improve the accuracy of the database as a whole, but the error at each cell can be quite large
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Basic Data Structures

Encoding raster data

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Basic Data Structures

Gersmehl and Napton ( p (1982) studied these two ) kinds of errors:
Inventory error is error for database as a whole in reporting total areas occupied by specific categories categories. Inventory error is important for users of the GIS who are interested in a regional overview. Classification error is the error in reporting the contents of each cell. Classification error is important for users that require detailed information concerning specific sites.

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Basic Data Structures

Inventory error and classification error

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Basic Data Structures

Use of the dot randomly positioned within each yp cell reduces inventory error; for large areas, inventory errors may be quite small. Both kinds of errors can be reduced if cell size is small relative to the pattern to be studied. Classification error increases with use of the random d t method, even th d dot th d though th h the randomized selection may reduced inventory error. It is possible to interpolate data from one cell size to another: smaller cell to larger cell or larger cell to smaller cell cell.
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Basic Data Structures

Interpolation from one cell size to another

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Basic Data Structures

The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is intended to form a f i t d dt f framework for efficient exchange of kf ffi i t h f geographic data between different organizations and between different computing systems. It establishes standard f geographic d t and a plan t bli h t d d for hi data d l for establishing a National Digital Geospatial Data Framework. The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) was developed as part of a broader effort to establish guidelines for information processing within the federal government. government STDS is intended to minimize problems encountered in transferring data between agencies by establishing common formats and standards.
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Relationship between Remotely Sensed and GIS S d d

There are several avenues for incorporating p g remotely sensed data into the GIS.
Manual interpretation of aerial images or satellite images. g Digital remote sensing data are analyzed or classified using automated methods to produce conventional (p p ) (paper) maps and images, which are then digitized for p g g entry into the GIS. Digital remote sensing data are analyzed or classified using automated method, then are retained in digital format for entry into the GIS, using reformatting or f f i h GIS i f i geometric corrections as required. Digital remote sensing data are entered directly in their th i raw f form as d t for the GIS data f th
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Contributions of GIS to Remote Sensing S i

GIS provides a means of organizing diverse spatial data within an accurate planimetric framework and shares some of the same techniques and principals. GIS is well positioned to support the practice of remote sensing, such as:
Mission planning Ancillary d t A ill data Collection, organization, and visualization of reference data
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Contributions of GIS to Remote Sensing S i

Example of a GIS to organize and display field data for use in remote sensing analysis
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Contributions of GIS to Remote Sensing S i

A portion of the OakMapper web page illustrating the use of GIS to provide a system for remote sensing flights plan
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Contributions of Remote Sensing to GIS

Remotely sensed data are valuable to support GIS operation, such as:
Remote sensing imagery provides thematic layers for GIS Remote sensing imagery provides a backdrop for GIS Remote sensing imagery provides a means of updating GIS

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Contributions of Remote Sensing to GIS

GIS can provide ancillary data to assist in image classification

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Contributions of Remote Sensing to GIS

Remotely sensed data can contribute thematic data to a GIS

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Contributions of Remote Sensing to GIS

In 1988, National Center for Geographic Information , g p and Analysis (NCGIA) is established to lead the effort to conduct fundamental research on the analysis of geographic data using GIS and to develop and expand applications of GIS. Other related organization devoted to GIS include the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science and Federal Geographic Data Committee. Recent GIS features: Mobile GIS Web based Web-based GIS
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Application Remote Sensing

Mangrove forest area change d t ti h detection procedure ( (Hussin et. al., 1999) )

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Application Remote Sensing

Remotely sensed data can contribute thematic data to a GIS

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Application Remote Sensing

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Application Remote Sensing

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Application Remote Sensing

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Conclusion
The concept of the GIS is very important in remote sensing and it is ideally permits full utilization of the goals of remote sensing. Image matching, image registration, data matching registration compatibility, improvements in image geometry will improve the usefulness of remotely sensed data for GIS GIS. The remote sensing and GIS has mutually supporting and so many close relationships to each another. h th

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References
James B. Campbell. Introduction to Remote Sensing p g fourth edition, The Guilford press, New York, 2007. Prof. S. Ramachandran. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS, Madras University. Yang Hong, et all. Use of satellite remote sensing data in the mapping of global landslide susceptibility, Springer Science + Business Media B V 2007 B.V. 2007. U.S. Department of Transportation and NASA. Commercial remote sensing technologies application to transportation t t ti Etc.

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