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01 - Modul A + Kimia Tg4

Chemistry is the field of science that studies the structures, properties, compositions and interactions between matters. It examines the chemical processes in living organisms and applies engineering principles to build machinery for medical and biological purposes. Careers in chemistry include chemists, biochemists, chemical engineers, pharmacists and many more that rely on the knowledge of chemistry.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
125 views11 pages

01 - Modul A + Kimia Tg4

Chemistry is the field of science that studies the structures, properties, compositions and interactions between matters. It examines the chemical processes in living organisms and applies engineering principles to build machinery for medical and biological purposes. Careers in chemistry include chemists, biochemists, chemical engineers, pharmacists and many more that rely on the knowledge of chemistry.

Uploaded by

Austin Cheah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Bab

1 Pengenalan Kepada Kimia


Introduction to Chemistry

1.1 Perkembangan Bidang Kimia dan Kepentingan dalam Kehidupan


Development in Chemistry Field and Its Importance in Daily Life

A Maksud Kimia
Meaning of Chemistry
1. Perkataan ‘kimia’ dipercayai berasal daripada perkataan Arab ‘al-kimiya’.
The word 'chemistry' is believed to be originated from the Arabic word 'al-kimiya'.
2.
Kimia adalah bidang ilmu sains yang mengkaji tentang struktur , sifat , komposisi

dan interaksi antara jirim.


Chemistry is the field of science that studies the structures , properties , compositions and

A
interactions between matters. TP 1

B Bahan Kimia dalam Kehidupan Harian


Chemicals in Daily Life

Food
• Pengawet/ Preservative
• Pewarna/ Colouring
SI
Jadual/Table 1.1 Pelbagai bahan kimia yang lazim digunakan dalam makanan, pertanian, perubatan dan industri
Various chemical substances which are commonly used in food, agriculture, medicine and industry

Makanan Pertanian
Agriculture
• Pestisid/ Pesticide
• Herbisid/ Herbicide
Perubatan
Medicine
• Analgesik/ Analgesic
• Antiobiotik/ Antibiotic
Industri
Industry
• Polimer/ Polymer
• Cat dan pigmen/
A
• Perisa/ Flavouring • Fungisid/ Fungicide • Antiseptik/ Antiseptic Paint and pigment
• Penstabil/ Stabiliser • Hormon/ Hormone • Vitamin/ Vitamin • Kaca/ Glass
• Pengantioksida • Baja/ Fertiliser • Kemoterapi/ • Seramik/ Ceramic
Antioxidant Chemotherapy • Aloi/ Alloy
• Pemekat/ Thickener • Detergen/ Detergent
• Pewarna/ Colouring
N

C Perkembangan Bidang Kimia dan Sumbangan Teknologi Kimia


The Development in Chemistry Field and the Contributions of Chemical Technology
1. Terdapat banyak bidang yang memerlukan ilmu kimia untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Contohnya, bidang forensik
memerlukan ilmu kimia untuk menjalankan ujian kimia dan pengesanan DNA bagi mengumpul
PA

bukti sesuatu kes jenayah.


There are many fields that require the knowledge of chemistry to solve the problem. For example, forensics need the knowledge
chemical tests trace the DNA
of chemistry to carry out and to in order to gather evidences of certain
criminal cases.

2.
Perkembangan bidang kimia turut mendorong kepada perkembangan teknologi kimia. Nanoteknologi dapat
meningkatkan jangka hayat pelbagai jenis bahan makanan dan membantu menurunkan tahap pembaziran makanan
yang rosak akibat tindakan mikroorganisma.
Nanotechnology
The development of chemistry also leads to the development of chemical technology. increases the
lifespan of different kinds of food and help reducing the wastage of food which is spoilt by the action of microorganisms.

D Kerjaya Berkaitan dengan Bidang Kimia


Careers Related to Chemistry
1. Ahli kimia merupakan salah satu kerjaya yang bergantung 100% kepada pengetahuan kimia.
Chemist
is among the careers that rely 100% on chemistry knowledge.
Jadual 1.2 menunjukkan contoh kerjaya yang berkaitan dengan bidang kimia. TP 2
2.
Table 1.2 shows examples of careers that are related to chemistry.

1
Jadual/Table 1.2

Bidang Kerjaya Skop kerja


Field Career Scope of job

Mengaplikasikan prinsip kejuruteraan dan konsep reka bentuk untuk


Jurutera
membina mesin kepada perubatan dan biologi bagi tujuan penjagaan
bioperubatan
kesihatan.
Biomedical
Apply engineering principles and design concepts to build machinery to medical and
engineer
biology for healthcare purposes.
Bioteknologi
Biotechnology Ahli Mengkaji penggunaan sel hidup dan bakteria dalam perindustrian dan proses
bioteknologi sains.
Biotechnologist Study the use of living cells and bacteria in industrial and scientific process.

Ahli biokimia Mengkaji proses kimia dalam organisma hidup.


Biochemist Study the chemical processes in living organisms.

Jurutera Mempelajari perkara baharu yang dapat mengubah kesihatan, sains, teknologi,

A
nanoteknologi dan alam sekitar pada tahap molekul.
Nanotechnology Learn new things that can change the health, science, technology, and the environment
engineer at a molecular level.

Nanoteknologi Pakar dalam pemakanan manusia yang mengubah diet pesakit berdasarkan
Ahli sains
Nanotechnology
pemakanan
Dietitian

Ahli nutrisi
Nutritionist
SI
keadaan dan keperluan pesakit.
Expert in human nutrition who alters the patient's diet based on their medical
condition and individual needs.

Mengkaji nilai nutrisi dalam makanan.


Study the nutritional value of food.
A
Doktor Merawat orang sakit
Doctor Treat patients

Ahli farmasi Mengkaji ubat dan dadah serta kesannya.


Pharmacist Study medicines, drugs and their effects.
Farmaseutikal
N

Pharmaceutical
Pensyarah Mengajar topik berkaitan farmakologi di Universiti.
Lecturer Teach topics related to pharmacology in Universities.

Ahli patologi Mengkaji patologi dan memeriksa mayat untuk mengetahui punca kematian.
Pathologist Study pathology and examine the dead body to find out the cause of death.
PA

Merumuskan ramuan untuk produk penjagaan kulit, penjagaan diri dan


Ahli kimia
kosmetik berwarna untuk pengeluar.
kosmetik
Formulate ingredients for skin care products, personal care and coloured cosmetics
Cosmetic chemist
for manufacturers.
Kosmetologi
Cosmetology
Pakar runding Memberi cadangan tentang produk solekan dan kecantikan kepada
kosmetik pelanggan.
Cosmetic Provide recommendations on makeup and beauty products to customers.
consultant

Jurutera Mencipta mesin


Engineer Design machine
Teknologi
hijau
Ahli kimia Mengkaji dan mencipta produk yang berasaskan teknologi hijau.
Green
teknologi hijau Study and create green-technology based products.
technology
Green technology
chemist

2
Uji Kendiri 1.1
1. Apakah maksud kimia?
What is the meaning of chemistry? TP 1

Bidang ilmu sains yang mengkaji tentang struktur, sifat, komposisi dan interaksi antara jirim.
The field of science that studies the structures, properties, compositions and interactions between matters.

2. Berikan 2 contoh bahan kimia dalam setiap bidang berikut:


Give 2 examples of chemicals in each of the following fields: TP 2
(a) Industri/ Industrial:
Asid sulfurik/ sulphuric acid, gas butana/ butane gas

(b) Perubatan/ Medical:


Antasid/ Antacid, vaksin/ vaccine

(c) Pertanian /Agriculture:

A
Urea/ Urea, hormon/ hormone

3. Nyatakan kerjaya yang berkaitan berdasarkan huraian kerjaya.


State the related career based on the job description. TP 2
(a) Menjalankan analisis terhadap alatan jenayah./ Performs analysis on the criminal tools.

SI
Ahli sains forensik/ Forensic scientist

(b) Mengkaji sebatian atau unsur di permukaan Bumi/ Studies the compounds or elements on the Earth’s crust.
Ahli geologi/ Geologist
A
(c) Mengkaji bakteria/ Studies the bacteria
Ahli bakteriologi/ Bacteriologist

4. Berdasarkan skop kerja, nyatakan kerjaya berdasarkan pilihan jawapan yang diberikan
Based on the scope of job, state the career based on the options given. TP 2

Ahli akuakultur/ Aquaculturist Ahli patologi/ Pathologist Ahli bioteknologi/ Biotechnologist


N

Doktor veterinar/ Veterinarian Ahli nutrisi/ Nutritionist Pensyarah/ Lecturer


Jadual/Table 1.3

Bidang Kerjaya Skop kerja


PA

Field Career Scope of job

Pertanian Ahli akuakultur Mengkaji cara menternak organisma akuatik.


Agriculture Aquaculturist Study the ways of growing aquatic organisms.

Doktor veterinar Merawat haiwan yang sakit atau cedera.


Veterinarian Treat animals which are ill or injured.
Perubatan
Medicinal Mengkaji patologi dan memeriksa mayat untuk mengenal pasti punca
Ahli patologi
kematian.
Pathologist
Study pathology and examine the dead body to find out the cause of death.

Ahli nutrisi Mengkaji nilai nutrisi makanan.


Nutritionist Study the nutritional value of food.
Perindustrian
Industry Mengkaji kegunaan sel-sel hidup dan bakteria dalam industri dan proses
Ahli bioteknologi
saintifik.
Biotechnologist
Study the use of living cells and bacteria in industrial and scientific process.

Mengajar topik-topik berkaitan dengan kimia di universiti, kolej dan


Pendidikan Pensyarah
matrikulasi.
Education Lecturer
Teach chemistry related topics in universities, colleges and matriculation.

3
1.2 Penyiasatan Saintifik dalam Kimia
Scientific Investigation in Chemistry

A Kaedah Saintifik
Scientific Method
1. Kaedah saintifik ialah satu kaedah sistematik yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan sains.
Scientific method is a systematic method used to solve science related problems.
Lengkapkan langkah-langkah dalam kaedah saintifik/ Complete the steps in scientific method: TP 2
2.

(a) Membuat pemerhatian (b) Membuat inferens (c) Mengenal pasti masalah (d) Membina hipotesis
Making observation Making inference Identifying problems Making hypothesis

(e) Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah (f) Mengawal pemboleh ubah (g) Merancang eksperimen
Identifying variables Controlling variables Planning experiments

A
(h) Mengumpul data (i) Mentafsir data (j) Membuat kesimpulan (k) Menulis laporan
Collecting data Interpreting data Making conclusion Writing report


(a) Kaedah saintifik bermula dengan
SI
3. Membuat pemerhatian/ Making observation: TP 2
Rajah/Diagram 1.1

membuat pemerhatian
making observations
terhadap sesuatu situasi.
A
Scientific method begins with of the situation.

(b) Maklumat dikumpul dengan menggunakan deria seperti penglihatan , pendengaran , bau ,
rasa dan sentuhan .
sight hearing smell
Informations are gathered using the senses such as , , ,
taste touch
and .
N

4. Membuat inferens/ Making inference: TP 2


(a) Selepas membuat pemerhatian, satu inferens dibuat tetapi belum lagi diketahui kebenarannya.
inference
After making observation, an is made but it may not be true.
PA

(b) Inferens menggunakan pengumpulan data dan pengalaman lalu untuk membuat kesimpulan awal

dan menerangkan sesuatu peristiwa berdasarkan pemerhatian .


early conclusion
Inference uses the collected data and past experiences to draw an and make explanations of
observation
the events based on the .

5. Mengenal pasti masalah/ Identifying problem: TP 2


Merumus satu persoalan berdasarkan inferens yang telah dibuat.
inference
Formulate a question based on the that has been made.

6. Membina hipotesis/ Making hypothesis: TP 2


(a) Untuk mengesahkan kebenaran inferens, satu hipotesis dibina.
hypothesis
To verify the inference, a is formed.

(b) Hipotesis ialah satu penyataan umum untuk menghubung kait pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan dengan
pemboleh ubah bergerak balas bagi menerangkan persoalan yang telah dikemukakan.
manipulated responding
Hypothesis a general statement to relate a variable and a variable to explain
the question that has been asked.

4
7. Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah/ Identifying variables: TP 2
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan, pemboleh ubah bergerak balas dan pemboleh ubah dimalarkan dalam sesuatu
eksperimen dikenal pasti untuk menguji hipotesis.
The manipulated variable, responding variable and fixed variable in an experiment are identified to test the hypothesis.

(a) Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated variable


Satu faktor yang sengaja diubah semasa eksperimen/ A factor which is purposely changed during the experiment
(b) Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas/ Responding variable

Satu faktor yang berubah mengikut perubahan pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan/ A factor that responds to the change
of manipulated variable

(c) Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan/ Fixed variables


Faktor-faktor yang ditetapkan sepanjang eksperimen/ Factors which are kept the same throughout the experiment
Mengawal pemboleh ubah/ Controlling variables
8. : TP 2
Memutuskan cara untuk mengubah pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan, mengukur pemboleh ubah bergerak balas dan
mengekalkan pemboleh ubah dimalarkan.
Decide on how to change the manipulated variable, to measure the responding variable and to keep the fixed variables

A
9. Merancang eksperimen/ Planning an experiment: TP 2
(a) Menentukan bahan dan radas yang digunakan, prosedur eksperimen dan cara mengumpul, menganalisis
dan mentafsir data.
experiment
Determine the apparatus and materials used, procedure of and ways to collect, analyse and interpret



data

10. Mengumpulkan data/ Collecting data: SI


(b) Kemudian, satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menguji sama ada hipotesis yang dibina boleh diterima ataupun
ditolak.
Then, an experiment is carried out to test whether the hypothesis formed can be accepted or rejected.

Membuat pemerhatian, pengukuran dan merekodkan semua keputusan atau data dengan tepat dan teratur.
Making observation, measurement and record all the results or data accurately and systematically.
A
11. Mentafsir data/ Interpreting data:
Menganalisis keputusan atau data yang dikumpul dan mentafsirnya melalui pengiraan, jadual, graf atau carta.
Analyse the results or data collected and interpret them through calculation, table, graph or chart.
Membuat kesimpulan/ Making conclusion
12. : TP 2
(a) Membuat satu pernyataan umum berkenaan dengan hasil eksperimen/ Draw a general statement about the outcome
of the experiment.
N

(b) Hipotesis yang diterima akan dijadikan teori ./ Accepted hypothesis will become a theory
.
(c) Hipotesis baharu dibina jika hipotesis asal ditolak./ A new hypothesis is constructed if the hypothesis is rejected.
13. Menulis laporan/ Writing a report:
Berkomunikasi secara terperinci tentang segala aspek eksperimen supaya hasil eksperimen dapat dikongsi bagi
perkembangan ilmu kimia.
PA

Communicate in details about all aspects of the experiment so that the findings of the experiment can be shared for the development
of the knowledge of chemistry.
14.
Satu laporan yang lengkap perlu mempunyai aspek-aspek yang berikut:
A complete report should include the following aspects:
(a) Tujuan/ Aim
(b) Pernyataan masalah/ Problem statement
(c) Hipotesis/ Hypothesis
(d) Pemboleh ubah/ Variables
(i) dimanipulasikan/ manipulated
(ii) bergerak balas/ responding
(iii) dimalarkan/ fixed
(e) Bahan/ Materials
(f) Radas/ Apparatus
(g) Prosedur/ Procedure
(h) Pemerhatian atau Keputusan/ Observations or Results
(i) Menganalisis dan mentafsir data/ Analysing and interpreting data
(j) Kesimpulan/ Conclusion

5
Eksperimen 1.1
Tujuan/ Aim:
Mengkaji kesan suhu terhadap keterlarutan garam di dalam air.
Eksperimen
To study the effect of temperature on the solubility of salt in water.
Pernyataan masalah/ Problem statement: TP 3
Adakah suhu air mempengaruhi keterlarutan garam di dalam air?
Does the temperature of water affect the solubility of salt in water?
Hipotesis/ Hypothesis: TP 3
Semakin tinggi suhu air, keterlarutan garam di dalam air bertambah.
The higher the temperature of water, the solubility of salt in water increases.
Pemboleh ubah/ Variables: TP 3
(a) dimanipulasikan/ manipulated: Suhu air/ Temperature of water
(b) bergerak balas/ responding: Keterlarutan garam di dalam air/ Solubility of salt in water
(c) dimalarkan/ fixed: Isi padu air, jisim garam, masa/ Volume of water, mass of salt, time

A
Bahan/ Materials:
Air suling, garam/ Distilled water, salt
Radas/ Apparatus:
Bikar 150 cm3, silinder penyukat 100 cm3, termometer, penimbang elektronik, rod kaca, penunu Bunsen, jam randik,
kasa dawai dan tungku kaki tiga

Prosedur/ Procedure:
SI
150 cm3 beaker, 100 cm3 measuring cylinder, thermometer, electronic scale, glass rod, Bunsen burner, stopwatch, wire gauze and tripod
stand

1. 50 cm3 air suling pada suhu 10.0 °C disukat dengan menggunakan silinder penyukat dan dimasukkan ke dalam
bikar.
50 cm3 of distilled water at the temperature 10.0 °C is measured with a measuring cylinder and pour into a beaker.
A
2. 10 g garam ditambah ke dalam bikar dan larutan dikacau selama 2 minit dengan menggunakan rod kaca.
10 g of salt is added into the beaker and the solution is stirred with a glass rod for 2 minutes.
3. Keterlarutan garam di dalam bikar diperhatikan.
The solubility of salt in the beaker is observed.
4. Langkah 1 hingga 3 diulang dengan menggunakan air suling yang bersuhu 30.0 °C dan 80.0 °C.
Steps 1 to 3 are repeated using distilled water at the temperature of 30.0 °C and 80.0 °C.
N

5. Pemerhatian direkodkan dalam jadual yang disediakan./ Observations are recorded in a table provided.
Keputusan/ Results:
Jadual/Table 1.4

Suhu (°C)
PA

10.0 30.0 80.0


Temperature (°C)

Banyak garam masih tidak Hampir semua garam Semua garam larut dengan
Pemerhatian larut di dalam air. larut di dalam air cepat
Observation Plenty of salt still does not Almost all salt dissolves All salt dissolves quickly
dissolve in water in the water

Mentafsir data/ Interpreting data: TP 4


1. Apakah hubungan antara suhu dengan keterlarutan garam di dalam air?
What is the relationship between temperature and the solubility of salt in water?
Apabila suhu air meningkat, keterlarutan garam di dalam air bertambah.
When the temperature of water increases, the solubility of salt in water increases.
2. Apakah modifikasi yang boleh dilakukan supaya garam boleh larut di dalam air bersuhu 30.0 °C dengan lebih cepat?
What modification can be done so that the salt can dissolve in water at the temperature of 30.0 °C more quickly?
Tambah isi padu air/ Increase the volume of water
Kesimpulan/ Conclusion: TP 5
Hipotesis diterima. Semakin tinggi suhu air, keterlarutan garam di dalam air bertambah.
Hypothesis is accepted. The higher the temperature of water, the solubility of salt in water increases.

6
Uji Kendiri 1.2

1. Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai./ Fill in the blanks with suitable words. TP 1
(a) Kaedah saintifik bermula dengan membuat pemerhatian .
making observations
Scientific method starts with .

(b) Berdasarkan pemerhatian, satu inferens dibuat tetapi belum lagi diketahui kebenarannya.
inference
Based on the observation, an is made but it may not be true.

(c) Untuk menguji kebenaran inferens, satu hipotesis dibina.


hypothesis
To verify the inference, a is formed.

(d) Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menguji sama ada hipotesis itu boleh diterima atau tidak.
experiment
An is carried out to test whether the hypothesis can be accepted or not.

2. Anda dikehendaki menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji keterlarutan gula di dalam air pada suhu 30.0 °C,
50.0 °C, 70.0 °C dan 90.0 °C. Anda diminta menyediakan satu laporan yang harus mengandungi butiran berikut:

A
You are required to conduct an experiment to investigate the solubility of sugar in water with the temperature of 30.0 °C, 50.0 °C,
70.0 °C and 90.0 °C. You are required to prepare a report that should include the following items: TP 4
(a) Pernyataan masalah/ Problem statement
(b) Hipotesis/ Hypothesis
(c) Pemboleh ubah/ Variables:
(i) dimanipulasikan/ manipulated
(ii) bergerak balas/ responding
(iii) dimalarkan/ fixed

SI
(d) Radas dan bahan/ Apparatus and materials
(e) Prosedur/ Procedure
(f) Penjadualan data/ Tabulation of data
(g) Perbincangan/ Discussion
A
Soalan berikut boleh digunakan sebagai panduan untuk perbincangan:
The following questions can be used as guidelines for discussion:
1) Nyatakan hubungan antara suhu air dengan keterlarutan gula di dalam air.
State the relationship between the temperature of water and the solubility of sugar in water.
2) Ramalkan keterlarutan gula di dalam air dengan suhu 10.0 °C.
Predict the solubility of sugar in water at temperature of 10.0 °C.
N

(h) Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga apabila menjalankan eksperimen ini.


State one safety precaution when doing this experiment.
(i) Kesimpulan/ Conclusion
PA

1.3 Penggunaan, Pengurusan dan Pengendalian Radas serta Bahan Kimia


Usage, Management and Handling of Apparatus and Chemical Materials
1.
Makmal merupakan tempat yang penting dalam pembelajaran kimia. Namun, tempat ini menjadi berbahaya jika
peraturan dan langkah keselamatan di dalam makmal tidak dipatuhi.
The laboratory is an important place in the study of chemistry. However, this place can be dangerous if the rules and safety
measures in the laboratory are not obeyed.
2.
Nyatakan tiga peraturan makmal TP 1
State three laboratory rules.
(a) Jangan makan dan minum di dalam makmal.
Do not eat or drink in the laboratory.

(b) Mulakan eksperimen hanya setelah mendapat kebenaran daripada guru.


Start the experiment only after getting permission from the teacher.

(c) Jangan tuang kembali lebihan bahan kimia ke dalam botol reagen.
Do not pour back excess chemicals into the reagent bottles.

7
3.
Nyatakan tiga langkah keselamatan semasa berada di dalam makmal TP 1
State three safety measures when in the laboratory.
(a) Jangan halakan mulut tabung uji pada muka sendiri atau orang lain.
Do not point the mouth of the test tube at your face or at other people.

(b) Pakai kaca mata keselamatan apabila mencampur atau memanaskan bahan kimia.
Wear safety goggles when mixing or heating chemicals.

(c) Gunakan kebuk wasap untuk menjalankan eksperimen yang melibatkan pembebasan gas toksik.
Use fume chamber to conduct an experiment that involves the release of toxic gas.

A Alat Pelindung Diri dan Peralatan Keselamatan


Personal Protective Equipment and Safety Equipment
1. Padankan fungsi setiap alat pelindung diri berikut.
Match the function of each of the following personal protective equipment. TP 1

Peralatan Fungsi
Equipment Function
Melindungi tangan daripada tercedera, terkena bahan kimia atau

A
(a) Kaca mata keselamatan
jangkitan.
Safety goggles
Protect hands from injury, exposed to chemicals or infection.
Melindungi kaki daripada kecederaan akibat tumpahan bahan kimia,
(b) Topeng muka terkena objek tajam atau bahan toksik.
Face mask

(c) Sarung tangan


Gloves

(d) Baju makmal


SI Protects the foot from injury caused by chemical spills, sharp objects or
toxic substances.
Mengelakkan mata daripada debu atau percikan bahan kimia.
Prevents the eye from dust or splashes of chemicals.
Melindungi organ pernafasan daripada bahan kimia dalam bentuk
serbuk atau wasap.
A
Laboratory coat Protects the respiratory organs from chemicals in the form of powders or
fumes.
Melindungi badan dan pakaian daripada tumpahan bahan kimia,
(e) Kasut makmal asid atau alkali dan pelarut organik.
Laboratory shoes Protects body and clothing against chemical spills, acid or alkali and
organic solvents.

2.
N

Berikut adalah peralatan keselamatan di dalam makmal dan fungsinya:


The following are the safety equipment in the laboratory and its functions: TP 1
(a) Kebuk wasap/ Fume chamber
Digunakan untuk menjalankan eksperimen yang membebaskan wasap beracun , gas mudah terbakar
atau gas berbau sengit.
PA

toxic vapours flammable gas


Used for carrying out experiment that release , or pungent gas.
(b) Eyewash
Digunakan untuk membasuh dan membersihkan mata sekiranya berlaku kemalangan pada
bahagian mata.
eyes
Used for washing and cleaning the if an accident occurs on parts of the eyes.
(c) Pancuran air/ Safety shower
Digunakan untuk membasuh dan membersihkan badan sekiranya berlaku kemalangan
pada bahagian badan. Alat ini juga digunakan untuk memadamkan kebakaran pada mana-mana bahagian
badan.
wash clean
Is used to and the body if accident occurs on parts of the body. This
extinguish fire
equipment is also used to at any part of the body.
(d) Pencuci tangan/ Hand wash
Digunakan untuk menanggalkan bahan kimia, minyak, kotoran dan mikroorganisma pada tangan.
dirt
Used for removing chemicals, oil, and microorganisms from the hands.
(e) Alat pemadam kebakaran/ Fire extinguisher
Digunakan untuk memadam api ./ Used for extinguishing fire
.

8
B Penyimpanan dan Pelupusan Bahan Kimia
Storage and Disposal of Chemicals
1. Jadual 1.5 menunjukkan beberapa cara penyimpanan bahan kimia yang spesifik. TP 3
Table 1.5 shows several storage methods of certain specific chemicals.

Jadual/Table 1.5

Jenis bahan kimia Contoh bahan kimia Cara penyimpanan


Type of chemicals Examples of chemicals Storage method

Disimpan di dalam minyak parafin untuk


Logam reaktif Litium, natrium, kalium mengelakkan tindak balas dengan air dalam udara.
Reactive metal Lithium, sodium, potassium paraffin oil
Kept in to prevent reaction with
water in the air.

Disimpan di tempat teduh, jauh daripada cahaya


Hidrokarbon dan pelarut matahari dan sumber haba kerana cecair mudah
organik Toluena, heksana meruap dan terbakar.
Hydrocarbon and organic Toluene, hexane
Kept in cool place, away from sunlight and heat sources

A
solvent
volatile
because the liquid is and easily burns.

Bahan kimia dengan pH < 5 Asid hidroklorik pekat, Disimpan dalam kabinet khas yang berkunci kerana
larutan ammonia pekat
atau pH > 9 bahan kimia adalah mengakis.
Chemicals with pH < 5
or pH > 9

SI
Concentrated hydrochloric
acid, concentrated ammonia
solution

Cecair hidrogen peroksida,


Kept in special locked cabinet because the chemicals are
corrosive.

Disimpan dalam botol gelap untuk


A
larutan argentum nitrat, mengelakkan terurai apabila terdedah kepada cahaya
Bahan yang mudah terurai
Chemical that easily cecair bromin matahari.
decomposed Liquid hydrogen peroxide, dark bottles
silver nitrate solution, liquid Kept in to avoid decomposition
bromine when exposed to sunlight.
N

Disimpan dalam bekas khas yang berlabel dan


Logam berat dan bahan
diletakkan di dalam bilik yang berkunci yang jauh
toksik Mercuri, arsenik
Mercury, arsenic daripada sumber haba.
Heavy metals and toxic
Kept in special labelled containers and placed in a locked
substances
room away from heat sources.
PA

C Langkah Pengurusan Kemalangan di dalam Makmal


Emergency Management Procedure in the Laboratory
1. Langkah-langkah untuk mengendalikan tumpahan bahan kimia di dalam makmal. TP 1
Steps for handling chemical spills in the laboratory.
(a) Maklumkan kemalangan kepada guru atau pembantu makmal dengan segera.
Inform the accident to teacher or laboratory assistant immediately.

(b) Jadikan kawasan tumpahan sebagai kawasan larangan bagi murid.


Make the spill area a restricted area for students.

(c) Sekat tumpahan daripada merebak ke kawasan lain dengan menggunakan pasir dengan membuat sempadan.
Block the spill from spreading to other area using sand to create a boundary.

(d) Bersihkan tumpahan bahan kimia.


Clean the chemical spills.

(e) Lupuskan tumpahan kimia mengikut prosedur yang betul.


Dispose of chemical spills according to proper procedure.

9
2.
Termometer merkuri yang pecah boleh menyebabkan tumpahan merkuri. Langkah-langkah mengendalikan tumpahan
merkuri:
A broken mercury thermometer can cause mercury spills. Steps for handling mercury spills. TP 1
(a) Maklumkan kemalangan kepada guru atau pembantu makmal dengan segera.
Inform the accident to the teacher or laboratory assistant immediately.

(b) Jadikan kawasan tumpahan sebagai kawasan larangan.


Make the spill area a restricted area.

(c) Taburkan serbuk sulfur untuk menutup tumpahan merkuri.


Sprinkle sulfur powder to cover up the mercury spills.

(d) Hubungi Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat untuk tindakan selanjutnya.


Contact the Fire and Rescue Department for further action.

3.
Merkuri ialah bahan yang beracun. Keracunan merkuri berlaku jika seseorang terdedah kepada merkuri dalam
jumlah yang tertentu sama ada terhidu wap merkuri ataupun tersentuh tumpahan merkuri sehingga merkuri diserap
melalui kulit.
Mercury is a toxic substance. Mercury poisoning occurs when a person is exposed to mercury in a certain amount either
accidentally inhaled the mercury vapour or touch the mercury spillage until the mercury is absorbed through the skin.

A
Jadual/Table 1.6 Simptom berlakunya keracunan merkuri/ Symptoms of mercury poisoning

Loya Batuk Muntah Cirit-birit Sakit dada


Nausea Cough Vomit Diarrhoea Chest pain

Sakit tekak
Sore throat
SI
Sesak nafas
Difficult in breathing
Sakit kepala
Headache
Kerengsaan mata
Eye irritation

Jadual/Table 1.7 Tindakan yang perlu diambil sekiranya berlaku kemalangan di makmal
Actions to be taken in case of accident in a laboratory
Peningkatan tekanan darah
Increase in blood pressure
A
(A) Bahan kimia masuk ke dalam mata/ The chemical substance gets into the eyes
1. Pastikan mangsa tidak menggosok mata.
Make sure the victim does not rub his eyes.
2. Bilas mata menggunakan eyewash (jika ada) atau dengan air yang banyak.
Rinse eyes with eyewash (if any) or with plenty of water.
N

3. Laporkan kemalangan kepada guru dengan segera.


Report the accident to the teacher immediately.
4. Jika perlu, dapatkan rawatan di hospital atau klinik berdekatan.
If necessary, seek treatment at a nearby hospital or clinic.
PA

(B) Tertelan bahan kimia/ Accidentally swallow a chemical substance


1. Ludahkan bahan kimia yang tertelan. Kemudian, berkumur dengan air yang
banyak.
Spit out the chemical substance. Then, gargle with plenty of water.
2. Bilas mulut dengan air yang banyak.
Rinse the mouth with plenty of water.
3. Laporkan kemalangan kepada guru dengan segera.
Report the accident to the teacher immediately.
4. Jika perlu, dapatkan rawatan di hospital atau klinik berdekatan.
If necessary, seek treatment at a nearby hospital or clinic

(C) Terhidu gas beracun/ Inhaling poisonous gas

1. Bawa mangsa keluar dari makmal.


Bring the victim out of the laboratory.
2. Beri ruang kepada mangsa untuk menyedut udara segar.
Provide space for victims to inhale fresh air.
3. Laporkan kemalangan kepada guru dengan segera.
Report the accident to the teacher immediately.
4. Jika perlu, dapatkan rawatan di hospital atau klinik berdekatan.
If necessary, seek treatment at a nearby hospital or clinic.

10
Uji Kendiri 1.3
1. Apakah fungsi peralatan yang berikut?
What is the function of each of the following equipment? TP 1
(a) Kaca mata keselamatan/ Safety goggles
Mengelakkan debu atau percikan bahan kimia terkena pada mata.
To avoid dust or splashes of chemicals on the eyes.

(b) Topeng muka/ Face mask


Melindungi organ pernafasan daripada bahan kimia dalam bentuk serbuk atau wasap.
To protect respiratory organs from chemicals in the form of powders of fumes.

(c) Pencuci tangan/ Hand wash


Menanggalkan bahan kimia, minyak, kotoran dan mikroorganisma pada tangan.

A
To removes chemicals, oil, dirt and microorganisms from the hand.

2. Apakah yang anda faham tentang keracunan merkuri?

SI
What do you understand about mercury poisoning? TP 1

Keracunan yang terjadi akibat terdedah kepada merkuri dalam jumlah yang tertentu.
A type of poisoning caused by exposure to mercury in a certain amount.

3. Nyatakan secara ringkas langkah-langkah untuk membantu rakan anda yang telah terhidu gas beracun di dalam
A
makmal.
Briefly state the steps to help your friend who had accidentally inhaled poisonous gas in the laboratory. TP 3

(a) Bawa mangsa keluar dari makmal/ Bring the victim out of the laboratory.
(b) Beri ruang kepada mangsa untuk menyedut udara segar/ Give space for victims to inhale fresh air.
(c) Laporkan kemalangan kepada guru dengan segera/ Report the accident to the teacher immediately.
N

(d) Jika perlu, dapatkan rawatan di hospital atau klinik berdekatan/ If necessary, seek treatment at a nearby hospital
or clinic
PA

11

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