D.A.

V INTER NATION AL SCHOOL, AHMEDA BAD

LESSONPLA N

Class-IX Subject: Science

Chapter name: SOUND
Total no. of periods: 4
Prepared by Sagarika Mishra
CONCEPT MAP (FOR THE COMPLETE CHAPTER)

PART 1 PRODUCTION OF SOUND

SOUND

SOUND WAVES ARE

PROPAGATIION OF
LOGITUDENAL
WAVES
SOUND

SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM TO TRAVEL

PART 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND

SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA

REFLECTION OF SOUND

ECHO

1
REVERBERATION
 PART 3 USES OF MULTIPLE
REFLECTIOON OF
SOUND
.

RANGE OF HEARING

APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND

SONAR

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN
EAR

2
 Lesson plan
Period -1

Learning Objectives
➢ What is sound?
➢ Production of sound
➢ Propagation of sound

Learning Outcome
Knowledge (Cognitive)
➢ Students will know and understand
➢ What is sound?
➢ How sound is produced?
➢ How does sound propagates?
➢ Does sound requires any medium to travel?
Attitude and values (Affective)
Students will value: Sound is created when something vibrates and sends waves of energy
(vibration) into our ears. The vibrations travel through the air or another medium (solid,
liquid or gas) to the ear. The stronger the vibrations, the louder the sound. Sounds are
fainter the further you get from the sound source. Similarly, the way human being
sounds reflects his/her own personality just like if you sound harshly or inappropriate
towards anyone then your personality reflects negativity in the surrounding. Similarly, if
you sound softly, gently then personality reflects positivity in the environment and will
send positive energy towards everyone.

Psychomotor skills
Students develop the qualities like
• Imitating the way experiments are carried out.
• Manipulate the actions to be followed after any experiment ie to observe and note down the
outcome of the experiment.
• Analyzing from the results of the experiment.
Marzano’s Taxonomy
Level 1 ➢ What is sound?
RETRIEVAL Unlocking the difficult terms like
Larynx, vacuum, frequency and audible
Level 4 ➢ How good is your hearing?
KNOWLEDGE ➢ Does sound require any medium?
UTILIZATION ➢ How is sound propagate?
➢ What is the role of larynx in human beings to produce sound?

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 Detail of Teaching Learning Day 1
Lesson Settlement of the class: Gayatri mantra and meaning.
beginnin Introduction of the topic with an activity.
g (time : Introductory activity:
5 ”How Good Is Your Hearing?”
minutes) Procedure
➢ Blindfold a volunteer.
Purpose : ➢ Some of the students will stand forming a circle around the volunteer.
➢ The students will take turn making gentle noises, such as a clap, a click of
the fingers, a whisper or a quiet call.
➢ After each sound, the person with the blindfold should point to where
they think the sound is coming from.
➢ Try it again and this time with a cotton ball on the ears of the blindfolded
volunteer.
Analysis
What is sound?
Sound is a form of energy that travels in invisible waves created by vibrating
objects. It cannot travel in vacuum.

Lesson Sub-topic /concept to cover: Production of sound and Propagation of

middle sound
Time: 20 Production of Sound
minutes The source of sound is any vibrating object. The vibration of the vocal chords in
Purpose the larynx produces human voice and also animals.
In the above introductory activities we have produced sound by striking our
hands, by calling, by whistling and many more…..
We can also produce sound by plucking, scratching, rubbing, playing a guitar or
shaking any object. That means we set the objects to produce vibrations which
means a kind of rapid to and fro motion of an object.
Task for the students
Make a list of different types of musical instruments and discuss with your
friends which part of the instrument vibrates to produce sound.

Propagation of sound
Sound is produced by vibrating objects. The matter or substance through which
sound is transmitted is called a medium. It can be solid, liquid or gas. Sound
moves through a medium from the point of generation to the listener. When an
object vibrates, it sets the particles of the medium around it vibrating. The
particles do not travel all the way from the vibrating object to the ear. A
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 particle of the medium in contact with the vibrating object is first displaced
from its equilibrium position. It then exerts a force on the adjacent particle. As
a result of which the adjacent particle gets displaced from its position of rest.
After displacing the adjacent particle the first particle comes back to its
original position. This process continues in the medium till the sound reaches
your ear. The disturbance created by a source of sound in the medium travels
through the medium and not the particles of the medium.

Air is the most common medium through which sound travels. When a
vibrating object moves forward, it pushes and compresses the air in front of
it creating a region of high pressure. This region is called a compression (C),
as shown in Fig. 5. This compression starts to move away from the vibrating
object. When the vibrating object moves backwards, it creates a region of
low pressure called rarefaction (R), as shown in Fig. 5. As the object moves
back and forth rapidly, a series of compressions and rarefactions is created
in the air. These make the sound wave that propagates through the medium.
Compression is the region of high pressure and rarefaction is the region of
low pressure. Pressure is related to the number of particles of a medium in a
given volume. More density of the particles in the medium gives more
pressure and vice versa. Thus, propagation of sound can be visualized as
propagation of density variations or pressure variations in the medium.
Ice - Students will be divided in groups. Teacher will ask the students to produce
breaker different types of sounds.
2 Learning outcome: In a student’s life also, there are many mixed versions of
minutes emotions which comes in and out every time. In moments of conflict or stress—
when feeling purely good may not be possible for us—mixed emotions could thus
be a healthy pattern. Just like the sound frames a beautiful pattern of song
similarly our emotions also frame a beautiful pattern of life. Otherwise, life
will be boring and stressful. Positive sound makes us agile and cheers up our
mood.
Lesson Intext Questions Pg no. 162
End 1, How does the sound produced by a vibrating object in a medium reach
Written your ear?
part: Solution:
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When an object vibrates, it necessitates the surrounding particles of the
minutes
medium to vibrate. The particles that are adjacent to vibrating particles are

5
forced to vibrate. Hence, the sound produced by a vibrating object in a medium
is transferred from particle to particle till it reaches your ear.

Intext Questions Page: 163

1. Explain how sound is produced by your school bell.

Solution:

When the school bell is hit with a hammer, it moves forward and backwards
producing compression and rarefaction due to vibrations. This is how sound is
produced by the school bell.

2. Why are sound waves called mechanical waves?

Solution:

Sound waves require a medium to propagate to interact with the particles

present in it. Therefore, sound waves are called mechanical waves.

3. Suppose you and your friend are on the moon. Will you be able to hear
any sound produced by your friend?

Solution:

No. Sound waves require a medium to propagate. Due to the absence of

atmosphere on the moon and since sound cannot travel in vacuum, I will not be
able to hear any sound produced by my friend.

Back exercise Pg 174

1. What is sound and how is it produced?

Solution:

Sound is produced due to vibrations. When a body vibrates, it forces the

adjacent particles of the medium to vibrate. This results in a disturbance in the
medium, which travels as waves and reaches the ear. Hence, sound is produced.

2. Describe with the help of a diagram, how compressions and rarefactions

are produced in the air near a source of sound.

Solution:

When the school bell is hit with a hammer, it moves forward and backwards
producing compression and rarefaction due to vibrations. When it moves
forward, it creates high pressure in its surrounding area. This high-pressure
region is known as compression. When it moves backwards, it creates a low-
pressure region in its surrounding. This region is called rarefaction.

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 3. Cite an experiment to show that sound needs a material medium for its
propagation.

Solution:

Take an electric bell and hang it inside an empty bell-jar which is fitted with a
vacuum pump (as shown in the figure below).

Initially, one can hear the sound of the ringing bell. Now, pump out some air
from the bell-jar using the vacuum pump. You will realize that the sound of the
ringing bell decreases. If you keep on pumping the air out of the bell-jar, then
glass-jar will be devoid of any air after some time. Now try to ring the bell. No
sound is heard but you can see bell prong is still vibrating. When there is no air
present in the bell jar, a vacuum is produced. Sound cannot travel through
vacuum. Therefore, this experiment shows that sound needs a material medium
for its propagation.

4. Why is sound wave called a longitudinal wave?

Solution:

The vibration of the medium that travels parallel to the direction of the wave or
along in the direction of the wave, is called a longitudinal wave. The direction of
particles of the medium vibrates parallel to the direction of the propagation of
disturbance. Therefore, a sound wave is called a longitudinal wave.

Last 2 Value-based information – Focus on the good things. Challenging situations and
minutes obstacles are a part of life. ...
1. Practice gratitude.
2. Open yourself up to humour
3. Spend time with positive people.
4. Practice positive self-talk.
5. Identify your areas of negativity.
6. Start every day on a positive note.
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 Keep a balance between personal and social life.

Lesson plan
period -2
Learning Objectives
➢ What are the characteristics of sound?
➢ What is frequency?
➢ What is amplitude?
➢ What is speed?
➢ How all the characteristics of sound are interrelated
with each other?
Learning Outcome
➢ Students will understand characteristics of sound
➢ Amplitude
➢ Frequency
➢ Speed of the sound and its vibrations
Knowledge (Cognitive)
Students will know and understand about
➢ How different objects produce sound ?
➢ How vibrations , amplitude, frequency of sound and
speed of the sound plays an important role in producing
a sound?

Attitude and values (Affective)

Students will value : the softness in producing a sound which
gives out a positive energy and makes a person a better
individual.
Psychomotor skills
Students develop the qualities like
• Understanding the concepts
• Manipulate and ability to embody the definitions and
further details of sound.
Marzano’s Taxonomy
Level 1 Retrieval Recognize from the real life examples
of drumming, playing a guitar or bongo
congo
Level3- Understanding the concept of giving
Knowledge examples of vibrations like rippling of
utilization water waves when a stone is thrown in
water.
What causes rippling of water?

Detail of the teaching -learning experiences

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 Lesson Starting the class with Gayatri mantra
beginning Recapitulation of previous day’s teaching-learning longitudinal waves,
(time : 5 propagation of sound and production of sound.
minutes) Introductory Activity:
Materials required:
Put out the rubber bands, rulers, bottles, chimes and spoon for further
exploration. Divide the class into as many groups as you have vibration
stations.
➢ Assign each group to a station to begin.
➢ Establish a rotation system so each group has a chance to work with
each set of materials.
➢ Encourage children to play “Guess the Vibration.” Children use various
materials to make different sounds and try to figure out what is
vibrating in each case.
➢ Allow children to feel and hear the vibration.
➢ Ask whether they feel the metal vibrating and if they can see it. Put
the vibrating metal end in a bowl of water or against the side of a
paper or plastic cup filled with water.
➢ Look for ripples on the water surface. Ask the children what they
think made the ripples. (The vibration of the tuning fork made the
ripples.) Talk about how this is one way to “see” vibrations that would
otherwise be very difficult to see

Lesson With the above activity we can conclude that sound wave is recognized by its
middle characteristics
Time : 20 ➢ Frequency
minutes. ➢ Amplitude
Purpose ➢ Speed

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Amplitude
When a wave passes through a medium, there is a temporary displacement of the
particles of the medium from their actual positions. The maximum displacement
of these particles of the medium from their actual positions when a wave passes
through them can be defined as the amplitude of the wave. In other words, it is
used to describe the size of the wave. It is measured in ‘meter' in the S.I. unit.

Wavelength
Wavelength is the minimum distance in which the sound wave repeats itself. It is
the length of one complete wave. In a sound wave, the combined length of an
adjacent rarefaction and compression is known as the wavelength. It is also
important to remember that the distance between the centres of two successive
rarefactions and two successive compressions is equivalent to its wavelength. The
S.I. unit of wavelength is also metre.

Period
The time that is required to produce one complete wave or cycle is known as the
period of the wave. One full vibration of the vibrating body produces one
complete wave. So, the time taken for completing one vibration can be referred
to as the period. The Period is denoted by the letter T and the unit of
measurement is second (S).
Frequency
The total number of the cycles or waves that are produced in one sec ond can be
referred to as the frequency of the wave. Alternatively, frequency can also be
defined as the number of vibrations per second. For instance, if 20 vibrations are
produced in one second then the frequency of the waves will be 10 Hertz and 10
cycles. The frequency of a wave is fixed and it does not change when it passes
through different medium. The unit of frequency is Hertz or Hz.

Velocity
The distance that is covered or travelled by a wave in one second is regarded as
the velocity (speed having a direction vector) of the wave. The unit of
measurement of velocity is meters per second. The velocity of a wave can be
found by dividing the distance travelled with the time taken. It can also be found
by multiplying the frequency of the wave with the wavelength.
It is important to keep in mind that it applies to all forms of waves like transverse
waves (for example water waves), electromagnetic waves (like light waves and
radio waves), and most importantly, longitudinal waves like sound waves.
The idea that sound travels as wave dates back to about 240 B.C. Greek
philosopher Chrysippus, Roman architect and engineer Vetruvius, and Roman
philosopher Boethius each theorized that the movement of sound might take
place in the form of waves.
Frequency wavelength and wave velocity are related as follows:
Wave length is the distance travelled by the wave during the time a particle of
the medium completes one vibration.
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 Therefore, if λ be the wavelength and T the time period then the wave travels a
distance λ and time T
Hence,
Wave velocity =TimeDistance
⇒v=Tλ
∴v=νλ [T1=frequency(ν)]
∴ Wave velocity= Frequency × Wavelength

The wave velocity in a medium remains constant under the same physical
condition.

Learning outcome:
Sound is created when something vibrates and sends waves of energy
(vibration) into our ears. The vibrations travel through the air or
another medium (solid, liquid or gas) to the ear. The stronger the
vibrations, the louder the sound. Sounds are fainter the further you
get from the sound source. Similarly, the way human being sounds
reflects his/her own personality just like if you sound harshly or
inappropriate towards anyone then your personality reflects
negativity in the surrounding. Similarly, if you sound softly, gently
then personality reflects positivity in the environment and will send
positive energy towards everyone.

Ice - Students will stand in a circle and hold each other’s shoulder. when the
breaker teacher will instruct “Move on” The students will move forward and when the
2 minutes teacher will instruct “Look back” they will jump backward. When the teacher
will instruct “Forever alone” students have turn 180 degree and turn opposite
and jump forward. The whole process will be done without removing the hands
from the shoulder.
Learning Outcome: When students work in a team that always improves the
confidence level, self esteem, bonding between each other increases the social
skills, have respect instead of BULLYING. When a student knows she is valued
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 and respected by others, she will be able to rise above the hurtful acts or
comments of a bully.
Being a part of a team that genuinely cares about its members will also give a
student a strong support system.
Lesson Section 12.2.3 Page: 166
end
1. Which wave property determines (a) loudness, (b) pitch?
Written
part Solution:
11 (a). Amplitude – The loudness of the sound and its amplitude is directly related
minutes to each other. Larger the amplitude, louder is the sound.

(b). Frequency – The pitch of the sound and its frequency is directly related to
each other. If the pitch is high then the frequency of sound is also high.

2. Guess which sound has a higher pitch: guitar or car horn?

Solution:

The pitch of a sound is directly proportional to its frequency. Therefore, the

guitar has a higher pitch when compared to a car horn.

3. What are wavelength, frequency, time period and amplitude of a sound

wave?

Solution:

(a) Wavelength – Wavelength can be defined as the distance between two

consecutive rarefactions or two consecutive compressions. The SI unit of
wavelength is meter (m).

(b) Frequency – Frequency is defined as the number of oscillations per second.

The SI unit of frequency is hertz (Hz).

(c) Amplitude – Amplitude can be defined as the maximum height reached by

the trough or crest of a sound wave.

(d) Time period – The time period is defined as the time required to produce
one complete cycle of a sound wave.

4. How are the wavelength and frequency of a sound wave related to its
speed?

Solution:

Wavelength, speed, and frequency are related in the following way:

Speed = Wavelength x Frequency

v=λν

5. Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave whose frequency is 220 Hz and

speed is 440 m/s in a given medium.

Solution:

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Given that,

Frequency of sound wave = 220 Hz.

Speed of sound wave = 440 m/s.

Calculate wavelength.

We know that,

Speed = Wavelength × Frequency

v=λν

440 = Wavelength × 220

Wavelength = 440/220

Wavelength = 2

Therefore, the wavelength of the sound wave = 2 meters.

6. A person is listening to a tone of 500 Hz sitting at a distance of 450 m

from the source of the sound. What is the time interval between successive
compressions from the source?

Solution:

The time interval between successive compressions from the source is equal to
the time period and time period is reciprocal of the frequency. Therefore, it
can be calculated as follows:

T= 1/F

T= 1/500

T = 0.002 s.

7. Distinguish between loudness and intensity of sound.

Solution:

The amount of sound energy passing through an area every second is called
intensity of a sound wave. Loudness is defined by its amplitude.

Section 12.2.4 Page: 167

1. In which of the three media, air, water or iron, does sound travel the
fastest at a particular temperature?

Solution:

Sound travels faster in solids when compared to any other medium. Therefore,
at a particular temperature, sound travels fastest in iron and slowest in gas.

Back exercise Pg 174

5. Which characteristics of the sound help you to identify your friend by

his voice while sitting with others in a dark room?
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Solution:

Quality of sound is a characteristic that helps us identify the voice of a

particular person. Two people may have the same pitch and loudness, but their
qualities will be different.

6. Flash and thunder are produced simultaneously. But thunder is heard a

few seconds after the flash is seen, why?

Solution:

The speed of sound is 344 m/s whereas the speed of light is 3 × 108 m/s. The
speed of light is less when compared to that of light. Due to this reason, the
thunder takes more time to reach the Earth as compared to the light speed
which is faster. Hence, lightning is seen before whenever we hear the thunder.

7. A person has a hearing range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. What are the

typical wavelengths of sound waves in air corresponding to these two
frequencies? Take the speed of sound in air as 344 m s −1.

Solution:

For sound waves,

Speed = Wavelength × frequency

v=λ×v

Speed of sound wave in air = 344 m/s

(a) For v = 20 Hz

λ1 = v/v1 = 344/20 = 17.2 m

(b) For v2 = 20,000 Hz

λ2 = v/v2 = 344/20,000 = 0.0172 m

Therefore, for human beings the hearing wavelength is in the range of 0.0172 m
to 17.2 m.

8. Two children are at opposite ends of an aluminum rod. One strikes the
end of the rod with a stone. Find the ratio of times taken by the sound
wave in the air and in aluminum to reach the second child.

Solution:

Consider the length of aluminum rod = d

Speed of sound wave at 25° C, V Al = 6420 ms-1

Time taken to reach other end

T Al = d/ (V Al) = d/6420

Speed of sound in air, V air = 346 ms-1

Time taken by sound to each other end,

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 T air = d/ (V air) = d/346

Therefore, the ratio of time taken by sound in aluminum and air,

T air / t Al = 6420 / 346 = 18.55

9. The frequency of a source of sound is 100 Hz. How many times does it
vibrate in a minute?

Solution:

Frequency = (Number of oscillations) / Total time

Number of oscillations = Frequency × Total time

Given,

Frequency of sound = 100 Hz

Total time = 1 min (1 min = 60 s)

Number of oscillations or vibrations = 100 × 60 = 6000

The source vibrates 6000 times in a minute and produces a frequency of 100
Hz.

Last 2 Importance of food bank, cloth bank and donating toys for the needy
minutes people.

Lesson plan
Period 3
Learning Objectives:
➢ What is reflection of sound?
➢ What is echo?
➢ What is reverberation?
➢ Uses of reflection of sound.
Learning Outcome
Students will be able to understand
➢ What is reflection of sound?
➢ What is echo?
➢ What is reverberation?
➢ Uses of reflection of sound.

Knowledge (Cognitive)

Attitude and values (Affective)

Students will value: Life is all about permutation and combination. Mixed versions of
different people in our life. Which remark their presence and share their experience
and gives a combination effect and spark to our life with positive sights of sound like
echo, reverberation.
Psychomotor skills
15
Students develop the qualities like
• Understanding the concepts and will learn the concept of echo
and reverberations.
• Ability to identify the uses of reflection of sound, similarity between reflection of light
and sound, echo and reverberations.

Marzano’s Taxonomy
Level 1 Retrieval Students are aware about force and its pressure.
Level 3 Analysis Different types of examples of thrust and pressure.
Application based real life examples.
Level 4 Classifying – organize and identify.
Knowledge
utilization

Detail of the teaching -learning experiences

Lesson Starting the class with Gayatri mantra.
beginning Recapitulation of previous topic taught
(time : 5 ➢ What are the characteristics of sound
minutes) ➢ Relationship between frequency, velocity and amplitude and
wavelength.
Lesson Subtopic: Reflections of sound, Echo, Reverberations& Uses of reflection
middle of sound.
( time : 20 Introductory Activity:
minutes)
Teacher will take the stethoscope from the medical room and ask each child to
hear their own heartbeat.

Stethoscope is used to hear the sounds of internal organs of a patient; for

diagnostic purposes. It works on the laws of reflection of sound. In
stethoscope, sound is received by chest piece and sent to the earpieces by
multiple reflecting through a long tube.
After the activity teacher will explain
Sound bounces off a solid or a liquid like a rubber ball bounces off a wall. Like
light, sound gets reflected at the surface of a solid or liquid and follows the
same laws of reflection as you16have studied in earlier classes. The directions in
which the sound is incident and is reflected make equal angles with the normal
to the reflecting surface, and the three are in the same plane. An obstacle of
large size which may be polished or rough is needed for the reflection of sound
waves.
Echo
The sound which we hear after reflection is called echo or echo of sound. One
can hear the echo by shouting loudly in a big hall. After shouting loudly, the
same sound reaches the ears after reflecting from the surface of the wall.
Echo of sound can be heard by producing sound at place surrounded by hills or
big buildings.

Thus, repetition of sound because of multiple reflection of sound wave is called

echo.

Teacher will give examples like standing near a mountain cliff and calling out
the names.

Condition necessary for creation of echo:

One does not experience any echo sound in a small room. This does not mean
that sound does not get reflected in a small room, but necessary conditions for
production of echo are not present.

Any sound persists on one’s brain upto 0.1 second of time. So echo can only be
heard if the same sound comes to one’s ear after a lapse of 0.1 second.

Thus, reflection of sound must reach to the brain after a lapse of 0.1 second.

Explanation:
Since, sound covers 344 m in air in 1 second.
Thus, in 0.1 second sound would cover a distance of 344 m x 0.1 = 34.4 m
Thus, to hear an echo sound the reflecting surface must be at a distance of
17.2 m, so that sound has to cover a distance which is more than 17.2 m x 2 =
34.4 m; before reaching the ears.
So, if reflecting surface is at a distance of more than 17.2 m, the sound would
reach to our brain after 0.1 second and we would be able to hear the echo of
sound.
Thus, there are two conditions to experience the echo of sound.
• Sound must come back to the person after 0.1 second.
• For above condition, the reflecting surface must be at a minimum
distance of 17.2m.
Reverberations
Persistence of sound wave for a long time because of multiple reflections is
called reverberation. Usually, this happens in big halls. Sound becomes too
blurred and distorted to be heard in big concert halls because of
reverberation. This can often lead to annoyance.

17
 To overcome this problem, sound absorbent materials, such as curtains, plant
fibre, compressed fireboard, carpets, etc. are used in the auditorium.

These materials absorb undesired reflected sound and reduce reverberation.

Uses of reflection of sound

Teacher will discuss about some real life examples of reflection of sound like
Megaphones or loudhailers, horns, musical instruments such as trumpets
and shehanais, are all designed to send sound in a particular direction without
spreading it in all directions,

Ice breaker “The pen drop Activity”

2 minutes Students can stand in a circle along with their partners. Each pair will be
taking their pen. And they will be completely focusing on each other.
Facilitator will instruct that one of the partner will be holding the pen and
the moment the facilitator say drop the pen the other partner has to catch
the pen immediately. The pair who will be unable to catch the pen will be ut
of the game.
Learning outcome: Just in the game if the partner is not well focused to to
catch the pen. He or she loses and becomes out. Similarly, Being focused in a
student’s life is very important because it is the gateway to all thinking:
perception, memory, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision
making. Without good focus , all aspects of our ability to think will suffer.
Here's a simple reality: "If you can't focus effectively, you can't think
effectively."
Lesson end NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science Pg 168, 169
Written part 1. An echo is heard in 3 s. What is the distance of the reflecting surface
11 minutes from the source, given that the speed of sound is 342 ms-1?

Solution:

Speed of sound (v) = 342 ms-1

Echo returns in time (t) = 3 s

Distance travelled by sound = v × t = 342 × 3 = 1026 m

In the given interval of time, sound must travel a distance which is twice the
distance of reflecting surface and source.

Therefore, the distance of reflecting surface from the source =1026/2 = 513
m.

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 Section 12.3.3 Page: 169

1. Why are the ceilings of concert halls curved?

Solution:

Ceilings of concert halls are curved to uniformly spread sound in all directions
after reflecting from the walls.

Section 12.4 Page: 170

1. What is the audible range of the average human ear?

Solution:

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Any sound less than 20 Hz or greater than 20,000 Hz

frequency is not audible to human ears.

2. What is the range of frequencies associated with (a) Infrasound? (b)

Ultrasound?

Solution:

(a). 20 Hz

(b). 20,000 Hz.

Section 12.5.1 Page: 172

1. A submarine emits a sonar pulse, which returns from an underwater

cliff in 1.02 s. If the speed of sound in salt water is 1531 m/s, how far
away is the cliff?

Solution:

Time (t) taken by the sonar pulse to return = 1.02 s

Speed (v) of sound in salt water = 1531 m s-1

Distance travelled by sonar pulse = Speed of sound × Time taken

= 1531 x 1.02 = 1561.62 m

Distance of the cliff from the submarine = (Total distance travelled by sonar
pulse) / 2

= 1561.62 / 2

= 780.81 m.

Last 2 Importance of food bank, cloth bank and toy bank

minutes

Lesson plan 4
Learning Objectives :
➢ Students will learn about the application of ultrasound
➢ Students will learn about Sonar
➢ Structure of human ear
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Learning Outcome:
➢ Students will understand the concept of ultrasound
➢ They will be able to relate the usage of ultrasound in real life.
➢ They will understand the concept of sonar used in submarines
➢ They will be able to draw the structure of human ear.

Knowledge(Cognitive)
Attitude and values (Affective)
Students will value: When we are in lots of pressure we always sink with the mixed
emotions like depression, stress and anxiety. Our student’s life is also like ultrasound if
we keep a balance between our work pressure and academics, we can reach to the images
of our own personality just like an ultrasound captures the images of heart and helps
the doctor to detect the disease caused to the patient. Similarly, when we talk with
someone and reflect our own difficulties or share our stress with a friend or parents,
they are always helpful to us by detecting our own problems and where can we rectify
ourselves.
Psychomotor skills
Students develop the qualities like
• Application of theories that are learnt as concept.
Marzano’s Taxonomy
Level 1 Retrieval Where does a patient go when he has to go for any
diagnosing the problem of his/her organ?
Level 2 Comprehension Uses of ultrasound from real life examples

Level 3 Analysis Discussion with the students about the human ear and
how they are audible to everything?
Level 4 Knowledge utilization Giving examples from real life application based
examples.
Detail of the teaching -learning experiences

Lesson Starting the class with Gayatri mantra.

beginning Recapitulation of
(time: 5 ➢ What is echo?
minutes) ➢ What is reverberation?
➢ Uses of reflection of sound

Lesson middle ➢ Sub topic: Ultrasound, uses of ultrasound, Structure of

( time : 20 human ear.
minutes) ➢ Teacher will take the students to the medical room and have
clean discussion with Chandni ma’am (Nurse of our school)
➢ Ultrasounds are high frequency waves. Ultrasounds are able to
travel along well defined paths even in the presence of obstacles.
Ultrasounds are used extensively in industries and for medical
purposes.
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 ➢ Ultrasound is generally used to clean parts located in hard-to-
reach places, for example, spiral tube, odd shaped parts,
electronic components etc. Objects to be cleaned are placed in a
cleaning solution and ultrasonic waves are sent into the solution.
Due to the high frequency, the particles of dust, grease and
dirt get detached and drop out. The objects thus get thoroughly
cleaned.
➢ Ultrasounds can be used to detect cracks and flaws in metal
blocks. Metallic components are generally used in construction
of big structures like buildings, bridges, machines and also
scientific equipment. The cracks or holes inside the metal
blocks, which are invisible from outside reduces the strength of
the structure. Ultrasonic waves are allowed to pass through the
metal block and detectors are used to detect the transmitted
waves. If there is even a small defect, the ultrasound gets
reflected back indicating the presence of the flaw or defect,

As mentioned earlier, bats search out prey and fly in dark night by emitting
and detecting reflections of ultrasonic waves. The high-pitched ultrasonic
squeaks of the bat are reflected from the obstacles or prey and returned to
bat’s ear, The nature of reflections tells the bat where the obstacle or prey
is and what it is like. Porpoises also use ultrasound for navigation and location
of food in the dark.

SONAR

The acronym SONAR stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging. Sonar is a
device that uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance, direction and speed
of underwater objects. How does the sonar work? Sonar consists of a
transmitter and a detector and is installed in a boat or a ship.

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 Structure of human ear
Teacher will draw the diagram of the human ear and explain the whole process
how things are audible to human beings.

The outer ear is called ‘pinna’. It collects the sound from the surroundings.
The collected sound passes through the auditory canal. At the end of the
auditory canal there is a thin membrane called the ear drum or tympanic
membrane. When a compression of the medium reaches the eardrum the
pressure on the outside of the membrane increases and forces the eardrum
inward. Similarly, the eardrum moves outward when a rarefaction reaches it.
In this way the eardrum vibrates. The vibrations are amplified several times
by three bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) in the middle ear. The middle
ear transmits the amplified pressure variations received from the sound wave
to the inner ear. In the inner ear, the pressure variations are turned into
electrical signals by the cochlea. These electrical signals are sent to the brain
via the auditory nerve, and the brain interprets them as sound.
Ice breaker “Catch me if you can”
2 minutes Students will stand in two lines facing each other. In between the lines the
few glasses will be kept. The facilitator will instruct like touch your head,
nose eyes, knees, shoulder and other body parts. Suddenly facilitator will
ask to pick the glass. The one who will not be able to pick the glass will be
out & the student will move forward to follow the same process and so on
the game continues.

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 Learning outcome: Opportunities are what make life worth living, and you
can either thrive or suffer based on your responses to them. Sometimes,
taking advantage of an opportunity will be difficult. It might mean leaving
your comfortable job for a more challenging position.
Lesson end Back exercises Pg no. 174
Written part 10. Does sound follow the same laws of reflection as light does? Explain.
11 minutes
Solution:

Yes. Sound follows the same laws of reflection as light. The reflected sound
wave and the incident sound wave make an equal angle with the normal to the
surface at the point of incidence. Also, the reflected sound wave, the normal
to the point of incidence, and the incident sound wave all lie in the same
plane.

11. When a sound is reflected from a distant object, an echo is

produced. Let the distance between the reflecting surface and the
source of sound production remains the same. Do you hear echo sound on
a hotter day?

Solution:

An echo is heard when time interval between the reflected sound and the
original sound is at least 0.1 second. As the temperature increases, the speed
of sound in a medium also increases. On a hotter day, the time interval
between the reflected and original sound will decrease and an echo is audible
only if the time interval between the reflected sound and the original sound
is greater than 0.1 s.

12. Give two practical applications of reflection of sound waves.

Solution:

(i) Reflection of sound is used to measure the speed and distance of

underwater objects. This method is called SONAR.

(ii) Working of a stethoscope – the sound of patient’s heartbeat reaches the

doctor’s ear through multiple reflections of sound.

13. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 500 m high into a pond
of water at the base of the tower. When is the splash heard at the
top? Given, g = 10 m s−2 and speed of sound = 340 m s−1.

Solution:

Height (s) of tower = 500 m

Velocity (v) of sound = 340 m s−1

Acceleration (g) due to gravity = 10 m s−1

Initial velocity (u) of the stone = 0

Time (t1 ) taken by the stone to fall to tower base

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 As per second equation of motion:

s= ut1 + (½) g (t1 ) 2

500 = 0 x t1 + (½) 10 (t1 ) 2

(t1 ) 2 = 100

t1 = 10 s

Time (t2) taken by sound to reach top from tower base = 500/340 = 1.47 s.

t = t1 + t2

t = 10 + 1.47

t = 11.47 s.

14. A sound wave travels at a speed of 339 m s-1. If its wavelength is

1.5 cm, what is the frequency of the wave? Will it be audible?

Solution:

Speed (v) of sound = 339 m s−1

Wavelength (λ) of sound = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m

Speed of sound = Wavelength × Frequency

v=v=λXv

v = v / λ = 339 / 0.015 = 22600 Hz.

The frequency of audible sound for human beings lies between the ranges of
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The frequency of the given sound is more than 20,000
Hz, therefore, it is not audible.

Last 2 Talk about food bank, cloth bank and toy bank
minutes

Practice work from the chapter: Atoms and Molecules

Sr No Date Day PW
1 Monday Pg no 175
Q 15, 16, 17

2 Wednesday Pg no. 175

Q 18, 19, 20, 21 & 22

3 Friday 1. Sound of explosions taking place on other planets

are not heard by a person on the earth. Explain,
why ?
2. Two astronauts on the surface of the moon
cannot talk to each other. Explain, why ?

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 3. A sound wave travelling in a medium is
represented as shown in figure,

➢ Which letter represents the amplitude of the

sound wave ?
➢ Which letter represents the wavelength of the
wave ?
➢ What is the frequency of the source of sound if
the vibrating source of sound makes 360
oscillations in 2 minutes ?

4 Monday 1. An echo is heard on a day when temperature is

about 22° C. Will the echo be heard sooner or
later if the temperature falls to 4°C ?
2. When we put our ear on a railway track, we can
hear the sound of an approaching train even when
the train is not visible but its sound cannot be
heard through air. Why ?
3.
At a glance of “Different Levels of Marzano Taxonomy” used in this lesson:

Marzano Taxanomy

Retrieval
37%
Comprehension
50%
Analysis
13% Knowledge utilisation

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