Qno1.what are the objectives of safety audit?

Why is safety
audit important.

Objectives are as follows:

1. Validate compliance with established standards (regulations,
internal policies and industry wise standards of practice).
2. Pinpoint deviation from designed and planned operating and
maintenance route and standards.
3. Recognize conditions or operating procedures that may
perhaps lead to an accident and substantial losses to life or
property.

Safety audit is carried out by experts in the respective fields who

scrutinize
management system, facilities and activities of the organization
on safety
aspects assess the prevailing hazards, the level of prevention,
protection and
emergency management preparedness and consequently
formulate a
recommendation to upgrade safety inputs to avert mishaps and
limit
consequences.

Safety audit importance

Safety audit is an important phase in industrial sector owing to
following
reasons:
1.It ensures that management system is functioning in a manner
that protects employees, customers, workers, communities, the
environment, assets against risks
2.It is a control mechanism
3.Identification of opportunities for further improvement
4.Increases safety awareness
5.Greater confidence regarding compliance with regulatory
requirements

Safety surveys are intended for the inspection of all types of

unsafe physical
and environment conditions with the detailed observations. The
occupier/manager of factory and other workers must provide
required
cooperation to the authorities conducting surveys. Safety
surveys also helps
in determining safety and training needs of workers, supervisors
as well as
managers etc. Further reports under observations and remedial
measures are discussed in joint meeting of all heads and owner
of plant. For eachobservation noted in survey, remedial
measures may be suggested. Alsoaction plan can be drawn for
taking up suggested remedial measures withintime limits.

Safety audit identifies different levels of risk in each work area

of an organization.
Audit findings tell organization about potential threats to
employs and visitors.
If the organization implements audit findings it well makes the
workplace safer.

Qno2. Discuss the barriers that are confronted by health and

safety practice at work site.

One of the most common barriers to promoting good health and

safety standards is a lack of understanding among employees.
Many workers are simply not aware of the importance of these
standards and what they can do to improve them. This lack of
understanding can lead to complacency and a general
unwillingness to change.

There are several other potential barriers to promoting good

standards of Health and Safety due to which organizations might
not be able to achieve or maintain safety goals or performance
standards. Due to failure to achieve good standards of health and
safety, accident rates might increase. Some of the barriers are as
follows:

Complex Workplaces
Sometimes workplaces are complex in nature, that means
several people doing several different activities at the same time
and in the same place. In this case, it might be difficult to
maintain good health and safety standards for every person or
activity.

Complex Issues
Sometimes we encounter complicated or complex health and
safety issues or problems. Finding solutions to those problems
might be difficult and require extensive background knowledge
and experience.
Some solutions are straightforward, and for some issues, several
courses of action are available with different good and bad
outcomes. So lack of competence might become another barrier
to promoting good health and safety standards, and the wrong
selection of solutions might result in an increased number of
accidents.

Conflicting Demands
Employer sometimes places conflicting and competing demands
on workers. A common conflict of interest is like‘demand to
increase the supply of a product or service by speeding up the
process to make a profit or ‘to do so safely
Obviously, this conflict will compromise safety in the real
world. So the conflict of demand becomes a barrier to
maintaining good standards of health and safety and may cause
accident rates to increase.

Conflict Of Standards
This conflict may be created when there is a need to comply
with different types of standards at the same time and same
place like ‘Health and Safety Laws’ as well as ‘ Environmental
protection Laws'(it is obvious that the theme for both is totally
conflicting as health and safety standards demand the prompt
removal of hazardous waste material from the workplace while
environment protection standards refrain from throwing it in an
environment so some standards can be compromised).
This type of conflict of standards becomes the barrier to
maintaining or promoting good standards of health and safety.
Budget Issues
Unfortunately, several employers, due to lack of awareness,
consider it an extra financial burden to improve health and
safety standards in the workplace, and some want to improve,
but due to lack of resources, their desires fail to be
accomplished. So budget issues become a barrier to promoting
good health and safety standards.

Behavioural Issues
It is a fact that human behaviour is the most challenging barrier
to maintaining and promoting health and safety standards. All
hardware and procedural improvements go in vain if workers do
not behave ideally. Poor morale and low motivation toward
safety goals may deteriorate the safety culture.

There are a few other examples of common barriers to

promoting good standards of health and safety:

Lack of awareness or understanding of the issue

Limited resources, including time, money and personnel
Poor communication between different stakeholders
Inadequate consultation with workers or their representatives
Unclear roles and responsibilities
Lack of leadership commitment
Poorly designed or implemented health and safety management
systems.

Qno3. What is hazard assessment? Describe the respiratory

protecting equipment and devices.

A hazard assessment is a procedure designed to identify, assess,

and manage health risks and safety hazards in the workplace. It
also recommends appropriate safety measures to use to mitigate
the identified hazards.

Hazard assessments can be a detailed and thorough process or it

can be as simple as following running through a checklist or
visually inspecting a working area. Hazard assessments should
be conducted daily, even if there are no noticeable changes to
the workspace or jobsite. This will ensure that all hazards are
accounted for and all relevant hazard controls are put in place
Respiratory protecting equipment
It is desirable to maintain good respiration while working at
work sites. There are a lot of chances of coming in contact with
the surrounding harmful gases, dusk, chemical reaction fumes,
powder, smoke or vapors while performing any dedicated job.
There are variety of respiratory equipments available in today’s
market that are capable of protecting the user against these
harmful dusts or gases like dust masks, full face masks, etc.
These masks are assisted
with elastic band or belt which makes the mask to fit properly
onto the face of the user. These masks are also capable of
preventing user in coming contact with the droplets of hazardous
substances. These masks could also be used in a case where one
employee is sick and prevents in transmitting his germs in the
surrounding air and prevents other employees working nearby
from that infected person. Powered respirators, monitors, filter
respirators, light weight respirators are few types of protective
equipments.It is employer’s job to get a thorough knowledge of
potential respiratoryhazards that might be encountered in the
worksite. By assessingthis hewillbe able to advise his team to
wear protective masks in order to prevent
themselves against those respiratory hazards. Then proper
trainingmust begiven to the employees regarding what type of
and when these protectivemasks need to be utilized. It is solely
employees’ duty to check for anyfaultin the masks and replace it
with the new one or dispose it totally.
Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) encompasses a range of
personal protective equipment (PPE) designed to protect the
wearer’s mouth, nose, and respiratory system. This can include
respirators, face masks, helmets, hoods, and visors.

RPE equipment is primarily used to avoid or filter out

potentially harmful substances and particles in the air. This can
include dust, vapours, mists, gases, and metal fumes. However,
since there are various types of RPE mask, some are specially
equipped to protect against particular types of airborne
contaminants.

Qno4. How fire can be classified into different classes.Explain

with suitable examples.
There are different types of fires that are categorized into
followingclasses:
Class-A Fires:
This class of fire generally takes into account fire caused due
ordinarycombustible materials. This type of fire leaves ash
behind. Commonexamples generally include rubber, pulp, paper,
wood, cloth, andplasticsofvarious types. This method generally
focuses on extinguishing fireviaheatremoval method. Common
types of agents that can be utilized for
extinguishing fire of this class include water, halon, dry
chemicals,halogenated agents and foams.

Class-B Fires:
This class of fire generally takes into account fire caused due to
flammable and combustible liquids or gases which may include
propane, gasoline, oil,tar, paint and natural gas. Various types of
fire extinguishing agents are
available to suppress the fire of this class type making use of all
the theories of fire extinguishment. The type of agent to be
utilized depends upon the circumstances involved. Usually these
flammable liquids do not ignite by themselves but the vapors
generating from these liquids ignites and leads to fire. The
combustion process starts in this case once the ignition source
interacts with the mixture of oxygen and vapors

Class-C Fires:
This class of fire generally takes into account fire caused due to
live electrical equipment. Therefore this class of fire could be
suppressed by making use of extinguishing agent which does not
conduct electricity back to the fire extinguishing personal.
Electricity here acts as a source of energy or source
of ignition, but it will not burn on its own. Instead, these
electrical equipments act as a source of ignition for Class-A type
fire or for Class-B fire.

Class-D Fires:
This class of fire generally takes into account fire caused due to
combustion of exotic metals like sodium, magnesium, titanium,
and zirconium. These fires are suppressed by using special
agents like dry powder etc. The
extinguishers which are utilized for suppressing class A, B, or C
fires cannot be utilized here for this class of fire. Suppose
firefighter tries to suppress the fire with water, he may help the
fire to expand by reacting with burning metals and increase the
intensity of fire.

Class-K Fires:
This class of fire generally takes into account the fire that is
causedduetocooking appliances that involve combustible
cooking media like animal oils,vegetable, and fats. Special
agents like wet chemical extinguishers andextinguisher which is
alkaline in nature and possesses cooling capabilitiesareused to
suppress fires of this class
Fire Class and Type of Fire and Type of Extinguishing
Agent
Class-A Fires Includes ordinary combustible:
rubber, pulp, paper, wood,
cloth, and plastics
Extinguishing Agent are
Water,
Halon,
Dry Powder

Class-B Fires Includes flammable liquids and

gases like propane, gasoline oil
and natural gas
Extinguishing Agent are
CO2, Halon,
Dry Powder

Class-C Fires Fire caused due to live electrical

equipments
Extinguishing Agent are
CO2, Halon,
Dry Powder

Class-D Fires Fire caused due to combustible

metals or metal alloys like
Magnesium, Titanium,
potassium, and sodium
Extinguishing Agent are
Special Agents like dry
powders and special
application techniques

Class-K Fires Fire caused due to cooking

appliances that involve
combustible cooking media like
animal oils, vegetable, and fats
Extinguishing Agent are
Wet chemical extinguishers

Qno5.What are the main causes of occupational health hazard

due to manual material handling?

Manual material handling is the lifting, carrying or moving of

materials, articles or things by manual labour. Mechanical
material handling is the
movement of materials, articles or things by such means as lift
trucks,
conveyors, or cranes and hoists mostly through manual control.
One of the more frequent, higher risk outcomes of manual
material handling is musculo skeletal disorders (MSDs).
MSDs are injuries or pain in the human muscular and skeletal
systems, including the joints, ligaments,
muscles, nerves, tendons and skeletal system that supports
limbs, necks and back. It is found that the most common MSD is
caused due to obstructions on
floors interfering with safe movement of materials; unsafe
material lifting, carrying and moving; unsafe storage of material
and lack of examination of
lifting devices.
MSDs have become an important workplace health and safety
issue.
Commonly observed reasons for MSDs are:
1.Improperly securing vehicles against accidental movement,
tipping orfalling
2.Unsafe loading and unloading procedures
3.Not using wheel chocking
4.Work surface hazards
5.Pinch point hazards

Material handling operations are carried out in most workplaces

either withthe use of physical might only, or when heavier or
awkward materialsaretobe handled, by using either motorized or
non-motorized lifting equipment.
Each handling task poses unique demands on the worker.
However,
workplaces can help workers to perform these tasks safely and
easilybyimplementing and upholding proper policies and
procedures.
Let us understand how purely manual handling of heavy loads
canbemanaged by the example of Team Lifting or
TeamHandling,.
"Team handling" occurs when more than one person are
involvedinliftingorhandling heavy loads. Here are a few steps
that a teamcan take whilehandling heavy loads:
Use team lifting and carrying where other solutions are
inappropriate.
Remember that the combined strength of the teamis less
thanthesumofindividual strength.
Select team members of similar height and strength.
Assign a leader to the team.
Determine a set of commands to be used such as "lift", "walk",
"stop", "down". Make sure that everyone knows what to do
whentheyhearthe command.
Follow the commands given by the team leader.
Practice team lifting and carrying together before
attemptingthetask

Qno6. What is the need of 5S in house keeping?

5S is needed if the workplace is messy and unorganized. It is

alsobeneededif employees spend extra time in searching for
tools, papers, information, etc.Basically to implement 5S you
will have to find out the followingeight wasteful
items/procedures and eliminate them.

Over production – Producing more than required or

producingfasterthan the downstream processes can lead to over
production. Oneshouldaccording to need.

Excessive Inventory – This can be a direct result of over

productionoritcould be due to poor purchasing practices. Over
purchasingsuppliesbecause we got a great deal sometimes is no
deal at all. Excessiveorunneeded inventory can propagate other
forms of waste.

Inappropriate or Non Value Added Processing – Waste is

incurredthrough use of the wrong tool, performing needless
operations or not
using the most efficient processes or tools for the job. The right
processand the correct tools can reduce waste in your process.

Waiting – Time and resources are wasted when waiting for parts,
supplies or information. One should try to ensure a steady
supplyoftherequired material in order to avoid wastage.
Transportation – Excessive travel or movement of materials is
waste.
Proper planning and process layout can help reduce or
eliminateexcesstransportation. The use of value stream mapping
can help the team
visualize exactly how much of the material is travelling. (Let us
briefly
understand what Value Stream Mapping (VSM) means. Also
known as
‘material and information flow mapping,’ it is a lean
management
method/tool that helps in visualizing the steps needed from
product
creation to devlivering to the customer. VSM helps in better
understanding of one’s organization and analysis thereby
bringing about
improvement in processes of an organistion.)

Unnecessary Motion – Any movement or motion performed by

the
operator that does not add value is waste. During the 5S exercise
one
needs to examine the motions required to perform the task. One
has to
organize the workstation so that all tools and supplies are easily
located
and are within easy reach. In some cases, re-sequencing certain
process
steps can reduce excessive and redundant movement or motion
by the
operator. Safety must be the first consideration by reducing or
eliminating the waste of excess motion one is also creating a
more
ergonomic workstation. Always consider safety first. Economics
is the
process of designing or arranging workplaces, products and
systems so
that they fit the people who use them. This branch of science
studies
about human abilities and limitations and then apply this
learning to
improve people’s interaction with products, systems and
environments.
 Defects – This form of waste is one of the worst of all.
Producing nonconforming parts or assemblies increases scrap,
reduces process
efficiency, wastes machine-time, process or assembly time and
causes
non-value added tool wear. Defects can also create additional
waste in
the form of wait time when the downstream operations run out
of usable
parts.
Untapped Employee Creativity (potential) – Many companies
are now
realizing that their best asset is their employees. Companies
must create
an atmosphere where exchange of ideas is encouraged. Some of
the most
successful organizations have created a culture where
employee’s ideas
are really heard and evaluated. When their good ideas are
implemented,
the employee is recognized and rewarded. One never knows
where the
next great idea is going to come from.

Qno7.What is hazard? Differentiate between acute and chronic

hazard.

There are many definitions for hazard but the most common
definition when talking about workplace health and safety is:

A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse

health effects on something or someone.

Basically, a hazard is the potential for harm or an adverse effect

(for example, to people as health effects, to organizations as
property or equipment losses, or to the environment).

Sometimes the resulting harm is referred to as the hazard instead

of the actual source of the hazard. For example, the disease
tuberculosis (TB) might be called a "hazard" by some but, in
general, the TB-causing bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
would be considered the "hazard" or "hazardous biological
agent".
Hazards can be classified in several ways; they can be classified
as natural, anthropogenic, technological, or any combination,
such as in the case of the natural phenomenon of wildfire
becoming more common due to human-made climate change or
more harmful due to changes in building practices. A common
theme across many forms of hazards in the presence of stored
energy that, when released, can cause damage. The stored
energy can occur in many forms: chemical, mechanical, thermal
hazards and by the populations that may be affected and the
severity of the associated risk. In most cases, a hazard may
affect a range of targets and have little or no effect on others.
Identification of hazards assumes that the potential targets are
defined, and is the first step in performing a risk assessment.

Chronic and acute hazards can be compared to acute and chronic

illnesses. A hazard is acute when it's extremely severe, short-
term, and dangerous. A chronic hazard, on the other hand, is one
that is present over a long period of time.
Chronic hazards are always present, recurring, or habitual. They
include the danger of falling if you're a window washer and the
danger of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exposure if you are a worker
in an upstream oil or gas worksite.
Acute hazards appear suddenly, like a fallen electrical line, a
break in a gas line, or a pressure buildup in a nuclear plant.
Injuries sustained from acute hazards can become chronic
medical conditions. For example, a fall as a result of a downed
power line can result in chronic back pain. Acute hazards can
also, of course, result in very short-term injuries, such as bruises
and lacerations.
Acute and chronic hazards will be present in every workplace,
but managing them will require different approaches. You can
plan for and avoid chronic hazards like falls or cluttered floors.
Acute hazards, however, are less predictable and require on-the-
spot avoidance. Constant checking and preventative
maintenance can go a long way to avoiding acute hazards (see
Effectively Eliminating Equipment Breakdowns with Total
Productive Maintenance to find out what steps you can take to
keep your equipment safe). Even with these measures, however,
every workplace needs an emergency policy that clearly outlines
what to do if workers face an acute hazard.

Acute Diseases and Chronic Diseases

Acute diseases occur suddenly. While Chronic Diseases They
occur over a prolonged period.
Acute diseases last for a shorter period.While Chronic Diseases
They last longer, even for a lifetime.
Acute cause sudden damage to the body.While Chronic Diseases
They cause long term damage to the body of the patient.
Acute diseases The onset is sudden and often treatable.
However, other underlying conditions can also affect the
outcome of the disease.
Chronic diseases progress gradually and usually end up causing
long term damage to organs and organ systems. In some cases, it
can become fatal.
E.g. of acute diseases are Typhoid, bone fracture, heart attack,
cholera, common cold, jaundice, malaria, etc.

Eg.of Chronic Diseases are Diabetes, cancer, tuberculosis,

arthritis, etc.

Qno8.Explain the Domino theory of accident accusation with

suitable example

This theory was developed by Herbert Heinrich in late 1920s.

He authored a book titled “Industrial Accident Prevention – A
Scientific Approach” in the
year 1931 which was written after studying and analyzing about
75 thousand cases of accidents. One of the findings from his
book which is popularly
known as Heinrich’s law, states that for every accident that
causes a major injury, there are 29 accidents that cause minor
injuries and 300 accidents that
cause no injury. Further, he concluded that 88 % of accidents are
caused by human errors, 10 % by unsafe conditions and 2% are
unavoidable. Moreover,
he believed that most of the accidents have common root causes.
If this that lead to accidents which cause no injuries are
addressed, then accidents that
cause injuries can be prevented.
The Dominoes:
Herbert Heinrich hypothesized five symbolic dominoes labeled
with accident
causes. They are
i) Injury
ii) Accident
iii) Unsafe act or Unsafe condition
iv) Fault of the person
v) Social environment
These all five individual elements are Dominoes given by
Heinrich and
removing any one domino ultimately prevents the accident.
Usually it is better to remove middle one and specifically unsafe
act. It is clear cut
accident prevention measures theory directed upon preventing
unsafe acts orunsafe conditions

This theory was updated by Bird and Loftus and they included
twonewconcepts which are as below:
1. Management influence like visible commitment, visual
leadershipetc
2. Other losses in addition to injuries like workplace
interruptionresult intoproductivity loss and property loss

Contribution factors of accident

Other than chance occurrence, three main contributing factors
are
i) Work and its surrounding
a) Unsafe workplace
b) Unsafe equipment
c) Unsafe procedures
d) Non ergonomics – lighting, design, physiology, psychology.
ii) Organization and its related business
a) Size of organization – accident inversely
correspondencewithsizeof firm
b) Safety culture
iii) Workforce
a) Unsafe actb) Gender
c) Age
Effect of accident
Injuries
Disability
Loss (monetary)
Reputation
Death
Damage
Disablement
Phobia/fear

Causes of Accidents
Direct Causes
a. Unsafe act
i) Operating without authority
ii) Bypassing safety devices
iii) Operating at unsafe speed
iv) Using wrong tool/equipment
v) Unsafe placing
vi) Unsafe loading
vii) Taking unsafe position or posture
viii) Working on dangerous or moving equipment
ix) Not using PPE
x) Horse playing at work place etc.
b. Unsafe condition
i) Unguarded or inadequately guarded machines
ii) Defective conditions of machines
iii) Unsafe methods of storing, piling etc.
iv) Inadequate or incorrect illumination
v) Inadequate ventilation
vi) Improper housekeeping – things not at their proper places
vii) Unsafe design or construction of machines and equipment
etc.,
Indirect Causes
c. Physiological unsuitability
i) Poor eye sight
ii) Hard to hearing
iii) Intoxicated
iv) Physiological disabled
d. Psychological unsuitability’s
i) Negative attitude towards safety
ii) Ignorance of safety rules and procedures
iii) Frustration & conflict
iv) Morale
v) Individual difference
vi) Acclimatization
vii) Motivation and aspiration
viii) Boredom & monotony
e. Lack of knowledge and skill
i) Untrained Workers
ii) Illiterate workers
Qno9.Describe the management approach toward SMS
Safety management system (SMS) is a comprehensive approach
which is designed to control the safety aspects in a work area. It
includes diverse
elements such as responsibilities, policies, objectives,
procedures, plans and other measures. The SMS is widely used
in industries to control hazard and to manage safety risks. SMS
provide exemplary system framework that guides the top
management to control potential loss areas and to set standards.
The SMS will provide the management with the capability to
address and anticipate the safety matters before an accident or
incident occurs
Management approach towards SMS:
The success of SMS not only depends on what is done, but also
depends onthe way that it is to be done. The following are some
of the factors whichareto be considered from management
concern towards SMS.
i) Leadership
ii) Management style
iii) Employee participation
iv) Cooperation
v) Communication
Leadership
Effective leadership in the backdrop of safety provides clear
guidelinestoevery employee that the organization management is
worth engagingwith. Asupportive environment within a work
area for good leadership includes,
mentoring, commitment and provision of responsibilities. There
maybeachance to embed these leadership qualities by other
employees sothat theymay become leaders on some day.
Authoritative is a significant characteristicof a leader. An
authoritative leader defines a vision to work
andbuildscollaborative environment.
Management Style
Different management styles may have different effects on the
abilityofSafety Management System to have a positive impact.
Two commonstyles
SafetyOrganization241used are command & control style and
systems thinking style. The approach
of command and control style creates an effect where the liberty
of an
individual reduces as much as possible. The possible reason
behind this is
either to enhance the control over their actions or to be able to
substantiate
claims for the reduction in cost for the individual’s work. On the
other hand,
systems’ thinking is another management style which relies on
two major
themes. First it understands the work environment as a system
and second, it
works with employees on the system. It considers that a
continuous flow of
work should be undertaken; otherwise competing factors may
eventually
minimize its effectiveness.

Employee Participation
Employee participation drives the safety and acts as a key
element for a good
safety culture. Ground level employees are closer to the risks
and hazards and
therefore they play a prominent role in how they are addressed.
To create a
culture of employee participation, top management is
encouraged and
allowed to take actions that build the right environment for the
safety culture
to grow.
Cooperation
Cooperation both within an organization and between
organizations will have
an impact on the overall success of an SMS in practice.
Cooperation is
essential for the system to perform well. The performance and
conduct of the
overall system depends on each of its individual parts knowing
what it should
be doing in partnership with the other parts. One part of the
organization
sacrificing an expedient position to help another part of
organization with the
motive to benefit the organization as a whole is the ultimate
level of
cooperation. Cooperation also helps in exchanging ideas related
to safety and
awareness of risks. It improves confidence and builds support
between the
organizations in the light of safety actions.
Communication
The SMS has a decisive role within the organization in assisting
with the
formulation and application of safety communications. Trust and
faithful
environment and responsive behaviors can be built within the
organization
with good communication. Among all forms of communication,
an open
communication is majorly adopted because it is more easily
understood by all
people. Informal communications are also used in organizations,
but they are
carried out in unorganized way. Informal communications
always preferred
and adopted in groups where positive behaviors can be
encouraged and
extended with good safety principles.

Q10. Write short note on any two of the following

(a)Safety culture development cycle:
Define safety responsibilities
The top management, CEO, managers should define safety
responsibilitiesfor each level in the organization. This may
include plans, policies andgoalsfor safety culture.
Share your safety vision
Top management and managers should spread and inject the
safetyvisionofthe organization to their employees for effective
safety culture
Enforce accountability
Make everyone accountable especially supervisors and
managers.
Provide multiple options
Management should encourage their employees to bring out the
issuesbyproviding multiple options. Also, there should be a
command toensurethatthe supervisors are being responsive.
Report
It is important to guide the employees in the matter of
reportingnear misses,injuries and first aids. If there is a situation
of under-reporting, thenit will bebeneficial to prepare for
increase in incidents.
Rebuild the investigation system
Evaluate the investigation system to ensure that the
investigations arecarriedin a constructive manner. This will help
to find out the root causes of
incidents.
Build trust
Building trust in the workplace will help everyone work together
to see
improvements.

Qno 10 (b) Safety training techniques

Safety training differes in number of aspects when compare to

other trainings.Safety trainings are conducted for the workers
who have been workingintheorganizations. Some workers are
new to their job/field and some other maybe older or
experienced than the trainer. Moreover, safety trainingis
agoaloriented in which identifying and controlling the hazards
are the mainobjectives.Safety training techniques should aim in
encouraging the trainees for theoverall involvement. This can be
achieved by rewarding themfor activeparticipation and
recognition them for the achievement. Atrainer canmakethe
subject interested using different learning styles.
The following are some of the techniques used in safety training

Icebreakers
Lectures
Group discussions
Question and answer sessions
Case studies
Role playing
Brain storming
Hands-on-training
E-Learning

Icebreakers:
It is always advisable to begin the training session with an
icebreaker. Anicebreaker is an event used to welcome the
participants and warmupthetraining session. Icebreaker makes
the participants to knoweachother andprepare them ready for the
training
Lectures:
Lecture is a technique of presenting ideas and facts to the
trainees. It isimportant to note that the facilitator should make
the lecture short (15-20min)to make it easy and understand. It is
beneficial to make the lectures livelybyadopting practical
sessions.
Group discussions:
Group discussions are the exchange of knowledge and thoughts
amongtheparticipants in a group. In safety training, group
discussions are usedtoexchange experiences and information, to
solve the problems andtobuildunderstanding. For an effective
group discussion, teameffort is important
It is very important to follow the rules during group discussion.
Someofthem are
Only one person have to talk at a time
Others have to listen
Look at the person who is talking
Try to understand their view
Discuss your thoughts
Discuss one subject at a time
Question and Answer:
The duty of a facilitator is to make the participants to talk more.
Thiscanbeachieved by question and answer method. This
method helps the facilitatortobegin a discussion and know
whether the participants are interestedor not. Italso helps in
determining the participants knowledge and understanding.
Bythis method, every participant will get actively involved in
the training session.
Role Playing:
This is an effective learning technique where participants
perform an action
of a situation under the supervision of a trainer. It is an on-spot
activity
because no script will be given for the participants. Facilitator
explains the
situation to a group of members, who then performs an action.
This technique
helps in practicing skills and procedures what they have been
taught. This
also fills the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical
application.
Brainstorming:
Brainstorming is technique in which the participants are
encouraged to offer
ideas on a problem or an issue. Brainstorming involves all
participants to
generate ideas to address a situation or to solve a problem. It
helps in
stimulation the creating thinking capability of participants