Digestion and (b) Ileum

(c) Rectum
Absorption (d) Duodenum

1. Duct leading from parotid gland and 9. Pancreas produces

opening into vestibule is (a) three digestive enzymes and one
(a) Haversian duct hormone
(b) Stensen‘s duct (b) three types of digestive enzymes and two
(c) Wolffian duct hormones
(d) Infra-orbital duct (c) two digestive enzymes and one hormone
(d) three digestive enzymes and no hormone
2. Wharton‘s duct is associated with 10. Brunner‘s glands occur in
(a) Sublingual salivary duct (a) submucosa of duodenum
(b) Parotid salivary gland (b) submucosa of stomach
(c) Submaxillary salivary gland (c) mucosa of oesophagus
(d) Brunner‘s glands (d) mucosa of ileum

3. Release of pancreatic juice is 11. Secretion of gastric juice is stopped

stimulated by by
(a) Enterokinase (a) Gastrin
(b) Cholecystokinin (b) Pancreazymin
(c) Trypsinogen (c) Cholecystokinin
(d) Secretin (d) Enterogastrone

4. Secretin stimulates production of 12. Vitamin K is required for

(a) Saliva (a) change of prothrombin to thrombin
(b) Gastric juice (b) synthesis of prothrombin
(c) Bile (c) change of fibrinogen to fibrin
(d) Pancreatic juice (d) formation of thromboplastin

5. Emulsification of fat is carried out by 13. Most of the fat digestion occurs in
(a) Bile pigments (a) Rectum
(b) Bile salts (b) Stomach
(c) HCl (c) Duodenum
(d) Pancreatic juice (d) Small intestine

6. In man the zymogen or chief cells are 14. Which of the following pair is
mainly found in characterised by swollen lips, thick
(a) Cardiac part of stomach pigmented skin of hands and legs and
(b) Pyloric part of stomach irritability?
(c) Duodenum (a) Thiamine – Beri-Beri
(d) Fundic part of stomach. (b) Protein – Kwashiorkor
(c) Nicotinamide – Pellagra
(d) Iodine – Goitre
7. Pancreatic juice and hormones of
pancreas are produced by
(a) Same cells 15. Kupffer‘s cells occur in
(b) Same cells at different times (a) spleen
(c) Statement is wrong (b) kidney
(d) Different cells (c) brain
(d) liver
8. Where is protein digestion
accomplished? 16. Renin acts on
(a) Stomach (a) milk changing casein into calcium
paracaseinate at 7.2 – 8.2 pH (a) mercury
(b) proteins in stomach (b) chlorine
(c) fat in intestine (c) fluorine
(d) boron
(d) milk changing casein into calcium
paracaseinate at 1 – 3 pH 24. For persons suffering from high
blood cholesterol, the physicians
17. Inhibition of gastric and stimulation recommend
of gastric, pancreatic and bile secretions (a) pure ‗deshi ghee‘ or butter
are controlled by hormones (b) vegetable oil such as groundnut oil
(a) Gastrin, secretin, enterokinin and (c) red meat with layers of fats
cholecystokinin (d) vanaspati margarine
(b) Enterogastrone, gastrin, pancreozymin
and cholecystokinin 25. Which one of the following is a
(c) Gastrin, enterogastrone, cholecystokinin matching pair of a vitamin and the
and pancreozymin deficiency disease related with it?
(d) Secretin, enterogastrone, gastrin and (a) Riboflavin — beri beri
enterokinin (b) Thiamine — xerophthalmia
(c) Niacin — pellagra
18. Prolonged deficiency of nicotinic (d) Calciferol — scurvy
acid produces
(a) Osteomalacia 26. Which one of the following is a
(b) Xerophthalmia matching pair of a substrate and its
(c) Pellagra particular digestive enzyme?
(d) Anaemia (a) Starch — maltase
(b) Lactose — rennin
19. Calcium deficiency occurs in the (c) Maltose — steapsin
absence of vitamin (d) Casein — chymotrypsin
(a) D
(b) C 27. A person had to undergo a surgery in
(c) E which a major portion of his pancreas
(d) B was removed. Which of the following
food constituents will he find especially
20. The enzyme enterokinase helps in difficult to digest?
the conversion of (a) Starch
(a) pepsinogen into pepsin (b) Proteins
(b) trypsinogen into trypsin (c) Fats
(c) caesinogen into caesin (d) Lactose sugar
(d) proteins into polypeptides
28. Which one of the following vitamins
21. The vitamin C or ascorbic acid can be synthesized by bacteria inside
prevents the gut?
(a) rickets (a) B1
(b) pellagra (b) C
(c) scurvy (c) D
(d) antibody synthesis (d) K
22. The haemorrhagic disease of new 29. The layer of cells that secrete
born is caused due to the deficiency of enamel of tooth is
(a) vitamin A (a) Ameloblast
(b) vitamin B1 (b) Osteoblast
(c) vitamin B12 (c) Odontoblast
(d) vitamin K (d) Dentoblast
23. A dental disease characterized by 30. One of the factors required for the
mottling of teeth is due to the presence maturation of erythrocytes is [1998]
of a certain chemical element in (a) Vitamin A
drinking water. Which of the following is (b) Vitamin B12
that element? (c) Vitamin C
(d) Vitamin D (d) Chyme

31. The hormone that stimulates the 39. An adolescent human below 17 years
stomach to secrete gastric juice is of age normally has dental formula as
(a) Enterogastrone (a)
(b) Enterokinase (b)
(c) Renin (c)
(d) Gastrin (d)

32. The contraction of gall bladder is 40. A person deficient in the rhodopsin
due to should be advised to take more of
(a) Gastrin (a) Guava and ripe banana
(b) Cholecystokinin (b) Apple and grapes
(c) Secretin (c) Carrot and ripe papaya
(d) Enterogastrone (d) Radish and potato

33. Which one of the following is a 41. A person is eating boiled potato,
protein deficiency disease? which food component is found in it?
(a) Night blindness (a) DNA which gets digested by pancreatic
(b) Eczema DNAase
(c) Kwashiorkor (b) Lactose which is indigestible
(d) Cirrhosis (c) Starch which does not get digested
(d) Cellulose which is digested by intestinal
34. The daily dietary requirement of a cellulose
moderately active adult individual is
approximately 42. Which set is correct?
(a) 8,000 k cal (a) Corpus callosum — Grafian follicle
(b) 4,000 k cal (b) Sebum — Sweat
(c) 1,000 k cal (c) Bundle of His — Pace maker
(d) 2,500 k cal (d) Vitamin B7 — Niacin

35. Secretin and cholecystokinin are two 43. Which one is correctly matched?
hormones involved in digestion. They (a) Vitamin E — Tocopherol
are secreted by (b) Vitamin D — Riboflavin
(a) Duodenum (c) Vitamin B — Calciferol
(b) Ileum (d) Vitamin A — Thiamine
(c) Oesophagus
(d) Stomach 44. Hydrolytic enzymes which act on
low pH are called as
36. Which one of the following pairs is (a) proteases
mismatched? (b) a-amylases
(a) Vitamin C - Scurvy (c) hydrolases
(b) Vitamin D - Rickets (d) peroxidases
(c) Vitamin K - Beri Beri
(d) Vitamin A - Xerophthalmia 45. Stool of a person is whitish grey
coloured due to malfunction of which of
37. Nutrients absorbed by the blood the following organ?
capillaries of intestinal villi first go into (a) Pancreas
(a) liver through hepatic portal vein (b) Spleen
(b) hepatic artery (c) Kidney
(c) aorta (d) Liver
(d) posterior vena cava
46. Fluoride pollution mainly affects
38. The food having fully undergone (a) kidney
mechanical and chemical digestion (b) brain
inside the stomach, is called (c) heart
(a) Chyle (d) teeth
(b) Bolus
(c) Amino acid
47. Which one of the following pairs is young children when the diet is persistently
not correctly matched? deficient in essential protein;
(a) Vitamin B6 – Beri Beri (d) occurs in those countries where the
(b) Vitamin C – Scurvy staple diet is polished rice; (e) the
(c) Vitamin B3 – Pellagra symptoms are pain from neuritis, paralysis,
(d) Vitamin B12 – Pernicious anaemia muscle wasting, progressive oedema,
mental deterioration and finally heart
48. During prolonged fasting, in what failure;
sequence are the following organic
compounds used up by the body? 54. A patient is generally advised to
(a) First proteins, next lipids and lastly specially, consume more meat, lentils,
carbohydrates milk and eggs in diet only when he
(b) First carbohydrates, next fats and lastly suffers from
proteins (a) Scurvy
(c) First fats, next carbohydrates and lastly (b) Kwashiorkor
proteins (c) Rickets
(d) First carbohydrates, next proteins and (d) Anemia
lastly lipids
55. Epithelial cells of the intestine
49. Which one of the following pairs is involved in food absorption have on
not correctly matched? their surface:
(a) Vitamin B12 - Pernicious anaemia (a) pinocytic vesicles
(b) Vitamin B6 - Loss of appetite (b) microvilli
(c) Vitamin B1 - Beri-beri (c) zymogen granules
(d) Vitamin B3 - Pellagra (d) phagocytic vesicles

50. Duodenum has characteristic 56. Secretin and cholecystokinin are

Brunner‘s gland which secrete two digestive hormones. They are secreted
hormones called in:
(a) Kinase, estrogen (a) Pyloric stomach
(b) Secretin, cholecystokinin (b) Duodenum
(c) Prolactin, parathormone (c) Ileum
(d) Estradiol, progesterone (d) Oesophagus

57.Angiotensinogen is a protein produced and

51. Which one of the following is the secreted by
correct matching of a vitamin, its nature (a) endothelial cells (lining the blood vessels)
and its deficiency disease? (b) liver cells
(a) Vitamin A – Fat-soluble – Night (c) juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
blindness (d) macula densa cells
(b) Vitamin K – Fat-Soluble – Beri-beri
(c) Vitamin A – Fat-soluble – Beri-beri 58. A person who is one along hunger
(d) Vitamin K – Water-soluble – Pellagra strike and is surviving only on water,
will have
52. The richest sources of vitamin B12 (a) less amino acids in his urine
are (b) more glucose in his blood
(a) Goat‘s liver and Spirulina (c) less urea in his urine
(b) Chocolate and green gram (d) more sodium in his urine.
(c) Rice and hen‘s egg
(d) Carrot and chicken‘s breast 59. Which one of the following is a fatsoluble
vitamin and its related
53. Which group of three of the following deficiency disease?
five statements (a-e) contain is all three (a) Retinol - Xerophthalmia
correct statements regarding beri-beri? (b) Cobalamine - Beri-beri
(a) a crippling disease prevalant among the (c) Calciferol - Pellagra
native population of sub-Saharan Africa; (d) A scorbic acid - Scurvy.
(b) a deficiency disease caused by lack of
thiamine (vitamin B1) 60. What will happen if the secretion of
(c) a nutritional disorder in infants and
parietal cells of gastric glands is blocked salivary amylase in our mouth
with an inhibitor? (d) Oxyntic cells in our stomach secrete the
(a) Gastric juice will be deficient in chymosin proenzyme pepsinogen.
(b) Gastric juice will be deficient in
pepsinogen 66. Which one of the following pairs of
(c) In the absence of HCI secretion, inactive food components in humans reaches the
pepsinogen is not converted into the active stomach totally undigested?
enzyme pepsin (a) Starch and fat
(d) Enterokinase will not be released from (b) Fat and cellulose
the duodenal mucosa and so trypsinogen is (c) Starch and cellulose
not converted to trypsin (d) Protein and starch

61. Which one of the following is the 67. If for some reason our goblet cells
correct matching of the site of action on are non functional, this will adversely
the given substrate, the enzyme acting affect:
upon it and the end product? (a) production of somatostatin
(a) Duodenum: Triglycerides (b) secretion of sebum from the sebaceous
Monoglycerides glands
(b) Small inestine: Starch Disaccharide (c) maturation of sperms
(Maltose) (d) smooth movement of food down the
(c) Small intestine: Proteins Amino acids intes-tine
(d) Stomach: Fats Micelles
68. Two friends are eating together on a
62. Modern detergents contain enzyme dining table. One of them suddenly
preparations of: starts coughing while swallowing some
(a) Acidophiles food. This coughing would have been due
(b) Alkaliphiles to improper movement of:
(c) Thermoacidophiles (a) epiglottis
(d) Thermophiles (b) diaphragm
(c) neck
63. When breast feeding is replaced by (d) tongue
less nutritive food low in proteins and
calories; the infants below the age of one 69. Which one of the following enzymes
year are likely to suffer from: carries out the initial step in the
(a) Rickets digestion of milk in humans?
(b) Kwashiorkor (a) Pepsin
(c) Pellagra (b) Rennin
(d) Marasmus (c) Lipase
(d) Trypsin
64. A young infant may be feeding
entirely on mothers milk which is white 70. One of the constituents of the
in colour but the stools which the infant pancreatic juice while poured into the
passes out is quite yellowish. What is duodenum in humans, is:
this yellow colour due to? (a) trypsinogen
(a) bile pigments passed through bile juice (b) chymotrypsin
(b) undigested milk protein casein (c) trypsin
(c) pancreatic juice poured into duodenum (d) enterokinase
(d) intestinal juice
71. Skin is an accessory organ of
65. Which one of the following respiration in
statements is true regarding digestion (a) humans
and absorption of food in humans? (b) frog
(a) Fructose and amino acids are absorbed (c) rabbit
through intestinal mucosa with the help of
(d) lizard
carrier ions like Na+.
(b) Chylomicrons are small lipoprotein
particles that are transported from 72. Anxiety and eating spicy food
intestine into blood capillaries. together in an otherwise normal human,
(c) About 60% of starch is hydrolysed by may lead to
(a) Indigestion (a) facilitated transport
(b) Jaundice (b) active transport
(c) Diarrhoea (c) simple diffusion
(d) Vomiting (d) cotransport mechanism.

73. Where do certain symbiotic 78. Which of the following options best
represents the enzyme composition of
microorganisms normally occur in human
pancreatic juice?
body?
(a) Amylase, Pepsin, Trypsinogen, Maltase
(a) Caecum (b) Lipase, Amylase, Trypsinogen,
(b) Oral lining and tongue surface Procarboxypeptidase
(c) Vermiform appendix and rectum (c) Peptidase, Amylase, Pepsin, Rennin
(d) Duodenum (d) Amylase, Peptidase, Trypsinogen, Rennin

74. Select the correct match of the 79. Continued consumption of a diet rich in
digested products in humans given in butter, red meat and eggs for a long period
column -I with their absorption site and may lead to
mechanism in column-II Column I (a) kidney stones
Column II (b) vitamin A toxicity
(a) Fructose, Na+ Small intestine, passive (c) hypercholesterolemia
(d) urine laden with ketone bodie
absorption
(b) Glycerol, fatty acids Duodenum, move
80. Which of the following guards the
as chylomicrons opening of hepatopancreatic duct into the
(c) Cholesterol, maltose Large intestine, duodenum?
active absorption (a) Sphincter of Oddi
(d) Glycine, glucose Small intestine, active (b)Pyloric sphincter
absorption (c) Ileocaecal valve
(d) Semilunar valve
75. A healthy person eats the following
diet - 5 gm raw sugar, 4 gm albumin, 10 81. If for some reason our goblet cells are
gm pure buffalo ghee adultrated with 2 nonfunctional, this will adversely affect
gm vegetable ghee (hydrogenated (a) production of somatostatin
vegetable oil) and 5 gm lignin. How (c) maturation of sperms
(b) secretion of sebum from the sebaceous
many calories he is likely to get?
glands
(a) 144
(d) smooth movement of food down the
(b) 126 intestine.
(c) 164
(d) 112 82. In the stomach, gastric acid is secreted
by the
76. Which enzymes are likely to act on (a) peptic cells
the baked potatoes eaten by a man, (b) acidic cells
starting from the mouth and as it moves (c) gastrin secreting cells
down the alimentary canal? (d) parietal cells
(a) Salivary maltase → carboxypeptidase →
trypsinogen 83. Which one of the following pairs of the
(b) Pancreatic amylase → salivary amylase kind of cells and their secretion are correctly
matched?
→ lipases
(a) Oxyntic cells – A secretion with pH
(c) Disaccharidase like maltase → lipases →
between 2.0 and 3.0
nucleases (b) Alpha cells – Secretion of of (Nutrition)
(d) Salivary amylase → pancreatic amylase Langerhans that islets decreases blood sugar
→ disaccharidases level
(c) Kupffer cells – A digestive enzyme that
hydrolyses nucleic acids
77. Fructose is absorbed into the blood (d) Sebaceous – A secretion that
through mucosa cells of intestine by the glands evaporates for cooling
process called
84. Gastric juice of infants contains (d) Proteins will not be adequately
(a) pepsinogen, lipase, rennin hydrolysed by pepsin into proteoses and
(b) maltase, pepsinogen, rennin peptone
(c) amylase, rennin, pepsinogen
(d) nuclease, pepsinogen, lipase. 91. Which of the following carries glucose
from digestive tract to liver?
85. When breast feeding is replaced by less (a) Pulmonary vein
nutritive food low in proteins and calories; (b) Hepatic artery
the infants below the age of one year are (c) Hepatic portal vein
likely to suffer from (d) None of these
(a) rickets
(b) kwashiorkor 92. The richest sources of vitamin B12 are
(c) pellagra (a) chocolate and green gram
(d) marasmus. (b) goat’s liver and Spirulina
(c) carrot and chicken’s breast
86. A healthy person eats the following diet (d) rice and hen’s egg
gm raw sugar, 4 gm albumin, 10 gm pure
buffalo ghee adultrated with 2 gm vegetable 93. To which of the following families do folic
ghee (hydrogenated vegetable oil) and 5 gm acid and pantothenic acid belong?
lignin. How many calories he is likely to get? (a) Vitamin B complex
(a) 126 (b) Vitamin K
(b) 112 (c) Vitamin C
(c) 164 (d) Vitamin A
(d) 144
94. Which of the following is the function of
87. One of the constituents of the pancreatic enterogastrone?
juice which is poured into the duodenum in (a) It inhibits the secretion of gastric juice.
humans is (b) It stimulates the secretion of digestive
(a) chymotrypsin juices in the stomach.
(b) trypsin (c) It stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice.
(c) trypsinogen (d) It regulates the flow of bile.
(d) enterokinase.
95. Which of the following is correct pairing
88. A patient is generally advised to specially of site of action and substrate of rennin?
consume more meat, lentils, milk and eggs (a) Stomach Casein
in diet only when he suffers from (b) Stomach Fat
(a) kwashiorkar (c) Mouth Starch
(b) scurvy (d) Small intestine Protein
(c) anaemia
(d) rickets 96. If for some reason our goblet cells are
nonfunctional, this will adversely affect
89. Two friends are eating together on a (a) production of somatostatin
dining table. One of them suddenly starts (b) secretion of sebum from the sebaceous
coughing while swallowing some food. This glands
coughing would have been due to improper (c) maturation of sperms
movement of (d) smooth movement of food down the
(a) diaphragm intestine
(b) epiglottis
(c) neck 97. Which cells of "Crypts of Lieberkuhn"
(d) tongue secrete antibacterial lysozyme ?
(1) Paneth cells
90. If for some reason the parietal cells of the (2) Zymogen cells
gut epithelium become partially non- (3) Kupffer cells
functional, what is likely to happen? (4) Argentaffin cells
(a) The pH of stomach will fall abruptly
(b) Steapsin will be more effective 98. Which of the following options best
(c) The pancreatic enzymes and specially the represents the enzyme composition of
trypsin and lipase will not work efficiently pancreatic juice ?
(1) amylase, pepsin, trypsinogen, maltase
(2) peptidase, amylase, pepsin, rennin
(3) lipase, amylase, trypsinogen, 105. Match List-I with List-II.
procarboxypeptidase List-I
(4) amylase, peptidase, trypsinogen, rennin List II
99. A baby boy aged two years is admitted to (a) Protein
play school and passes through a dental (i) C = C double bonds
check - up. The dentist observed that the (b) Unsaturated fatty acid
boy had twenty teeth. Which teeth were (ii) Phosphodiester Bonds
absent? (c) Nucleic acid
(1) Canines (iii) Glycosidic bonds
(2) Pre-molars (d) Polysaccharide
(3) Molars (iv) Peptide bonds
(4) Incisors
Choose the correct answer from the options
100. Which of the following gastric cells given
indirectly help in erythropoiesis? below.
(1) Chief cells (a) (b) (c) (d)
(2) Mucous cells (1) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(3) Parietal cells (2) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(4) Goblet cells (3) (i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
101. Which of the following terms describe (4) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
human dentition?
(1) Thecodont, Diphyodont, Homodont 106. Succus entericus is referred to as:
(2) Thecodont, Diphyodont, Heterodont (1) Chyme
(3) Pleurodont, Diphyodont, Heterodont (2) Pancreatic juice
(4) Pleurodont, Monophyodont, Homodont (3) Intestinal juice
(4) Gastric juice
102. Match the following structures with
their respective location in organs 107. Sphincter of oddi is present at:
(a) Crypts of Lieberkuhn (1) Junction of jejunum and duodenum
(i) Pancreas (2) Ileo-caecal junction
(b) Glisson's Capsule (3) Junction of hepato-pancreatic duct and
(ii) Duodenum duodenum
(c) Islets of Langerhans (4) Gastro-oesophageal junction
(iii) Small intestine
(d) Brunner's Glands
(iv) Liver
Select the correct option from the following
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)
(2) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(4) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
103. Identify the cells whose secretion
protects the lining of gastro-intestinal tract
from various enzymes.
(1) Chief Cells
(2) Goblet Cells
(3) Oxyntic Cells
(4) Duodenal Cells

104. Identify the correct statement with

reference to human digestive system.
(1) IIeum is a highly coiled part
(2) Vermiform appendix arises from
duodenum
(3) IIeum opens into small intestine
(4) Serosa is the innermost layer of the
alimentary canal
Solutions : the most abundant among the gastric
glands & secrete proenzymes, propepsin
and prorenin. (They are also present in
intestine but their main site is stomach).
1.
7.
Solution: (b)
Solution: (d)
A pair of parotid glands (the largest
Pancreas consists mainly of large lobules /
salivary glands) present in the cheeks just
acini/ alveoli and secretes pancreatic juice.
under the ears open in the vestibule (a
In between the acini, here and there i.e.
narrow, groove like space which separates
randomly spread endocrine cells are
the gums from lips and cheeks) by the
present known as Islets of Langerhans
parotid ducts also known as Stensen‘s
which consist of a, b, and F cells & secrete
duct.
insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide
2.
and somatostatin hormones.
Solution: (c)
8.
A pair of submaxillary glands lie at the
Solution: (b)
angles of lower jaw open by submaxillary
Protein digestion starts in the stomach
ducts also known as Wharton‘s ducts open
with the action of enzyme pepsin. Then in
under the tongue behind the lower incisor
the duodenum it is done by the action of
of its sides. These glands are present in
trypsin, chymotrypsin & carboxypeptidases
most mammals but absent in Rabbit &
(all from Pancreatic Juice). Then
Horses. They mostly secrete mucus of
aminopeptidases & dipeptidases,
saliva.
enterokinase in jejunum and then it ends
3.
in the ileum.
Solution: (b)
9.
Cholecystokinin (in fact it is
Solution: (b)
cholecystokinin - pancreozymin CCKPZ) is
Pancreas produces enzymes (i) trypsinogen
a hormone which is secreted by the
which is then activated by the enterokinase
duodenal wall. It causes the release of bile
into active trypsin (ii) chymotrypsinogen
by the contraction of the gall bladder &
which is again an inactive proenzyme,
increases the enzyme release process of
activated by trypsin (iii)
pancreatic cells. The pancreatic juice
procarboxypeptidases which are activated
enterokinase is an ‗activator enzyme‘ which
into carboxypeptidases by trypsin and two
is present in intestinal juice (success
hormones (a) Insulin (b) Glucagon which
entericus) and converts the inactive
control glucose level in the blood.
proenzyme trypsinogen to active trypsin
10.
enzyme. Secretin is also a hormone and
Solution: (a)
causes the release of sodium bicarbonate in
These are the tubulo-alveolar glands
the pancreatic juice (it is said that the
present in the submucosa of duodenum
production of pancreatic juice is stimulated
only. They secrete an alkaline mucus with
by secretin & its release is stimulated by
very little enzymes & pour their secretion
CCK-PZ)
into crypts of Lieberkuhn.
4.
11.
Solution: (d)
Solution: (d)
Pancreatic juice secretion is regulated by
Enterogestrone is a hormone secreted by
the hormone secretin, which is produced by
intestinal mucosa and it has an inhibitory
the walls of the duodenum upon detection
effect on gastric juice from gastric glands in
of acid food, proteins, and fats.
stomach.
5.
12.
Solution: (b)
Solution: (b)
Bile salts viz sodium glycocholate &
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone =
sodium taurocholate (both are organic salts
Nepthaquinone) also known as
present in bile) reduce the surface tension
‗Antihaemorrhagic factor‘. This vitamin is
of large fat globules and break them to fine
essential for the synthesis of prothrombin
minute fat droplets. This process is known
in liver cells which is essential for normal
as emulsification of fat.
blood clotting. It is also synthesized by the
6.
colon bacteria.
Solution: (d)
13. Solution: (d)
Zymogen or chief cells are mainly found in
Although traces of fat digesting enzyme
the fundic part of the stomach. They are
(gastric lipase) have been reported but due curved and fragile (osteomalacia) and teeth
to its very little concentration, it is unable decay.
to start fat digestion in stomach. Fat 20.
digestion starts in duodenum with the help Solution: (b)
of bile salts & pancreatic juice but The enzyme enterokinase (enteropeptidase)
completes in small intestine. helps in the conversion of trypsinogen
14. (inactive form of another enzyme) into
Solution: (c) trypsin (active form of the enzyme) for
Pellagra which is characterized by skin protein digestion in the intestine.
inflammation specially thick pigmented 21.
skin of hands and legs, swollen lips, Solution: (c)
diarrhoea & nervous disorder is caused by The scurvy is a disease with bleeding
the deficiency of vitamin B3 which is also gums, thin bones etc. It is caused due to
known as Nicotinic acid or Vitamin P.P. the deficiency of vitamin C. It can be cured
(Pellagra preventing vitamin) by taking citrus fruits.
15. 22.
Solution: (d) Solution: (d)
Kupffer‘s cells or stellate cells are active Vitamin K is also called anti-haemorrhagic
phagocytic cells present in the liver. They factor or phylloquinone. Its deficiency
engulf the warn out and dead RBCs & causes delayed blood clotting. Even minor
break out haemoglobin. They are also infact injuries in the body of those people cause
hepatic macrophages. profuse bleeding (haemorrhage).
16. 23.
Solution : (d) Solution: (c)
Renin acts on milk protein casein &changes The excess of fluorine in water causes a
it into paracasein spontaneously condition called fluorosis, which is
precipitated into insoluble calcium identified by mottling of teeth (yellowish
paracaseinate, forming solid curd or streaks) and abnormal bones liable to
coagulated milk. Renin is present in gastric fracture etc.
juice and hence works in highly acidic pH 24.
(due to HCl) in stomach (about 1-3 pH) and Solution: (b)
absent in adult human being. Hypercholesterolemia or high blood
17. cholesterol arises due to excess saturated
Solution: (b) fat in the diet. In this condition cholesterol
Inhibition of gastric juice secretion is done deposits on the walls of blood vessels
by a hormone (secreted by the intestinal causing reduction in their diameter. This
mucosa) called enterogastrone while results in rise in blood pressure and other
stimulation of gastric juice secretion is cardiac disorders. The disease can be
done by the hormone gastrin secreted by prevented by taking unsaturated oils in the
the pyloric stomach mucosa. On the other diet i.e. vegetable oils such as groundnut
hand pancreatic & bile secretions are oils. Butter, ghee, animal fats are all rich in
controlled by a hormone complex saturated fatty acids.
cholecystokinin pancreozymin (CCKPZ) 25.
secreted by the intestinal mucosa. Solution: (c)
18. Beri-beri is a deficiency disease caused by
Solution: (c) the lack of vitamin B1 (Thiamine) in the
Pellagra. diet. The deficiency of riboflavin (Vit.B2)
19. causes ariboflavinosis. Scurvy is the result
Solution: (a) of lack of vitamin C in the diet. Deficiency
Vitamin D (Ergocalciferol or Antirachitic of calciferol (vitamin D) in the diet causes
vitamin) which is commonly known as rickets in children and osteomalacia in
‗sunshine vitamin‘ regulates the absorption adults.
of calcium & phosphorus from 26.
gastrointestinal tract and hence helping in Solution: (a)
the normal growth of bones & teeth. Its Fat is mainly digested by pancreatic lipase
deficiency disturbs the Calcium & while protein is digested by enzymes in
Phosphorus absorption and hence pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and
deficiency of these minerals in the body stomach.
which causes soft bones which become 27.
Solution: (c) 37.
When major portion of pancreas is Solution: (a)
removed, the enzymes that typically digest Hepatic portal system brings venous blood
fat and meat inside the intestine are also directly from digestive tract, spleen
removed. pancreas and gall bladder to liver for
28. extraction of nutrients and other
Solution: (d) metabolites by the hepatic portal vein.
Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin Aorta arises from the left ventricle and
produced in sufficient quantity by carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the
intestinal bacteria. Vitamin B1 is a water body. Posterior vena cava opens into the
soluble vitamin, obtained partly from right atrium bringing deoxygenated blood
intestinal bacteria and partly from diet. from the lower half of the body.
Vitamin D is a fat soluble sterol 38. Solution: (d)
synthesized in the skin, Vitamin C is After mastication, the food is converted
obtained specially from citrus fruits. into a small ball by rolling of the tongue
29. known as bolus. Churning movement of the
Solution: (a) stomach brings about mechanical
Osteoblast are the bone degenerating cells. breakdown of the food into finer particles,
Odontoblast are the special cells secreting the pulpy mass formed in stomach called
dentine. chyme. In the intestine food is converted
30. into a liquid emulsion due to completion of
Solution: (b) digestion of most of the nutrients. The
Vitamin A takes parts in synthesis of liquefied food emulsion contained in small
retinal pigments. Vitamin C functions as intestine is called chyle.
antioxidant. Vitamin D is required for the 39.
absorption of calcium in the intestine. Solution: (d)
31. The permanent teeth appear completely by
Solution: (d) the age of 12 years, except for the last
Enterogasterone reduces digestive activity molars, which , if present, are formed after
of stomach. Renin is secreted by kidney the age of 18 years. The dental formula
and regulates blood pressure. Enterokinase before the wisdom teeth appear would be
activates trypsinogen to trypsin. 2 1 2 2
32. i ; c ; pm ,m
2 1 2 2
Solution: (b) after wisdom teeth appear
Secretin released by duodenum inhibits 2 1 2 3
movements in gastric intestinal tract. i ; c ; pm ,m
2 1 2 3
Enterogasterone inhibits digestive activity
of stomach. Gastrin stimulates secretion of 40.
HCl. Solution: (c)
33. Vitamin A is essential for the synthesis of
Solution: (c) retinal pigment, rhodopsin. Carrot and
Nightblindness is caused by deficiency of papaya are good sources of vitamin A.
vitamin A. Cirrhosis is caused by 41.
inflammation of liver cells. Solution: (a)
34. Boiled potato does not contain cellulose or
Solution: (d) lactose. Its starch is also digested. DNA is
The daily dietary requirement of a broken down into purines, pyrimidines and
moderately active adult individual is sugars by pancreatic nuclease (such as
approximately 2,500 k cal. DNAase).
35. 42.
Solution: (a) Solution: (c)
Duodenum. Vitamin B3 or Niacin is a constituent of
36. NAD. Corpus luteum is temporary
Solution: (c) endocrine tissue developing from ruptured
Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin. It is grafian follicle. Bundle of His is a part of
essential for synthesis of prothrombin and the conducting system of heart conducting
other clotting factors. Deficiency of vitamin cardiac impulse from atria to ventricles.
K increases clotting time resulting in Sebum is the name given to the oil secreted
prolonged bleeding.
by sebaceous glands in the skin. disease. Beri Beri disease was discovered
43. by Eijkman in 1897. Eijkman observed that
Solution: (a) the disease beri beri occuried mainly in
Vitamin D - Calciferol Vitamin B1 - people subsisting on a polished rice diet.
Thiamine Vitamin A - Retinol Vitamin B2 - This disease is rare in the western world
Riboflavin because of food habits and food
44. enrichment. Beri beri disease is
Solution: (c) characterized by loss of apetite and weight
Proteases catalyze breakdown of proteins and vigour, retarted growth, degeneration
and amylases act upon carbohydrates. of nerves, muscle atrophy, even paralysis,
Hydrolases catalyse hydrolysis. weakened heart beat and failure.
45. 54. Solution: (b)
Solution: (d) A child may have a diet containing
Stool colour is due to the bile pigments sufficient carbohydrates and fats but still
biliverdine and bilirubin secreted by Liver. suffers a serious form of malnutrition. This
If stool colour is whitish grey that means form of malnutrition is known as
secretion of biliveridin and bilirubin is not Kwashiorkar. It develops in children whose
proper from the liver. diets are deficient in protein. When the first
46. child is weaned (accustomed to food other
Solution: (d) than its mother‘s milk) after the second is
Main source of Flourine: Drinking water, born, its primary supply of protein (the
tea, sea food. Deficiency causes weak teeth mother‘s milk) is lost. If the new diet is very
and excess causes mottling of teeth or low in protein to meet the needs of the
fluorosis. growing individual this disease develops.
47. All the food stuff eg. milks, lentils, meat
Solution: (a) and eggs are rich in proteins.
Deficiency of vitamin B1 (Thiamine) causes 55.
beri beri. Solution: (b)
48. Presence of microvilli on the epithelial cells
Solution: (b) of intestine increases the surface area for
Carbohydrates are basic source of energy absorption of food.
proteins provide material for growth and 56.
development. Solution: (b)
49. Secretin and cholecystokinin are secreted
Solution: (b) in the duodenum. Stimulus to (i) Secretin:
Deficiency of pyridoxine (Vit B6) causes Acidic chyme entry into duodenum (ii)
dermatitis, anaemia, convulsions, nausea, CCK-PZ: Presence of fat in duodenum
vomiting and mental disorders. Action (i) Secretin: Releases bicarbonates in
50. the pancreatic juice. (ii) CCKPZ: contracts
Solution: (b) the gall bladder to release bile. Stimulating
Secretin released by duodenal cells pancreas to secrete and release digestive
inhibits movement in gastrointestinal tract. enzymes in the pancreatic juice.
Cholecystokinin stimulates release of 57.
pancreatic enzymes. Prolactin is a hormone Solution: (b)
released by anterior pituitary. Angiotensinogen is a protein secreted by
Parathormone is released by parathyroid liver cells.
glands. Estradiol is released by ovary and 58.
progesterone is released by corpus luteum. Solution: (c)
51. Due to a long hunger strike and survival
Solution: (a) on water, a person will have less urea in
Vitamins, A, D, E and K are fat soluble his urine because urea comes to kidney as
vitamins. a waste product from liver which is formed
52. after the breakdown of protein fat,
Solution: (a) carbohydrate during hunger. It is not
Carrots are source of vitamin A. Egg is a synthesised but the synthesised ones are
good source of vitamin E. catabolised.
53. 59.
Solution: (a) Solution: (a)
Deficiency of vitamin B1 causes Beri Beri Fat soluble vitamins are - A, D, E and K
and lack of vitamin A causes 65.
xerophthalmia. Solution: (a)
60. Fructose and amino acids are absorbed
Solution: (c) through intestinal mucosa with the help of
If the secretion of parietal cells of gastric carrier ions like Na+.Carbohydrates are
glands is blocked with an inhibitor, in the absorbed as monosaccharides (simple
absence of HCI secretion, inactive sugars such as glucose, fructose, and
pepsinogen is not converted into the active galactose that cannot be further broken
enzyme pepsin. down by hydrolysis) or as disaccharides
61. carbohydrates (such as sucrose, lactose,
Solution: (b) maltose, and dextrin that can be
Small intestineStarch disaccharide hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides). These
(maltose) Smal1 intestine is the portion of simpler molecules, however, must be
the alimentary canal between the stomach obtained by the breaking down of
and large intestine. It is subdivided into the polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates
duodenum, jejunum and ileum. It plays an that contain many monosaccharides. Chief
essential role in the final digestion and among these is amylase, a starch that
absorption of food. accounts for 20 percent of dietary
62. carbohydrate.
Solution: (b) 66.
Modern detergent contain enzymes Solution: (b)
preparations of alkaliphiles. Alkaliphiles Fat and cellulose is the pair of food
live in alkaline environments like soda components in human reaches the
lakes, or alkaline soil. The pH level in stomach totally undigested.
alkaline substances is from about 9 to 11 67.
on the pH scale. The alkaliphiles keep an Solution: (d)
alkaline level of about 9 pH inside the cells, Goblet cells, found in the intestinal
but the environment has a higher level of mucosal epithelium, secrete mucus. The
alkalinity. Alkaliphiles can keep the right mucus lubricates the food for an easy
pH level by pumping in hydrogen ions in passage. So, if for some reason, goblet cells
out at the right rate. become non-functional, it will adversely
63. affect the smooth movement of food down
Solution: (d) the intestine.
If breast feeding is replaced by less 68.
nutritive food low in proteins and calories; Solution: (a)
the infants below the age of (one year are The coughing would have been due to
likely to suffer from Marasmus. Marasmus improper movement of epiglottis.
is a form of malnutrition that occurs when 69.
there is not enough protein in the diet.This Solution: (b)
disease is more common in very poor Rennin is an enzyme that is essential for
countries. It often occurs during a drought the protein digestion. It is active in low acid
or other natural disaster, or during political medium and inactive by normal gastic juice
unrest. These conditions are responsible for of adult.
a lack of food, which leads to malnutrition. 70.
64. Solution: (a)
Solution: (a) Because it is inactive form and we know
Young infant may be feeding entirely on that all enzymes of pancreas are secreted in
mother‘s milk which is white in colour but this form. Enzyme enterokinase is secreted
the stools which the infant passes out is from the duodenal mucosa, at the chemical
quite yellowish because bile pigments stage that changes the inactive pancreatic
passed through bile juice. Bile pigments are secretion trypsinogen to trypsin.
any of several coloured compounds derived 71.
from porphyrin that are found in bile; Solution: (b)
principally bilirubin and biliverdin. Bile
Frog has lungs as its main respiratory
pigment is produced regularly when old red
organs but during hibernation &
blood cells are broken down, mainly by the
spleen. In some blood-disorders where the aestivation and during its habitat in water
red cells are destroyed, more bile pigment it respires through skin.
is produced. 72.
Solution: (a) pancreatic juice. This juice contains
Anxiety and eating spicy food together in trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen,
normal healthy man can lead to indigestion procarboxypeptidase, lipase, amylase,
which is difficulty in digestion. elastase. Concept Enhancer Rennin and
73. pepsin enzymes are present in gastric juice.
Solution: (a) Maltase is present in the intestinal juice
The caecum is a pouch-like portion of the
79.
large intestine which hosts some symbiotic
(c) Hypercholesterolemia is the term used to
micro-organism. The caecum absorbs water refer to a high blood cholesterol level.
and salts from undigested foods before they Continued consumption of a diet rich in
continue on to the large intestine. butter, red meat and eggs for a long period
74. may lead to hypercholesterolemia.
Solution: (d)
Small intestine is major area of absorbtion 80.
of nutrients. Approximately 80% of (a) Sphincter of Oddi guards the opening of
absorbtion take place here. Glucose, hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum.
fructose, fatty acids, amino acids (Glycine Hepafopancreatic duct brings secretion of
etc.) are absorbed through mucosa into liver as well as pancreas to the duodenum.
blood and lymph by active absorbtion.
81.
(d) Goblet cells are unicellular intraepithelial
75. mucin-secreting glands scattered within
Solution: (a) simple epithelia, such as cuboidal,
Physiological value of carbohydrates is 4.0 columnar, and pseudostratified epithelia.
kcal/g, proteins 4.0 kcal/g and of fats is Goblet cells are a requirement for the
9.0 kcal/g. Hence, 5 g raw sugar will yield diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia of
5 × 4.0 = 20.0 kcal 4 g albumin (protein) the stomach. If for some reason our goblet
will yield 4 × 4.0 = 16.0 kcal 10 + 2 g of fat cells are nonfunctional, this will adversely
will yield 12 × 9.0 = 108.0 kcal Total yield = affect on smooth movement of food down the
144 kcal. intestine

76. 82.
(d) In the stomach, gastric acid is secreted
Solution: (d)
by the parietal cells. parietal cells is are
Chemical process of digestion started in
epithelial cells in the stomach that secrete
the oral cavity by the hydrolytic action of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
the carbohydrate (potato contains starch) These cells are located in the gastric glands
splitting enzyme, the salivary amylase. found in the lining of the fundus and body
carbohydrates in the chyme are hydrolysed regions of the stomach.
by pancreatic amylase into disaccharides.
83.
77. (a) Oxyntic cells – A secretion with pH
(a) Facilitated transport is a type of between 2.0 and 3.0
passive transport. in facilitated transport ,
also called facilitated diffusion, materials The alpha cells of the islets of
diffuse across the plasma membrane with Langerhans produce an opposing hormone,
the help of membrane proteins. Fructose is glucagon, which releases glucose from the
absorbed into the blood through mucosa liver and fatty acids from fat tissue.
cells of intestine by the process called
facilitated transport. Kupffer cells is to perform scavenger and
phagocytic functions to remove protein
78. complexes, small particles, senescent red
(a)The pancreas is a long, flat gland that lies blood cells, and cell debris from portal blood
in the abdomen behind the stomach. It flow through pattern recognition receptors
produces enzymes that are released into the
small intestine to help with digestion. Sebaceous glands secrete the oily, waxy
Pancreas consist of exocrine and endocrine substance called sebum. Sebum lubricates
part. Exocrine part secrets alkaline the skin and hair of mammals.
 hydrolysed by pepsin into proteoses and
84. peptone.
(a) Gastric juice of infants contains
pepsinogen, lipase, rennin 91.
(c) A system of veins leading from the
85. digestive tract to capillaries in the liver of a
(d) Marasmus is common in infants under vertebrate is known as hepatic portal
one year of age. It develops due to system. Thus, absorbed products of
deficiency of proteins and calories. It can be digestion (except fat) go straight to the liver
cured by providing adequate proteins, fats and not to the heart. Pulmonary vein
and carbohydrates. conveys oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the left atrium of the heart. Hepatic artery
86. supply blood to the liver.
(d)Physiological value of carbohydrates is 4.0
kcal/g, proteins 4.0 kcal/g and of fats is 9.0 92.
kcal/g. (b) Vitamin-B12 is the only vitamin which is
not found in vegetables. It is present in
Hence, animal protein. Sources of B12 is meat ,fish ,
5 g raw sugar will yield 5 × 4.0 = 20.0 kcal milk , cheese, eggs.
4 g albumin (protein) will yield 4 × 4.0 = 16.0
kcal 93.
10 + 2 g of fat will yield 12 × 9.0 = 108.0 kcal (a) vitamin B complex

Total yield = 20+16+108 94.

= 144 kcal. (a) Enterogastrone hormone is released from
duodenum and it slows gastric
87. contraction to delay emptying of stomach
(c) Trypsinogen is present in pancreatic and stops secretion of gastric
juice. It is a proenzyme that is converted into juice. Enterogastrone is released when
active form trypsin by the enzyme the stomach contents pass into the small
enterokinase. Trypsin further acts on intestine
proteins to convert them into peptides
95.
88. (a) stomach Casein
(a) Kwashiorkor is a severe form of 96.
malnutrition. Kwashiorkor is a condition (d) If for some reason our goblet cells are
resulting from inadequate protein intake. nonfunctional, this will adversely affect on
smooth movement of food down the
Early symptoms include fatigue, irritability, intestine.
and lethargy. A patient is generally advised
to specially consume more meat, lentils, milk 97(a)
and eggs in diet only when he suffers from Paneth cells are highly specialized secretory
kwashiorkor. epithelial cells located in the small intestinal
crypts of Lieberkühn. The dense granules
89. produced by Paneth cells contain an
(b) The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap in the abundance of antimicrobial peptides and
throat that prevents food from entering the immunomodulating proteins that function to
windpipe and the lungs. The epiglottis is a regulate the composition of the intestinal
flop that is made of elastic cartilage tissue flora.
covered with a mucous membrane, attached
to the entrance of the larynx and directs it to A zymogen, also called a proenzyme, is an
the oesophagus. Due to the improper inactive precursor of an enzyme. A zymogen
movement of epiglottis, one may suddenly requires a biochemical change for it to
start coughing while swallowing some food. become an active enzyme. The biochemical
90. change usually occurs in Golgi bodies, where
(d)If for some reason the parietal cells of the a specific part of the precursor enzyme is
gut epithelium become partially non- cleaved in order to activate it.
functional , Proteins will not be adequately
Kupffer cells (KCs) are macrophages that need a strong, durable and complete set of
reside in sinusoids in proximity to ECs. They teeth. Diphyodonts contrast with
serve a physiological function to remove polyphyodonts, whose teeth are constantly
senescent cells and particulars., including replaced.
bacteria and their products.
In anatomy, a heterodont  is an animal
Argentaffin refers to cells which take up which possesses more than a single tooth
silver stain. Enteroendocrine cells are morphology. In
sometimes also called "argentaffins", because vertebrates, heterodont pertains to animals
they take up this stain. An argentaffin cell is where teeth are differentiated into different
any enteroendocrine cell, a hormone- forms.
secreting cell present throughout the
digestive tract. 102(a)
Crypts of Lieberkhn are present in small
intestine.
98 (c) Glisson's capsule is present in liver.
pancreatic juice that contains enzymes such Islets of Langerhans constitutes the endocrine
as lipase, amylase ,  trypsinogen , procar- portion of pancreas.
boxypeptidase , chymotrypsinogen, Brunner's glands are found in submucosa of
nucleases and elastase. duodenum.

99. (b)
The premolars, also called premolar teeth, or 103 (b)
bicuspids, are transitional teeth located Goblet cells are modified epithelial cells that
between the canine and molar teeth. In secrete mucus on the surface of mucous
humans, there are two premolars per membranes of organs, particularly those of
quadrant in the permanent set of teeth, the lower digestive tract and airways.
making eight premolars total in the mouth. Histologically, they are mucous merocrine
They have at least two cusps. exocrine glands.
Canines are the sharp, pointed teeth that sit Goblet cells secrete mucus and bicarbonates
next to the incisors and look like fangs. present in the gastric juice which plays an
important role in lubrication and protection
Dentists also call them cuspids or
of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation
eyeteeth. Canines are the longest of all
by the highly concentrated HCl.
the teeth, and people use them to tear food

104 (c)
100 (c) • Ileum opens into caecum.
Erythropoiesis  is the process which • Serosa is the outermost layer of alimentary
produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), canal.
which is the development • Vermiform appendix arises from caecum.
from erythropoietic stem cell to mature red
105(2) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
blood cell.

106 (c) is correct because succus entericus is

101 (b) referred to as intestinal juice.
Thecodont dentition is a morphological Chyme is name given to acidic food present
arrangement in which the base of the tooth in stomach. Exocrine secretion of pancreatic
is completely enclosed in a deep socket of acini is called pancreatic juice.
bone, as seen in crocodilians, dinosaurs and Secretion of gastric glands present in
mammals,and opposed to Acrodont and stomach is called gastric juice.
Pleurodont dentition seen in Squamate
reptiles. 107(c) Junction of hepato-pancreatic duct
and duodenum
A diphyodont is any animal with two
successive sets of teeth, initially the
"deciduous" set and consecutively the
"permanent" set. Most mammals are
diphyodonts—as to chew their food they