Oil & Gas Engineering

Reservoir Rocks Properties

Laboratory -1- M.Sc. Alaa Abd Alsajad

Coring
‫اﻟﺣﻔر‬

‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬ ‫اھﻣﯾﺔ اﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬

Knowledge of petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks are of fundamental importance to the petroleum
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎدر رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﺎﻟﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺳﺎت‬
engineer, these data are obtained from two major sources: core analysis and well logging.

Cores are obtained during the drilling of a well through the layers of the earth
 ‫اﻟﺣﻔر اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﻣﻛﻠف‬
Continuous mechanical coring is a costly procedure due to;
‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺣﻔر‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺣب‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرة‬ ‫ﻟﺎﺳﺗﺑدال‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
1- The drill string must be pulled out of the hole to replace the normal drill bit by diamond core bit and core
barrel

‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﻔر ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ ﺑطﯾﺋﺔ‬

2-The coring operation itself is slow
‫اﻟﻠب اﻟواﺣد‬ ‫ ﻣﺗر‬9 ‫اﻛﺛر ﻣن‬
3- a single core is usually more than 9 m long,
‫رﺣﻼت اﺿﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ‬
so extra trips out of hole are required.
 ‫ﻓﻠﺗرة طﯾن اﻟﺣﻔر‬ ‫ﺧﻔض اﻟﺿﻐط‬
‫ﻣﻠوﺛﺔ‬
►During drilling, the‫ب‬core becomes contaminated with drilling mud filtrate and ‫ل‬the
‫اﺛﻧﺎء ﺟﻠب اﻟﻠ‬
reduction of pressure and
‫زﯾﺎدة ﺗوﺳﻊ اﻟﺳواﺋ‬
‫ﯾﻧﺗﺞ‬ ‫اﻧﺣﻼل اﻟﻐﺎز‬
temperature while bringing the core to surface results in gas dissolution and further expansion of fluids.
‫ﯾﺻل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺑﺎس‬ ‫ﯾﺗم ﺣﻔره‬ ‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣﻠﯾﻠﮭﺎ‬
►When the core arrives in the laboratory plugs are usually drilled 20-30 cm apart, All these plugs are analyzed
‫اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺎﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟروﺗﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺳﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬
1- Routine core analysis :The results from routine core analysis are used in interpretation and evaluation of the
‫اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻣﺳﺎت اﻟﺳواﺋل‬
reservoir. Examples are prediction of gas, oil and water production, definition of fluid contacts and volume in place,
definition of completion intervals ‫ﻓﺗرات اﻟﺎﻧﺟﺎز‬

‫اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺎﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟروﺗﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋدة ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﮭدف‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺻول‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬

2- Special core analysis includes several measurements with the objective of obtaining detailed
‫ﺳﻠوك اﻟﺗدﻓق ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻟﺎطوار‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﻧﻔط‬
information about multiphase flow behavior, gives information about the distribution of oil, gas,
‫ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﺷﻌري‬ ‫ﺗﺷﺑﻊ اﻟﻧﻔط اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗدﻓق ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻟﺎطوار‬
and water in the reservoir (capillary pressure data), residual oil saturation and multiphase flow
‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋص‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺳﺑﯾﺔ‬
characteristics (relative permeability).
 Coring methods ‫طرق اﻟﺣﻔر‬

‫ﺣﻔر اﻟﻘﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ اﻗل‬

1- Bottomhole coring: diameter (3 to 5 inches)
‫اﻟﺣﻔر اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدي‬
& length (30 to 90 feet). less rapidly than
‫اﻟﻣﺎس اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻲ‬
conventional drilling and involves expensive diamond bits and core barrels (at a time of drilling)
The decision to ‫ﺳﺣل اﻟﺎﺳﻼك‬

core must be ‫اﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﺟﯾم‬

‫ﻗﺑل‬
made prior‫طﻘﺔ‬to ‫اﻟﻣﻧ‬
‫اﻧﺑول اﻟﺎﺣﺗﻔﺎظ‬
‫دﺧول‬
entering the zone ‫اﻧﻠوب ﻣرن‬
of interest.
‫اوﺟﯾز ﺣﻠزوﻧﻲ‬
Therefore, an
‫اﻟﻌﻣق اﻟﺧﺎطﺊ‬
erroneous depth
correlation may ‫ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬
result‫ري‬in ‫ﺣﻔر ﻏﯾر ﺿرو‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﻔورة‬
unnecessary
coring of
overlying ‫اﻟﺗﻛوﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻠوﯾﺔ‬
formations.
 ‫ﺣﻔر اﻟﺟدار‬ ‫ﺳرﻋﺔ و ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺣﺻل‬
2- Sidewall coring obtains small (1 inch by 2- or 3-inches) quickly and cheaply

‫ﺻﺧرة اﻟﺗﻛوﯾن‬

‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﺎﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺎﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺟدار اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ‬

Selection of sidewall core points is made after drilling
‫ﯾﻠﻐﻲ‬
and logging the well, eliminating the need for
unnecessary cores.
 Core preparing
‫ﺣﺟم اﻟﻠب‬

1- core size ‫اﻟﻠب ﺑﻘطر ﻛﺎﻣل‬

‫ﻧوع اﻟﻣﻛوﻣﺎت اﻟﺎﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
A- Plug type core B- Full-diameter core
‫ﻛرﻟوﻧﺎت ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺟﺎﻧﺳﺔ‬
- 1 inch in diameter and 1.5 inches in length. - complex lithology, such as heterogeneous carbonate
‫ﻣﺎﺧوذة‬ ‫ﻣرﻛز اﻟﻠب‬ and fissured ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺷﻘﻘﺔ‬
- taken from the core center ‫اﺟزاء‬ ‫اﻟﻘطر اﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬
‫ﯾﻘﺗﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛوﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺟﺎﻧﺳﺔ‬ - portions of full diameter core
- restricted to the homogenous formations
 Core preparing
2- core cleaning
‫ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺳواﺋل اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺗطﻠب‬
Measurements of petrophysiacal properties of rocks require residual fluids be removed and
‫ﻧظﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻔﻔﺔ‬
cores be cleaned and dried. ‫اﻟﻣﯾﺛﺎﻧول‬
‫اﻟﻣذﯾﺑﺎت‬
Solvents, including toluene, benzene, and others, are used ‫ل‬to
‫اﻟﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻲ‬
remove oil; water or methanol
‫ﻟﺎ ﯾﺗﻔﺎﻋ‬
are used to remove residual salt ; solvent selected must not react with rock

The more commonly used solvents are

• Acetone ‫اﻟﺎﺳﯾﺗون‬
• Naphtha ‫اﻟﻧﻔﺛﺎ‬
• Benzene ‫ن‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ﻛﺣول اﯾﺛل اﻟﺑﻧزﯾن‬
• Tetra Chloroethylene ‫ﺗﺗرا ﻛﻠورو اﯾﺛﻠﯾن‬
• Banzen-methol Alcohol
‫راﺑﻊ ﻛﻠورﯾد اﻟﻛرﺑون‬
• Toluene ‫اﻟﺗوﻟوﯾن‬
• Carbon-Tetrachloride
‫ﻛﻠوروﻓورم‬ • TriChloro ethylene
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﻛﻠورو اﯾﺛﻠﯾن‬

• Chloroform ‫ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻠورﯾد اﻟﻣﯾﺛﻠﯾن‬

• Xylene ‫زﯾﻠﯾن‬

• Methylene Dichloride
• Mexane ‫ﻣﯾﻛﺳﺎن‬