CHƯƠNG 6

6.1. The eye can be treated, to a first approximation, as a thin_x0002_walled elastic

pressure vessel of diameter Dandwall thickness t. Calculate the distensibility of the eye, β
= (1/V)(dV/dp), (compare with Equation [4.17]) as a function of D, t, and the Young’s
modulus of the sclera/cornea, E.

GIẢI:
Assume:
t: wall thickness
D: diameter
𝜏:hoop stress
𝜋D2
Force balance: 𝜏t𝜋D = p.
4
pD
𝜏= = E𝜀 theo định luật (Hooke 𝜏 = E𝜀)
4t
D
𝜀 = p( )
4Et
This is the strain due to a pressure p. Now we consider the additional strain, ∆𝜀, due to an
incremental change in diameter, ∆D
∆D D
∆𝜀 = = ∆p ( )
D 4Et
1 dV 1 ∆V 3 ∆D 3D
𝛽= ≈ = =
V dp V ∆p D ∆p 4Et

Where we have used the fact that ∆V~3D2∆D

6.2. The aqueous humor circulates within the eye, flowing in at a constant rate Q in = 2
μl/min, and draining from the eye at Qout. At steady state, Qout = Qin. The eye also acts like
an elastic vessel, in
that its volume increases if the intraocular pressure p increases. This is expressed by:
V = Cp
where V is the volume of the eye (normally about 4 cm3) and C is the compliance of the eye
(approximately 3 μl/mmHg). Finally, the outflow rate Qout equals p/R, where R is the
(effectively constant) resistance to outflow (about 4mmHg min/μl).
a) Balancing mass, show that:
𝑑𝑝 𝑝−𝑝𝑠𝑠
+ =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶
where pss is the steady-state pressure in the eye, equal to RQin.
b) If you poke your eye and increase the pressure by an amount δp = 10 mmHg, how long
does it take the pressure to return to within 5% of its steady-state value?
GIẢI:
dV
a. Mass balance: = Qin- Qout (1)
dt

Given: V = Cp, Qin = Pss/R, Qout = P/R

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 dP Pss P
(1) becomes: C = -
dt R R
dP P−Pss
⟹ + =0
dt RC
b. The mass balance equation derived in a) still applies in this case.
Now solve the differential equation:
d(P−Pss ) P−Pss d(P−Pss ) dt
=- ⟹ =-
dt RC P−Pss RC
t
⟹ ln(P − Pss ) = - + const
RC
−t/RC
⟹ P − Pss = ce ⟹ P = Pss + ce−t/RC , with c = const
Initial condition: P(0) = Pss + 𝛿P
⟹ P = Pss + 𝛿Pe−t/RC
It take the pressure to return to within 5% of its steady-state value
⟹ P(t) = 1,05Pss
⟹1,05Pss = Pss + 𝛿Pe−t/RC
Solve by t:
𝛿P 10
t = RC.ln( ) = 3.4.ln( ) = 38,6 (min) with Pss = QminR
0,05Pss 0,05.2.4

6.3. The cornea is a water-filled connective tissue that we will treat as being flat and of
thickness h (Fig. 6.18). Because of the composition of the cornea, it traps positive ions, so
that there are “excess” positive ions in the interior of the cornea compared with the
surrounding fluid contacting the cornea. This is equivalent to the surface of the cornea
acting like a semipermeable membrane that blocks the passage of positive ions.
a) When the cornea is completely dehydrated, its thickness is hdry = 220 μm, and the
“excess” concentration of positive ions is 0.8 mM, compared with physiological saline.
Assuming that no positive ions leave the tissue when it becomes hydrated, write an
expression for the “excess” positive ion concentration as a function of corneal thickness,
h.
b) As the cornea becomes more hydrated, it thickens and fibers in the cornea become
stretched. This creates an effective positive pressure within the cornea, p = k(h − h0), with
h0 = 345μm and k = 5.5 Pa/μm. Compute the equilibrium thickness of the cornea when it
is exposed to physiological saline at 370C and zero pressure (gauge). Note that the
universal gas constant R = 8.314 J/(mol K). Becareful about units here: 1mM is 10−3mol/l.

GIẢI:
a. Ions inside the cornea must be conserved

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⟹ hdry cdry = hc, where c = the concentration of “excess” positivetions
hdry cdry 220x0.8x10−3 0.176
⟹c= = = (𝜇M)
h h h
b. at equilibrium: (p − 𝜋)saline = (p − 𝜋)cornea
⟹ ∆p - ∆𝜋 = 0, where the osmotic pressure is due to the excess positive ions
⟹ k(h − h0 ) - RTC = 0
RTC 0,176
⟹ h − h0 - =0 with c =
k h
2 RT
⟹ h - hh0 - .0,176 = 0
k
Given h0 = 345𝜇m, k = 5,5 Pa/𝜇m, R = 8,314J/mol.K, T = 310K
RT 8,31.310 0,176
With .0,176 = . −3 = 8,247x104 (𝜇m2 )
k 5,5 10
2 4 ℎ = −163
h – 345.h - 8.247.10 = 0 ⟹ {
ℎ = 508
because h is high, so h > 0
⟹ h = 508 (𝜇m)

6.4. In Section 6.2.1 we presented a model of Schlemm’s canal as a compliant channel, as

originally developed by Johnson and Kamm. Show that the non-dimensional height of
Schlemm’s canal
ℎ̃(x) = h(x)/h0
obeys the following equation:

12𝜇𝑠 2
where the parameter 𝛾 is given by: 𝛾 2 =
𝑤ℎ02 𝑅𝑖𝑤
And 𝑥̃ = x/s is the non-dimensional position in the canal
Physically, what does 𝛾 2 represent? When 𝛾 ≪ 1 show that the above equation has a
solution of the form h3(dh/dx) = constant.
GIẢI:
h −h(x) IOP−p(x)
From the text we have 0 = 1 - h̃(x) = where h̃ = h/h0 . Note that equation
h0 E
̃
dh 1 dp
implies that =
dx E dx
Also for the solution for flow in a thin channel
dp 12𝜇𝜑(x)
= 3 where 𝜇, w are constant
dx wh (x)
Rearranging this equation and differentiation with respect to x given:
d𝜑 w d dp
= (h3 )
dx 12𝜇 dx dx
w d dh̃
= (h3 E )
12𝜇 dx dx
Ewh30 d ̃
dh
= (h̃ 3
)
12𝜇 dx dx
Ewh30 ̃ 2
dh d 2h
̃
= [3h̃2 ( ) + h̃3 ]
12𝜇 dx dx2

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On the other hand:
d𝜑 IOP−p(x) ̃)
E(1−h
= =
dx Riw Riw
wRiw h30 dh ̃ 2 d 2h
̃
1- h̃ = [3h̃2 ( ) + h̃3 ]
12𝜇 dx dx2
Finally, nothing that x = x̃s, where s in the half-distance between collector channels, we
have:
12𝜇s2 ̃ 2 2h
̃
̃ ̃ 2 dh ̃3 d
3 (1 − h) = 3h ( ) + h (*)
wRiw h0 dx̃ dx̃2
12𝜇s2
Physically, 𝛾 2 =
wRiw h30
pressure drop along Schlemm’s canal from x = 0 to s when the canal is open
pressure drop across the inner wall/methwork from x = 0 to s
2
when 𝛾 ≪ 1, then the left hand side of (*) can be ignored and the given equation
becomes:
dh ̃ 2d h 2̃ d ̃
dh
0 = 3h̃2 ( ̃ ) + h̃3 ̃ 2 = (h̃3 )
dx dx dx dx̃
̃
dh
⟹ h̃3 ̃ = constant
dx

dh
⟹ h3 = constant
dx

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 CHƯƠNG 7
7.1. Consider a small spherical bubble of radius R.
A. Show that the energy required to expand this sphere by a small amount ∆𝑅 is 2𝜎∆𝑉/𝑅.
Here ∆𝑉 is the increase in volume and σ is the interfacial tension.
B. Estimate the time-averaged power required to overcome alveolar surface tension during
normal breathing. Take R = 150 μm, σ = 25 dynes/cm, and breathing rate= 12 breaths/min.
C. Repeat this calculation for the cat, where R = 50 μm and the tidal volume is 20 ml.
Compare this calculated value with a rough estimate of the power obtained from Fig. 7.23.
(Take beginning of normal inspiration to occur at 100 ml.) Is surface tension or lung tissue
elasticity the dominant restoring force in the cat lung?

GIẢI:
A. dE = pdV ⟹ ∆E = p∆V
E: energy
p: gauge pressure of the spere
V: volume
∆V is the increase in volume
σ is the interfacial tension
then at equilibrium place's law staten that, for a spherical bubble off radius R, the difference
2σ
between internal air pressure p and the pressure in the surrounding fluid, 7.1: p =
R
2σ∆V
⟹ ∆E =
R
B. R = 150μm = 0,015 cm
σ = 25 dynes/cm = 0,00025 N/cm
Breathing rate = 12 breaths/min = 1 breath/ 5sec

The volume exchanged per breath is the tidal volume, and it is exchanged approximately
12 times per minute. Tidal volume: V = 500ml = 500 cm3

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 𝐸 2𝜎∆𝑉 2𝜎𝑉 2 . 0,00025 . 500
𝑃= = .N = =
𝑡 𝑅𝑡 𝑅𝑡 0,015 . 5

= 3,3 N.cm/s = 3,3x 10-2 N.m/s = 0,033 J/s = 0,033 W

But expiration is passive, therefore the power is expended only during inspiration

Assume ½ time per breath (2,5s) goes for inspiration

2 . 0,00025 . 500
⟹ 𝑃= = 0,067𝑊
0,015 . 2,5

C. R = 50μm = 0,005 cm
Tidal volume: V = 20 cm3
2σV 2 . 0,00025 . 20
P= = = 0,8 N.cm/s = 0,008 W
Rt 0,005 . 2,5

In graph p-v, the area of a closed loop is work.

So choose any small area, the work:

W = 20ml.7cmH₂0 = 2.105.686,4466 = 0,0137 (J)

𝑊 0,0137
And power P = = = 5,4916.10−3 (W)
𝑡 2,5

And now, comparison of the two power, surface tension is the dominant restoring force in
the cat lung.

7.3. A balloon is surrounded by a tank of liquid at negative pressure and is connected to

the atmosphere by a tube of length L and crosssectional area A (Fig. 7.25). The pressure
inside the balloon p oscillates above and below atmospheric pressure causing small
changes in the balloon volume V. The elasticity of the balloon is characterized by its
compliance C, defined by ∆𝑝 = ∆𝑉/𝐶

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A. Derive a second-order differential equation for ∆V(t), assuming that (i) the pressure
differential along the tube accelerates the air in the tube and is not used to overcome
entrance, exit, or tube losses; and (ii) the air density ρ is constant. From the equation, show
that the natural frequency of the system is √𝜌𝐿𝐶
B. For a 70 kg man, A/L is approximately 0.001 m. The equivalent value for a 12 kg dog
would be approximately [12/70]1/3 of the value, or 5.6×10−4m. The compliance of dog
lungs is approximately 0.029l/cm H2O. Estimate the natural frequency of a dog’s
breathing using the formula developed in (a). Measurements indicate that dogs with a body
mass of 12 kg pant at about 5.3 Hz. Comment briefly on any differences between your
answer and the measured frequency.
GIẢI:

a. For balloon
1
Δ𝑝 = Δ𝑉
𝑐
1
or p= (𝑉 − 𝑉0 ) (1)
𝑐

𝑉 = balloon volume, 𝑉0 = balloon volume for 𝑝 = 0

𝑑𝑢
In airway, mass in = 𝜌𝐴𝐿, but 𝐹 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
Force is (Pralloon −𝑃atm )𝐴 = 𝜌𝐴𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
⇒ 𝑝 = 𝜌𝐿 , 𝑝 is balloon gauge pressure.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈 1 𝑑2𝑉 𝜌𝐿 𝑑2 𝑉
But 𝑈 = 𝑄/𝐴 and 𝑄 = − ⇒ =− ⇒𝑝=− (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 2 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 2
Combining (1) and (2) gives
𝑑2𝑉 𝐴 𝐴
+ 𝑉= 𝑉0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝜌𝐿𝐶 𝜌𝐿𝐶
⇒ 𝑉 = 𝐶1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐶2 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑉0
𝐴
where 𝜔 = √ is the natural frequency, 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 are const.
𝜌𝐿𝑐
b.
𝐴
= 5,6. 10−4 m, 𝜌 = 1,2 kg/m3
𝐿

C= 0.0296 L/cmH2 O = 2,96 × 10−7 m5 /N

5,6.10−4
⇒𝜔=√ = 39,7 𝑠 −1
1,2.2,96.10−7
𝜔
frequency 𝑓 = = 6,3 Hz
2𝜋

7|Page
7.4. Alung is inflated withwater and then with air. The pressure–volume curves for these
two inflation procedures are shown in Fig. 7.26, with the right-pointing arrow representing
inflation and the leftpointing arrow representing deflation. Assume that the lung has 150×
106 identical alveoli, and that alveoli make up a constant 85%
fraction of total lung volume. Based on these curves, graph the relationship between
surface tension coefficient (in dynes/cm) and
alveolar radius (in microns). Your graph should be quantitatively
correct. This is best accomplished by choosing some key points from Fig. 7.26,
transforming them to suitable values on your graph,
and then interpolating by sketching.

8|Page
GIẢI:
Pair be pressure air inflation, Psaline be pressure saline inflation
∆P be the change of pressure
R is alveolar radius, 𝜎 is surface tension coefficient

∆𝑷 = 𝑷𝒂𝒊𝒓 - 𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
This is the pressure needed to overcome surface tension. Pair and Psaline are read from the
graph
3
Radius, R is calculated using: 0.85V = 𝜋𝑅3 𝑁
4
Where V is lung volume; N is number of alveoli
1 1
3. 0,85𝑉 3 3. 0,85𝑉 1
3
⟹R=( ) =( 6
) = 1,106 . 10−3 𝑉 3
4𝜋𝑁 4𝜋.150.10

2𝜎 ∆p.𝑅
Surface tension banlance: ∆p = ⟹𝜎=
𝑅 2
Graph the relationship between surface tension coefficient (in dynes/cm) and alveolar
radius (in microns)
Get value R and σ from above table

9|Page
7.5. Figure 7.12 shows that a solution containing lung extract exhibits hysteresis in its
surface tension versus area relationship. In other words, the surface tension is higher
during inflation of the lung than during deflation.
A. By recalling that mechanical work can be expressed as ∫pdV, show that the work
required to inflate all the alveoli in the lung against the effects of surface tension can be
written as Work = ∫ 𝝈𝒅𝑨
where σ is the surface tension coefficient, A is the aggregate surface area of all alveoli in
the lung, and the integral is carried out from minimum surface area (start of inspiration)
to maximum surface area (end of inspiration). To show this result, you may assume that
the pressure outside the alveoli is constant and equal to 0 (gauge).
B.Assume that the surface tension versus area curve for the entire lung over one breathing
cycle can be approximated by the shape in Fig. 7.27. Using this information, determine
how much energy is dissipated in surface tension hysteresis effects during one breathing
cycle.

GIẢI:
a.
The work required to inflate all the alveoli in the lung under the pressure p: W = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉
2𝜎
But under stated assumptions, p = .
𝑅
Surface area of sphere: S = 4𝜋R2 ⟹ dS = 8𝜋RdR
4
Volume of sphere: V = 𝜋R3 ⟹ dV = 4𝜋R2 dR
3
Assuming every single alveolus is a sphere:
2𝜎 2𝜎
W = ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 4𝜋𝑅2 𝑑𝑅 = ∫ 𝜎8𝜋𝑅𝑑𝑅 = ∫ 𝜎𝑑𝑆 for a single alveolus
𝑅 𝑅
Summing over all alveoli, W = ∫ 𝜎𝑑𝐴

b. Enengy disipated is the area under curve on T-A graph

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Δσ = 50 – 10 = 40 dyne/cm = 0.04 N/m
ΔA = 77 – 75 = 2 m2
⟹ energy: E = Δσ.ΔA = 40.2 = 8.105 dyne.cm = 0,08 J

7.9. A membrane oxygenator is being designed as part of a heart– lung bypass machine.
It must be able to transfer 200 ml/min of O2 into blood flowing at 5l/min. Assume the blood
enters the oxygenator with an effective O2 concentration of 0.1 ml O2/ml blood.
a. With what O2 concentration should the blood leave the oxygenator? You can solve this
question easily by thinking about an overall mass balance.
b. One design is to make the oxygenator as a “stack” containing many “units”, as shown
Fig. 7.30. Each unit consists of a channel filled with flowing blood, an O2-filled channel,
and flat membranes separating the channels. The membranes are 10 cm × 10 cm by 5 μm
thick, and the height of each blood-containing channel is 1 cm. The O2-containing channels
are filled with 100% O2, which is equivalent to a blood concentration of 0.204 mlO2/ml
blood. How many membrane units are needed to supply the required oxygen? The value
for Deff of O2 in the membranes is measured as 10−6 cm2/s.

GIẢI:

a. Base on the mass balance (volume):

𝐶𝑖𝑛 . 𝑄𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 + 200 𝑚𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 . 𝑄𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑

200 𝑚𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙 𝑂2 200 𝑚𝑙 𝑂2 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐶𝑖𝑛 + = 0,1 +
𝑄𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑚𝑙 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 5000 𝑚𝑙 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑/𝑚𝑖𝑛

 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0,14 𝑚𝑙 𝑂2 / 𝑚𝑙 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑

b. A control volume in the blood channel:

11 | P a g e
Given:
C: O2 concentration in blood
𝑄𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 : blood flow rate in the channel
J: O2 flux
CO2 : pure O2 concentration
∆y: membrane thickness
W: membrane width (into the page)
2J.∆x.W
Mass balance: Q blood C(x) + 2J.∆x.W = Q blood C(x+Δx) ⟹ C(x+Δx) - C(x) =
Qblood
C02 − C
By Fick’s law: J = Deff
Δy
dC Deff C02 − C
In the limit of Δx → 0: = 2. . .W
dx Qblood Δy
C d(C − C02 ) L 2DeffW Cout − C02 2Deff W
⟹ - ∫C 0ut = ∫0 dx ⟹ − ln = L (1)
in C − C02 Qblood Δy Cin − C02 Qblood Δy

Given:
Cin = 0,1 cm3 O2/cm3 blood
CO2 = 0,204 cm3 O2/cm3 blood
Cout = 0,14 cm3 O2/cm3 blood (from part a)
Deff = 10−6 𝑐𝑚2 /s
W = 10 cm; L = 10 cm
Δy = 5.10−4 cm
With N is the number of membrane units:
5000
Q ( ) 83,3
Qblood = = 60
= cm3 /s
N N N
0,14 − 0,204 2.10−6 .10 cm
Using the result from (1) ⟺ - ln = 83,3 . 10
0,1 − 0,204 .5 .10−4
N
⟹ N = 101,2
So that we need 102 units to supply the required oxygen.

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 CHƯƠNG 8
8.1. Describe the main events occurring between the arrival of an action potential at a
motor neuron end plate and contraction of the corresponding muscle.

GIẢI:
1. The action potential travels down the neuron to the presynaptic axon terminal.
2. Voltage-dependent calcium channels open and Ca2+ ions flow from the extracellular
fluid into the presynaptic neuron’s cytosol.
3. The influx of Ca2+ causes neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)-containing vesicles to dock
and fuse to the presynaptic neuron’s cell membrane.
4. Vesicle membrane fusion with the nerve cell membrane results in the emptying of the
neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft; this process is called exocytosis.
5. Acetylcholine diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors in the motor end-plate.
6. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated cation channels, and open when
bound to acetylcholine.
7. The receptors open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the muscle’s cytosol
8. The electrochemical gradient across the muscle plasma membrane causes a local
depolarization of the motor end-plate.
9. The receptors open, allowing sodium ions to flow into and potassium ions to flow out of
the muscle’s cytosol.
10. The electrochemical gradient across the muscle plasma membrane (more sodium
moves in than potassium out) causes a local depolarization of the motor end-plate.

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11. This depolarization initiates an action potential on the muscle fiber cell membrane
(sarcolemma) that travels across the surface of the muscle fiber.
12. The action potentials travel from the surface of the muscle cell along the membrane of
T tubules that penetrate into the cytosol of the cell.
13. Action potentials along the T tubules cause voltage-dependent calcium release channels
in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open, and release Ca2+ ions from their storage place in
the cisternae.
14. Ca2+ ions diffuse through the cytoplasm where they bind to troponin, ultimately
allowing myosin to interact with actin in the sarcomere; this sequence of events is called
excitation-contraction coupling.
15. As long as ATP and some other nutrients are available, the mechanical events of
contraction occur.
16. Meanwhile, back at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine has moved off of the
acetylcholine receptor and is degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (into choline
and acetate groups), causing termination of the signal.
17. The choline is recycled back into the presynaptic terminal, where it is used to synthesize
new acetylcholine molecules.
8.2. Shown in Fig. 8.29 is a cross-sectional view through muscle, showing actin and myosin
filaments. Knowing that muscle can generate a maximum force of 20 N/𝑐𝑚2 , determine the
maximum force exerted by each myosin filament. Make and state appropriate assumptions.

GIẢI:
In a circle d = 250nm, there are 31 myosin filaments. Call F the force generated by one
filament then:
31xF
250 2 = 20
π( .10−7 )
2
1
=> F = 20.π(125. 10−7 )2 . = 3,167.10−10 (N)
31

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8.3. A highly idealized version of part of the tension–length relationship for cardiac muscle
is graphed in the left portion of Fig. 8.30. This relationship effectively determines the
pumping behavior of the left ventricle, as follows. Increased blood volume within the left
ventricle causes stretching of the ventricular wall muscle fibers, which, in turn, causes the
contraction of the ventricle to be more forceful. In this way, the left ventricular blood
ejection pressure, and thus also the ejected blood volume, increase in response to increased
presystolic ventricular volume.
Using this information, plot (to scale) the left ventricular blood ejection pressure as a
function of presystolic ventricular volume. (The ejection pressure is the maximum pressure
achieved during the isovolumetric phase of contraction.) For purposes of this question,
you may assume that the left ventricle is a thin-walled right circular cylinder with constant
wall thickness of 0.7 cm (see right portion of Fig. 8.30).
Valves are located in the top of the cylinder, and the bottom and top of the cylinder are
passive (i.e., do not participate in active contraction). The internal diameter of the ventricle
when maximum muscle tension occurs is 6 cm. You may assume that tetanic tension is
developed during the isovolumetric phase.

GIẢI:
Tension-length graph can be fit by T = c( L − L0 ), where L0 is 65% of Lmax
Max tension occurs at d =6cm ⟹ R=3cm ⟹ Lmax = 2𝜋.3 = 6𝜋 cm
L0 = 0,65Lmax = 3,9𝜋 (cm)
106
c= = 1,516.105 (dynes/cm3 )
(6−3,9)𝜋
Pressure-stress relation for a thin- walled cylinder:
2pR = 2Th with h is wall thickness and the muscle tension, is generated in the hoop
direction
Th h h
⟹ p = = c(L − L0 ) = c. 2𝜋(R − R 0 )
R R R
R0 V
⟹ p = 2𝜋hc (1 − ) with V = 𝜋R2 h or R = √
R 𝜋h
R0 V0 V
Therefore =√ ⟹ p = 2𝜋hc [1 − √ 0]
R V V

V0 = 𝜋R20 h = 𝜋(0.65.3)2 . 10 = 119,5 (cm3 )

Vmax = 𝜋R2max h = 𝜋. 32 . 10 = 282,7 (cm3 )
119,5
⟹ pmax = 2𝜋.0,7.1,516.105 (1 − √ ) = 2,333.105 (dynes/cm2 )
282,7

15 | P a g e
We get the equation of p in terms of V
119,5
p = 6,668.105 [1 − √ ] with V has units of mL and p has units of dynes/ cm2
V

8.4. A certain muscle is known to behave according to the three element model presented
in Section 8.2, with an effective dashpot damping coefficient of 𝜂0 = 2.5Ns/m. When
stimulated with a single twitch in an isometric experiment, it produces 80% maximal
tension after 40 ms. While keeping the same muscle length, the muscle is then put in series
with a spring having 𝑘0 of 200 N/m. What tension is measured in a newisometric
experiment 20 ms after a twitch?

GIẢI:
Since the muscle follows the 3 elements model:
T ’ ’ T
= 1 − e−k0t⁄𝜂0 or e−k0t⁄𝜂0 = 1 −
T0 T0
T
With 𝜂0 = 2,5Ns/m; = 0,8; t = 0,04s
T0
−k’0 t T
⟹ = ln(1 − )
𝜂0 T0
2,5
⟹ k ’0 = − ln(1 − 0,8) =100,59 (N/m)
0,04
Putting a spring in series with muscle changes the spring constant, k, of the system
k = k ’0 + k 0 = 100,59+ 200 = 300,59 (N/m)
where k ’0 : spring constant of the musde from above
k 0 : spring constant of the spring
−300,59 . 0,02
T
⟹ = 1- e−kt⁄𝜂0 = 1- e 2,5 = 0,91 = 91%
T0
Tension is 91% of the maximum

8.5. A muscle is supported from a fixed point and has a mass M attached to it (Fig. 8.31).
Assume that the muscle can be modeled using a three element model, noting that the
arrangement of elements is different than used in Section 8.2. Call the muscle length x, and
denote the value of x before the muscle begins to contract by x0. At time t = 0, the active

16 | P a g e
component of the muscle begins to contract and produces a constant tension T0 for
duration C. This causes the mass to rise, i.e., causes x to decrease with time.
a. Treating the muscle as massless, show that x(t) is given by

b. If 𝑇0 =15N, 𝑘0 = 500 N/m, M =1 kg, 𝜂0 =100Ns/m, and C =0.1 s, calculate how far the
mass M will have risen at the end of the contraction (i.e., at t = C).
GIẢI:

a. Select the positive direction downwards

d2 x
∑ Fy = Mg - T = M
dt2
dx
Also, T = T0 +𝜂0 +k 0 (x − x̅), ̅x is length of unstretched spring
dt
dx
At rest ( = 0, T0 = 0)
dt
Mg = T = k 0 (x0 − x̅)
Mg
⟹ x̅ = x0 -
k0
When muscle contracts:
dx
T = T0 + 𝜂0 +k 0 (x − x0 ) + Mg
dt
dx d2 x
⟹ Mg - T = -[T0 + 𝜂0 + k 0 (x − x 0 )] = M
dt dt2
d2 x 𝜂0 dx k0 T0
⟹ 2+ + (x − x 0 ) = - (*)
dt M dt M M
Initial Conditions:
x − x0 = 0 at t = 0 (1)
d
(x − x0 ) = 0 at t = 0 (2)
dt
T0
Solve for (*): x − x0 = − (1 + C1 er1t + C2 er2t )
k0
𝜂0 k0 M 𝜂0 k0 M
where r1 = − (1 + √1 − 4 ); r2 = − (1 − √1 − 4 ) with C1 , C2 are constants
2M 𝜂0 2 2M 𝜂0 2
Apply initial conditions:
(1) ⟹ 1+ C1 + C2 = 0
(2) ⟹ C1 r1 + Cr2 = 0
−r r
⟹ C1 = 2 , C1 = 1
r2 −r1 r2 −r1
T0 r1 er2 t −r2 er1 t
⟹ x − x0 = − (1 + )
k0 r2 −r1
b. Given:
T0 = 15N, k 0 = 500N/m, M= 1kg, 𝜂0 = 100Ns/m
Put the number in we get:

17 | P a g e
 100 500.1
r1 = − (1 + √1 − 4 ) = -94,72 (s −1 )
2.1 1002

100 500.1
r2 = − (1 − √1 − 4 ) = -5,28 (s −1 )
2.1 1002

at t = C = 0,1s
15 (−94,72)e(−5,28)0,1 −(−5,28)e(−94,72)0,1
x − x0 = − (1 + (−5,28)−(−94,72)
) = -1,126 (cm)
500
The mass moves up 1,126cm at the end of contraction

18 | P a g e
 CHƯƠNG 9
9.1. Typical compressive stress–strain curves for cortical bone and for trabecular bone of
two different densities are shown in Fig. 9.36. Calculate the approximate strain energy
density to failure in each case. Strain energy density, U, is a measure of the ability of a

material to absorb energy up to fracture and is given by:

where 𝜀𝑢 is the ultimate strain at failure. What does your result imply about the function of
trabecular versus cortical bone and the consequences of loss of trabecular bone density,as
occurs in osteoporosis?

GIẢI:
su −sy 60−35
Eanelastic = = = 122 MPa for trabecular bone with 𝜌 = 0,9 g/cm3
𝜀u −𝜀y 0.235−0.03
There are several methods could be used to approximate 𝜀u the strain energy density from
𝜀
the graph. Generally U = ∫0 u 𝜎 d𝜀
For cortical bone, based on area of triangle for the elastic region plus area of trapezoid for
the plastic region:
𝜀 1 1
Uc = ∫0 u 𝜎 d𝜀 ≈ sy 𝜀y + (sy + su )(𝜀y + 𝜀u )
2 2
1 1
Uc = . 165.0,01 + (165 + 180)(0,025 − 0,01) = 3,4 MPa = 3,4 J/cm3
2 2

19 | P a g e
Similarly, for trabecular bone, the strain energy can also be approximated by the area under
the 𝜎 − 𝜀 curve
For trabecular bone with 𝜌 = 0,9g/cm3
1 1
Ut ≈ sy 𝜀y + (sy + su )(𝜀y + 𝜀u )
2 2
1 1
= . 35.0,03 + (60 + 35)(0,235 − 0,03) = 10,3 MPa = 10,3 J/cm3
2 2
For trabecular bone with 𝜌 = 0,3g/cm3
1 1
Ut ≈ sy 𝜀y + (sy + su )(𝜀y + 𝜀u )
2 2
1 1
= . 5.0,04 + (5 + 5)(0,23 − 0,04) = 1,05MPa = 1,05 J/cm3
2 2
The strain energy density at failure is much greater for dense trabecular bone than for
cortical bone. This implies that the trabecular bone can absorb a significantly greater
amount of energy before it fails than can cortical bone. Further more, for a given level of
energy absorption, trabecular bone will generate a lower peak force. Thus, thabealar bone
acts in a manner similar to packing foam in that it absorbs energy from impacts.
Loss of trabecular bone density, as occurs in osteoporosis, reduces the energy that can be
absorbed prior to failure. The result is a higher risk of failure.
9.2. Recall that several experimental studies have demonstrated that the yield strain of
trabecular bone is relatively constant over a wide range of apparent densities. Demonstrate
that this is the case using the density dependency relationships in Section 9.3 and Hooke’s
law, which is valid for trabecular bone virtually up to the yield strain.
GIẢI:

𝜌 is the relative density

𝐸 is the relative modulus

Es and ρs are the modulus and density of the bone tissue

E∗ and ρ∗ are the apparent properties of a trabecular specimen

σy∗ is the apparent compressive yield strength of the trabecular bone

σys is the compressive yield strength of the tissue matrix itself

Trabecular bone mechanical properties can be approximated

From equation (9.4) and (9.5):

E∗ 𝜌∗ 2 𝜎y∗ 𝜌∗ 2
= C1 ( ) ; = C2 ( )
Es 𝜌s 𝜎ys 𝜌s
where C1 , C2 are constants

20 | P a g e
Assuming Hooke’s law is valid for trabecular bone up to yeild strain.
𝜎y∗ = E∗ 𝜀y∗ where 𝜀y∗ is the apparent yield strain.
𝜎y∗ 𝜎ys c2
⟹ 𝜀y∗ = =
E∗ Es c1
Since 𝜎ys and Es are tissue matrix properties, they can be treated as constants.
Therefore, 𝜀y∗ = const and independent of apparent density.

9.3. In this question, we will work through the derivation of Equation (9.5), which states
that the compressive strength of trabecular bone is proportional to the square of the relative
density, assuming that the microstructure of trabecular bone can be represented by a low-
density, rod-like model (Fig. 9.8A). a. Begin by showing that the ratio of the apparent
density to the tissue density is approximately proportional to (𝑡/𝑙)2 .
b. When low-density trabecular bone is loaded in compression, failure occurs when the
vertical struts buckle (Fig. 9.37). The critical load, 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 , at which a strut of length l,
Young’s modulus 𝐸𝑠 , and second areal moment of inertia, I, buckles is given by Euler’s
formula:

Derive a proportional relationship between the moment of inertia, I, of a single strut and
the dimensions of the strut, assuming it has square cross-section with dimension t, as shown
in Fig. 9.8A. In this case we are interested in the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional
area; that is with respect to the axis that runs through the middle of a strut perpendicular
to its long axis.
c. You should now be able to use Euler’s formula (Equation [9.44]) and the relationships
you derived in (a) and (b) to derive Equation (9.5).Equation (9.5). To do so, you will need
to relate 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 to the compressive strength at collapse, σ*, and the cross-sectional area of
the unit cell, 𝑙2 ; that is, 𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 ∼ σ* 𝑙2 .

GIẢI:
a. Mass density, also known as specific weight, the mass m per unit volume V
𝑚
The formula for mass density is ρ =
𝑉

21 | P a g e
ρ∗ is apparent density

ρ s is the tissue density

m⁄
𝜌∗ Vcube Vstruts t2 l t 2
=m = ∝ =()
𝜌s ⁄Vstruts Vcube l3 l
1
b. For a beam with rectangular cross-section, the moment of inertia I = bh3 , where b
12
and h are the width and height, respectively. For a square cross-section, b = h = t therefore,
I ∝ t4
c. Use Euler’s formula and the relationships you derived in (a) and (b):
E I
Fcrit ∝ 𝜎 ∗ l2 ∝ s2
l
Substituing I∝ t 4 and rearranging gives:
𝜎∗ t4 𝜌∗ 2
∝ ∝( )
Es l4 𝜌s

Since 𝜎𝑦𝑠 and 𝐸𝑠 are tissue matrix properties, they can be treated as constants

𝐸∗ 𝜌∗ 2 σ∗ 𝜌∗ 2
From equation (9.4) : = 𝐶1 ( ) => = 𝐶2 ( )
𝐸𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝜎𝑦𝑠 𝜌𝑠

where 𝐶2 is the ratio of the changed constant relative to 𝐶1

9.4. Recall the example in Section 8.4.2 about the person lifting a weight and the resulting
stresses in the bones of the forearm. Assuming there is a 0.01 mm defect in the radius bone
8 cm from the elbow, determine how many times the subject can lift the weight before
his/her bone fractures. Does your calculation likely overestimate or underestimate the
actual number of lifts? Why?

GIẢI:

22 | P a g e
In this case, the axial stress due to the bending moment, M(x), and compressive internal
force, Fx (x), is given by:

M(x) 𝐹𝑥 (𝑥)
σxy = y+ (8.17)
Iz 𝐴

Attaching the descartes coordinate system to the figure representing the applied force, we
have the static equilibrium equation:

𝐹𝑥 (8𝑐𝑚) = −𝐽𝑅𝐹𝑦 + 𝑇𝑥1 + 𝑇𝑥2 (1)

From the internal force diagram, the bending moment 𝑀𝑥 (8𝑐𝑚) = 2323𝑁. 𝑐𝑚

𝐹𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑠 is understanded by 𝑇1

𝐹𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠 is understanded by 𝑇2

23 | P a g e
From the figure and table 8.1, 𝑇𝑥1 and 𝑇𝑥2 can be calculated:

𝐹𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑠
𝑇𝑥1 = 𝑇1 . cos ϴ1 = . cos ϴ1 = 𝐹𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑠 . co𝑡 ϴ1 = 238,2𝑁. 𝑐𝑜𝑡76ᴼ = 59,4𝑁
sin ϴ1

𝐹𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑠
𝑇𝑥2 = 𝑇2 . cos ϴ2 = . cos ϴ2 = 𝐹𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠 . co𝑡 ϴ2 = 232,6𝑁. 𝑐𝑜𝑡63ᴼ = 118,5𝑁
sin ϴ2

From the text: A similar force balance in the x direction gives JRFx = 304N

(1): Fx (8cm) = −JRFy + Tx1 + Tx2 = −304.3N + 59.4N + 118.5N = −126.4N

π(D0 4 −Di 4 ) Di 1
By using the formula J = with the ratio of inner to outer diameters = we
32 D0 2
obtain D0 = 1,40cm ⇒ R 0 = 0,7cm

We therefore approximate the equivalent outer diameter as 1.4 cm and the inner diameter
as 0.7cm. Using these values we can compute Iz = 0,177cm4 and A = 1,15cm2

Maximum tensile stress (that is, on the top surface of the bone)

2323Ncm . 0,7cm 126,4N

σmax (x; y) = 4
− 2
= 9077,1 N⁄cm2 = 9,08. 107 Pa
0,177cm 1,15cm

With x=8cm ; y=0.7cm

⟹ The magnitude of the maximum tensile stress 8cm away from the elbow is 9,08. 107 Pa

We define a new property called the fracture toughness, or critical stress intensity factor,
Kc

We also define the stress intensity factor K = σ√πa

Therefore, the crack propagation condition can be rewritten as: K ≥ K c

From the text, when K max = K c , fast fracture will occur, choose the lower bound of K c
value to be the K max

24 | P a g e
 K = K max = K c
3
From table 9.5, K c = 2,2 MN⁄m2

K max = σmax √πa = 2,2 MN⁄m3/2

With a is the crack length just before fast fracture

⇒ 9,08. 107 Pa√πa = 2,2 MN⁄m3/2

⇒ a = 0,187. 10−3 m
𝑑𝑎
If we are told that a crack has an initial length 𝑎0 , we can integrate Equation (9.18) =
𝑑𝑁
𝑚
𝐶(ΔK) to determine the number of cycles required for the crack to grow to some final
size 𝑎𝑓 . Denoting this number of cycles by Nf

𝑎1−𝑚/2 𝑎𝑓
(9.20) : 𝑁𝑓 = | ( ) ( )
𝑚 𝑚 𝑎0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 ≠ 2 ∗∗
𝐶 (Δ𝜎)𝑚 . 𝜋 2 . (1 − )
2

Given: m=2,5

Assuming there is a 0,01 mm defect in the radius bone 8cm from the elbow

⟹ 𝑎0 = 0,01𝑚𝑚

Δ𝜎 = σmax − 0 = 9,08. 107 Pa = 90,8MPa

C = 2,5. 10−6 𝑚(𝑀N⁄m3/2 )−2,5

25 | P a g e
 (0,187𝑥. )1−2,5/2 − (0,01. 10−3 )1−2,5/2
(∗∗) 𝑁𝑓 = 2,5 ≈ 45
−6 2,5 2,5
2,5. 10 (90,8) . 𝜋 2 . (1 − )
2

Conclude, the subject can lift the weight about 45 times before his/her bone fractures.

That calculation is likely underestimate the actual number of lifts, becaue we ignore the
micro structure of the bone and the osteons and collagen tibres. They all limit crack
propagation. Besides, calculated figures are selected at the lowest level compared to the
data table.

9.5. Derive the constitutive Equation (9.29) for the standard linear viscoelastic model in
Fig. 2.35

GIẢI:

The spring constant and damping coefficients in the model in figure 2.35 are replace with
the corresponding material constants, Young’s modul E0 , E in place of the spring constant
k 0 , k1 and viscosity 𝜇 in place of the damping coefficient ղ0 .
Let 𝜎 = stress applied; 𝜎0 = stress in the upper leg; 𝜎1 = stress in the lower leg
ε: strain of the entire model
𝜀0 : strain of the elastic element with Young’s modulus E0
𝜀1 : strain of the elastic element with Young’s modulus E1
𝜀𝜇 : strain of the viscostic element
ε = 𝜀1 and ε = 𝜀0 +𝜀𝜇 ⟹ ε̇ = 𝜀0̇ + 𝜀𝜇̇
We know 𝜎0 = E0 𝜀0 ⟹ 𝜎0̇ = E0 𝜀0̇ also 𝜎0 = 𝜇𝜀𝜇̇
𝜎0̇ 𝜎0
ε̇ = +
E0 𝜇
But 𝜎0 = 𝜎 - 𝜎1 = 𝜎 − E1 𝜀1 = 𝜎 − E1 𝜀
1 1
𝜀̇ = (𝜎̇ − E1 𝜀̇) + (𝜎 − E1 𝜀)
E0 𝜇
𝜇 E1
After rearranging: 𝜎 + 𝜎̇ = E1 𝜀 + 𝜇(1 + 𝜀̇)
E0 E0

26 | P a g e
9.6. Show mathematically that the phase lag or internal friction for the standard linear
viscoelastic model is a maximum when 𝜔 = (𝜏𝜀 𝜏𝜎 )−1⁄2 where 𝜏𝜀 and 𝜏𝜎 are defined in
Equations (9.31) and (9.32).

GIẢI: The internal friction will be an extreme when the first devivative of tan𝛿 with
respect to 𝜔 is equal t zero. The expression for tan𝛿 is
𝜔(𝜏𝜎 −𝜏𝜀 )
tan𝛿 = 2
1+𝜔 𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀
Recalling the quotient rule for differentiation, we get
d (𝜏𝜎 −𝜏𝜀 )(1+𝜔2 𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )−𝜔(𝜏𝜎 −𝜏𝜀 )(2𝜔𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )
(tan𝛿 ) =
d𝜔 (1+𝜔2 𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )2
(𝜏𝜎 −𝜏𝜀 )+𝜔2 (𝜏𝜎 −𝜏𝜀 )(𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )−2𝜔2 (𝜏𝜎 −𝜏𝜀 )(𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )
= (1+𝜔2 𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )2
2
(𝜏𝜎 −𝜏𝜀 )−𝜔 (𝜏𝜎 −𝜏𝜀 )(𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )
= (1+𝜔2 𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )2
(𝜏𝜎 −𝜏𝜀 )(1−𝜔2 𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )
= (1+𝜔2 𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )2
d
Setting (tan𝛿 ) = 0, we get that the internal friction is a maximum when
d𝜔
𝜔 = (𝜏𝜎 𝜏𝜀 )−1/2
9.7. Consider the load–extension (force–deformation) curves shown in Fig. 9.38. These
data are from tensile tests on relaxed papillary muscles from the ventricle of the rabbit
heart. Note that the tissue exhibits hysteresis owing to viscous losses, as expected of a
viscoelastic material. Also notice, however, that the amount of hysteresis is essentially
insensitive to the applied strain rate over two orders of magnitude. Is this experimental
observation consistent with the predictions made by the standard linear model? If not, how
can the model be improved to account for insensitivity to loading frequency?

GIẢI:

27 | P a g e
The standard linear model exhibits internal friction (and there fore hysteresis) over a rather
narrow range of frequencies, which is inconsistent with the experimental evidence. To
improve the model to account for insensitivity of internal damping to frequency, we would
need to add additional elements to model, or alternatively add exponential terms to the
govering quation(i.e, relaxation or creep response) where the time constants for each
exponential term differ. In doing so, the improved model would have an internal damping
peak that was “spread out” (see figure below) and not as sensitive to frequency

28 | P a g e
 CHƯƠNG 10
10.1 A jumper executes a standing jump from a platform that is moving upwards with
constant speed Vp.
(a) Derive a formula for the maximum elevation of the jumper’s center of gravity in terms
of the crouch depth, c, the equivalent force to weight ratio, Fequiv/W, the platform speed,
Vp, and other relevant parameters. The elevation of the center of gravity is to be measured
with respect to a stationary frame of reference (i.e., one not attached to the platform).
(b) If the crouch depth is 18 inches, the ratio Fequiv/W is 2, and the platform speed is 5 ft/s,
compute the elevation of the center of gravity.
GIẢI:
2 equiv F
a. From the text vpushoff = 2gc [ − 1], measured with respect to the platform. The
W
total velocity is just Vp + Vpushoff . The elevation of the centre h is
2
2 [Vp + √2gc(Fequiv /W − 1)]
(Vp + vpushoff )
h= =
2g 2g
Alternative Solution:
Developing the equation in the text, with vT = vpushoff + vp
𝑉𝑇 (𝑡) = gt[(Fequiv /W) − 1] + VP (1)

VT (t) − Vp
⟹t=
g[Fequiv /W−1]

1
Intergrate (1) gives: z(t) − z0 = gt 2 [Fequiv /W − 1] + VP t (2)
2
t=τ
At end of push-off: {z(τ) − z = c + V τ
0 p
1
Sub it in (2): c + Vp τ = gτ2 [Fequiv /W − 1] + Vp τ
2
1
⟹ c = gτ2 [Fequiv /W − 1]
2
2
1 VT (τ)−Vp Fequiv VT (τ)−Vp
= ( Fequiv ) g[ − 1] (From (1): τ = )
2 g[ −1] W g[Fequiv /W−1]
W

Fequiv
⟹ VT (τ) = √2gc [ − 1] + Vp
W
2
[√2gc(Fequiv /W−1)+Vp]
V2T (τ)
So that: h= = (*)
2g 2g
b. Given Fequiv /W = 2

29 | P a g e
 c = 1,5 ft
vp = 5 ft/s
g = 32,2 ft/s2
2
32,2ft
(√2( )(1,5ft)(2−1) +5ft/s]
s2
Put all value into (*): h = = 3,41ft
2(32,2 ft/s2 )

10.2 Your 160 lbm friend agrees to have his standing jump analyzed. Standing on a force
plate, he crouches to lower his center of gravity, then executes a jump. The force plate
measurement gives a reading that can be described by the equation
𝜋𝑡
F(t) = 480sin( )+ 160(1-t/τ)
𝜏

where F(t) is in lbf. Here the push-off duration is 180 ms. How high will your friend’s
center of gravity be elevated at the peak of his jump?
GIẢI:
Given W = 160 Ibm τ = 180 ms = 180. 10−3 s
πt t πt t
F = 480 sin ( ) + 160 (1 − ) = 3W sin ( ) + W (1 − ) (Ibf)
τ τ τ τ
g = 32,2 ft/s2
W dv
Newton’s Second Law of motion: F(t) − W = ma =
g dt
dv g
⟹ = F(t) − g
dt W
g
⟹v(t) = ∫ Fdt − gt + const (const→0 since V = 0 at t = 0)
W
g τ πt t
At t = τ: v (τ ) = ∫ [3W sin ( ) + W (1 − )] dt − gτ
W 0 τ τ
1
= gτ∫0  [3sin(πβ) + (1 − β)]dβ − gτ (β = t/τ)
3 1
= gτ (− cosπβ| 10 + 1 − − 1)
π 2
6 1
= gτ ( − )
π 2
6 1
= (32,2 ft/s2 )(180. 10−3 s) ( − )
π 2
= 8,17ft/s
The height of my friend’s center of gravity be elevated at the peak of his jump is:
v(τ)2 (8,17t/s)2
h= = = 1,04ft
2g 2(32,2ft/s2 )

10.3 A 75 kg stunt man executes a standing jump with the aid of a harness and support
wire. In addition to the constant 1100N force his legs exert during the push-off phase, the
wire has a lift mechanism that applies a force given by 550e−s/L (in Newtons), where L is
0.4 m and s is the distance traveled. The lift mechanism is engaged at the bottom of the

30 | P a g e
crouch (where s = 0) and a safety catch detaches the wire when the stuntman leaves the
ground.
a. For a crouch depth of 0.4 m, compute the maximal elevation of his center of gravity.
Hint: it may be easiest to work from first principles, recalling that a = v dv/dz =0.5.d(v2)/dz.
b. If the safety catch fails to disengage, show that his center of gravity is elevated 0.462m
at the top of the jump. Hint: use an approach similar to part (a) for the airborne phase.
GIẢI:

Force balance method:

∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
s is measured from the beginning of the push off
vp is the push off speed and c is the crouch depth
F dv dv
 F0 + 0 e-s/L – W = m = m𝑣
2 dt d𝑠
1 𝑊 1 d(𝑣 2 )
 F0 (1 + e-s/L − )= 𝑚
2 F0 2 d𝑠
1 𝑣 𝑐 1 𝑊
 𝑚 ∫0 𝑝 d(𝑣 2 ) = F0 ∫0 (1 + e-s/L − ) 𝑑𝑠
2 2 F0
1 𝐿.e-s/L 𝑊.𝑠 𝑐
 𝑚𝑣𝑝2 = 𝐹0 (𝑠 − − )|
2 2 F0 𝑠−𝑐= 0
1 𝑊 𝐿.(1−𝑒 𝐿 )
 𝑚𝑣𝑝2 = 𝐹0 𝑐 [1 − + ]
2 F0 2𝑐
−0,4𝑚
1 (75.9,81)𝑁 0,4𝑚.(1−𝑒 0,4𝑚 )
 𝑚𝑣𝑝2 = 1100𝑁. 0,4𝑚 [1 − + ] = 284,768 (𝑁. 𝑚)
2 1100𝑁 2.0,4𝑚
Apply conservation of energy in airborne phase:
1
 mgh = 𝑚𝑣𝑝2 =284,768 (𝑁. 𝑚)
2
284,768 (𝑁.𝑚) 284,768 (𝑁.𝑚)
h= = (75.9,81)𝑁
= 0,387 (𝑚)
𝑚𝑔
b.When the catch fails to disengage, we can apply the same analysis to the airborne phase.
Now the start velocity is vp , the final velocity is zero (at top of jump), and distances are

31 | P a g e
measured from beginning of push-off phase. Note that F0 does not act.
Asumming the positive direction is from bottom to top.
Newton’s second Law: ∑F = ma
F0 −S/L 1 d(v2 )
⟹ e −W = m
2 2 dS
c+h 1 −S/L W 1 0
⟹ F0 ∫c  ( e − ) dS = m∫v2  d(v 2 )
2 F0 2 p
1
= − mvp2
2
= −h
= − 0.6472F0 c
L W
⟹ (− e−S/L − S)| c+h
c
= −0,6472c
2 F0
L W
⟹ (e−(c+h)/L − e−c/L ) + h = 0,6472c
2 F0
1 Wh c
⟹ (e−c/L )(e−h/L − 1) + = 0,6472 (*)
2 F0 L L
From part (a), we have W/F0 = 0,6689 and c/L = 1:
1 h h
(*) ⟺ e−1 (e−h/L − 1) + 0,6689 = 0,6472 ⟹ e−h/L + 3,637 = 4,519
2 L L
h
Numerical solution is = 1,156 ⟹ h = 0,462 m.
L
So that his center of gravity is elevated 0,462m at the top of the jump.

10.4. Consider the standing high jump, but this time the jumper is on the moon, where the
local gravitational field is one sixth that on earth: gmoon = g/6.
(a) Using an analysis similar to that developed in Section 10.1.1, derive a formula for the
height that a person’s center of gravity can be elevated in the standing high jump on the
moon.
(b) If J. C. Evandt were to repeat his record-breaking jump on the moon, what bar height
could he clear? To compute this height, you may use the same data and assumptions as
were used in the text
GIẢI:

a. During pushoff:

dv W dv W
+↑ ∑ Fhigh jump = m = = F − . g moon (1)
dt g dt g

• Fequiv represents the average force exerted by the legs during the push-off phase

32 | P a g e
 • c is distance the center of gravity is lowered, measured with respect to the elevation
of the center of gravity at the instant the feet leave the ground.
• h is maximum elevation of the center of gravity, measured with respect to the same
reference datum.
• z is vertical location of the center of gravity, measured positive upwards from the
floor.
• v is vertical velocity of the center of gravity, measured positive upwards.
• The moon, where the local gravitational field is one sixth that on earth: g moon =
g/6
Replace F by Fequiv :
Fequiv g moon dv
g( − )= (2)
W g dt
Fequiv g dz
v = gt ( − moon) =
W g dt
⟹{ 1 Fequiv g
z = gt 2 ( − moon)
2 W g

eliminate :
Vpushoff 2 Fequiv g moon
= C( − )
2g W g
During the airbone phase:
1
mVpushoff 2 = mg moon h
2
Vpushoff 2 g Fequiv g moon
⟹h= =C ( − )
2g moon g moon W g
Fequiv g
⟹ h = C( . − 1)
W g moon
b. From the text, If J. C. Evandt were to repeat his record-breaking jump on the moon and
a typical crouch distance for a 6 foot tall person is 20 inches. Using these values, we obtain
Fequiv
= 2,7 and C=20 inches
W
⟹ h = 20 inches (2,7. 6 − 1) = 304 inches

We will take the jumper’s height to be 6 feet, so that his center of gravity was 36 inches
off the ground at the end of push-off. We will also assume that during the jump he oriented
his body so his center of gravity just cleared the bar, bar height would be :
304 inches + 36 inches = 340 inches = 28′4′′
above ground.

33 | P a g e
10.5 A 150 lbm person is able to jump 22 inches (elevation of center of gravity) if they first
crouch so as to lower their center of gravity by 15 inches. What average tension T is present
in their Achilles
tendon during the push-off phase? See Fig. 10.28 for nomenclature.

GIẢI:
A 150 lbm person is able to jump 22 inches
⟹ W= 150 lbm and h= 22 inches
They first crouch so as to lower their center of gravity by 15 inches
⟹ C= 15 inches
From energy balence:
Epotential = Ework − Ecrouch
mgh = FC − WC ⟹ Wh = (F − W)C
F h F
⟹ h = C. ( − 1) ⟹ = − 1
W C W
h 22 inches
⟹ F = W ( + 1) = 150 lbm. ( + 1) = 370 lbf
C 15 inches
Take moments about ankle since weight of body and compression force due to acceleration
acts through there
1
∑ Mankle = T . 2 inches − 370 lbf . 6 inches = 0 ⇒ T = 888 lbf
2
10.6 Penelope Polevaulter, having read this book, realizes that her optimal polevaulting
strategy is to run as fast as possible and push off strongly during take off.
(a) If her weight isW, her approach speed is Va, and she pushes off with an effective force
Fo over an effective crouch distance c, estimate the net elevation of her center of gravity,
h. Make and state relevant assumptions.
(b) Assume her approach speed is 9 m/s and she is able to push off with an effective force
F0 of two times her body weight with an effective crouch distance of 25 cm. If her center of
gravity starts 30 cm from the ground, estimate the height above the floor which her center
of gravity can clear.

34 | P a g e
 GIẢI:
a. Assume:
- total conservation of forward kinetic energy to elevation
- neglects mass of pole
- no pushing on pole in air
- no addition of forward kinetic energy added by pushoff
𝑣𝑎 is approach speed, W is weight, Fo is an effective force
𝑊𝑣 2
Forward kinetic energy is KE = 𝑎
2𝑔
KE associated with pushoff can be calculated by
𝑊
𝐾𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 𝑔ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡
𝑔
𝐹
From equation: h = c[ − 1]
𝑊
𝐹0
⟹ 𝐾𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 𝑊c[ − 1] where c is an effective crouch distance
𝑊
2
𝑣𝑎 𝐹
⟹ Total energy KE = W( + c[ 0 − 1])
2𝑔 𝑊
𝑊 2
𝑣𝑎 𝐹
This gives a total height H of: 𝑔H = W( + c[ 0 − 1])
𝑔 2𝑔 𝑊
By conservation of energy:
𝑣2 𝐹
⟹ H = 𝑎 + c[ 0 − 1]
2𝑔 𝑊

b. 𝑣𝑎 is approach speed, W is weight, Fo is an effective force, c is an effective crouch

distance
Fo
Given: 𝑣𝑎 = 9𝑚/𝑠 , = 2 ,c = 0,25 m
𝑊
2
𝑣𝑎 𝐹0 (9 𝑚/𝑠)2
Then: H = + c[ − 1] = 9,81𝑚 + (0,25m)[2 − 1] = 4,38 (m)
2𝑔 𝑊 2( )
𝑠2
If her center of gravity starts 30 cm from the floor, the total height of her centre of gravity
is: 4,38m + 0,3m = 4,68 m

10.7. Derive an expression to estimate the distance L attainable in the long jump, in terms
of the approach velocity V. Neglect air drag and assume that planting the foot at the
beginning of the jump does not generate a vertical force but rather produces the optimal
angle for take off. Find L for V = 10 m/s. (Note: you will have to determine the optimum
angle.)
GIẢI:

35 | P a g e
 𝑣𝑥 = v(t)Cos𝜃 = vCos𝜃
𝑣𝑦 = v(t)Sin𝜃

v is the velocity, L is the distance attainable in the long jump, 𝜃 is the optimum angle
In the direction Oy
Derivative of velocity with respect to time
d𝑣y
= −g ⟹ vy = −gt + 𝐶1
dt
At t = 0, vy (0) = v(0)Sin𝜃 = vSin𝜃
⟹ vy (𝑡) = −gt + vSin𝜃
At maximum height : vy (t) = 0
Time to reach maximum altitude
0 = −gt + vSin𝜃
vSin𝜃
⟹t =
𝑔
⟹ Total time in air is
vSin𝜃
T=2
𝑔
⟹ Total distance travelled is
vSin𝜃 𝑣2 𝑣2
L =𝑣𝑥 .T = vCos𝜃.T= vCos𝜃. 2 = 2 Cos𝜃Sin𝜃 = Sin2𝜃
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
𝑑𝐿
For maximum L, set = 0. The measure of the optimal angle is:
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐿 2𝑣 2
= C𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 0 ⇒ C𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 45°
𝑑𝜃 𝑔
Distance traveled when speed reaches 10m/s is
10𝑚 2
𝑣2 ( )
L= Sin2𝜃 = 𝑠
9,81𝑚 Sin(2.45°) = 10,2𝑚
𝑔
𝑠2

10.8. Elvis Stojko (former Canadian and world figure skating champion) is going to
execute a triple axel jump (three full rotations in the air). He spends 0.95 s in the air for
this jump, his mass is 70 kg, and his average radius of gyration about the vertical axis
while airborne is 18 cm (Fig. 10.29). Assume that he remains vertical throughout the jump
(even though the picture shows this is not quite true). Before starting his set-up for the
jump, he is skating in a straight line. The set-up lasts 0.35 s and at the end of the set-up his
skates leave the ice. What average moment does the ice exert on him during the set-up?
Notice that there is no moment acting on him while he is in the air, so his angular
acceleration while airborne is zero.
GIẢI:

36 | P a g e
In air: For 3 full rotations , ∆𝜃= 6𝜋 , ∆𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0,95s
∆𝜃 6𝜋
⟹ 𝜔𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = = 19,842 rad/s (const) , since 𝛼 =0 rad/𝑠 2 in air
∆𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟 0,95
Set up: staring 𝜔= 0 rad/s
ending 𝜔= 19,842 rad/s
⟹ ∆𝜔 = 19,842
∆𝑡𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝 = 0,35s
∆𝜔 19,842
𝛼= = = 56,691 rad/𝑠 2
∆𝑡𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑝 0,35
Given 𝑥𝐺 = 18 cm = 18.10−2 m
m = 70 kg
Using the equation: 𝑘𝐺2 = 𝑥𝐺2
Using the equation: 𝐼𝐺 = m𝑘𝐺2 = 70 .(18. 10−2 )2 = 2,268 kg.𝑚2
⟹ M = 𝐼𝐺 . 𝛼= 2,268 . 56,691 = 128,575 N.m

10.9 Asubject of mass 65 kg has her gait analyzed. Suppose that the x component of the
force measured by a force plate takes the shape shown in Fig. 10.30 (compare with Fig.
10.23).
(a) If the forward velocity of the walker is 2 m/s at heel strike, what is it 0.4 s after heel
strike?
(b) Estimate the corresponding change in height for the subject’s center of gravity (i.e.,
from heel strike to 0.4 s later). For purposes of this question you should base your analysis
on the walking model described in Section 10.2.1 and should make and state suitable
simplifying assumptions.

GIẢI:
a.Given: m =65kg, 𝑣𝑥1 = 2 m/s , g= 9,8 m/𝑠 2
t = 0,4 s

37 | P a g e
 𝑑𝑣𝑥
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = m
𝑑𝑡
𝑡2 1
⟹ m 𝑣𝑥2 - m 𝑣𝑥1 = ∫𝑡1 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑡= - . 200.0,4 = −40 𝑁. 𝑠
2
40 40
⟹ 𝑣𝑥2 = 𝑣𝑥1 - = 2 - = 1,3846 m/s
𝑚 65
b. We will neglect kinetic energy assoclated with motion of legs relative to the centre of
gravity.
An interchange between potential and kinetic energy:
1 1 𝑣𝑥1 2 −𝑣𝑥2 2
𝑚𝑣𝑥1 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑚𝑣𝑥2 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ2 ⟹ ℎ2 - ℎ1 = = 0,1063 m
2 2 2𝑔

10.10. Consider the force plate data from a gait experiment shown in Fig. 10.31. By
considering the motion of the total leg, compute the reaction forces at the hip at the instant
shown by the heavy vertical line. The total leg includes the thigh, shank and foot (see Table
10.2). For purposes of this question, consider the greater trochanter as the effective center
of rotation for the hip joint. Note that you do not need to compute a reaction moment, only
forces, and that the vertical scales on the two force traces are not the same. Use the
following data: subject’s mass 60 kg and height 1.7 m; acceleration of the center of gravity
for the total leg is 𝑎𝑥 = −0.25 m/s2 and 𝑎𝑦 = −0.75 m/s2; length of the total leg segment is
0.530 times height (see Fig. 10.21).
GIẢI:
Subject’s mass 60kg and height 1,7m ⟹ m=60kg, h=1,7m
Acceleration of the center of gravity for the total leg is 𝑎𝑥 = −0,25 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 and 𝑎𝑦 =
−0,75 𝑚⁄𝑠 2
Length of the total leg segment is 0.530 times height ⟹ 𝐿𝑙𝑒𝑔 = 1,7.0,53 = 0,901 m
From table 10.2,
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 0,161
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
mass of total leg is
m = 0,161 . 60kg = 9,66 kg
From figure 10.31, 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 can be approximated:
−2,5
𝐹𝑥 = . 200𝑁 = −38,5𝑁
13
43
𝐹𝑦 = . 60𝑘𝑔. 9,81 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 = 408𝑁
62
Under these assumptions, we can apply Newton’s second law in the horizontal and vertical
directions to obtain:
Fx + R x = mt ax (reference formula 10.18)
Fx + R y − mt g = mt ay (reference formula 10.19)

38 | P a g e
 ⃗⃗ ∑ Fx = max ⇒ −38,5N + R x = −0,25 m⁄s2 . 9,66kg
+
⟹ R x = 36,1N

+↑ ∑ Fx = may ⇒ 408N + R y − 9,66kg. 9,81 m⁄s2 = −0,75 m⁄s2 . 9,66kg

⟹ R y = −320,5N

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