PHYSICAL SCIENCES

PAPER 1 (PHYSICS)

GRADE 12

TERMS, DEFINITIONS
AND
QUESTION BANK PER TOPIC

2017

This document consists of 47 pages.

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 2 FS/2017

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS: PHYSICS – PAPER 1

MECHANICS: NEWTON’S LAWS
Static frictional force The force that opposes the tendency of motion of a STATIONARY object
(fs) relative to a surface.
Kinetic frictional The force that opposes the motion of a MOVING object relative to a surface.
force (fk)
Maximum static The static frictional force is a maximum (f ms ax ) just before the object starts to
m ax
frictional force (f s ) move across the surface.
Free-body diagrams This is a diagram that shows the relative magnitudes and directions of forces
acting on a body/particle that has been isolated from its surroundings
Newton's first law of A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity unless a
motion non-zero resultant/net force acts on it.
Inertia The resistance of a body to a change in its state of uniform motion or te rest.
Mass is a measure of an obejct’s inetia.
Newton's second law When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the
of motion direction of the force at an acceleration directly proportional to the force and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
In symbols: Fnet = ma
Newton’s Third Law When object A exerts a force on object B, object B SIMULTANEOUSLY
of motion exerts a force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction on object A.
Newton's Law of Each body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is
Universal Gravitation directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between their centres.
Gm 1m 2
In symbols: F 
r2
Normal force Define, N, as the force or the component of a force which a surface exerts on
an object with which it is in contact, and which is perpendicular to the surface.
Mass The amount of matter in a body measured in kilogram (kg).
Weight The gravitational force, in newton (N), exerted on an object.
Weightlessness The sensation experienced when all contact forces are removed i.e. no
external objects touch one's body.

MECHANICS: MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

Contact forces Contact forces arise from the physical contact between two objects (E.g. a
soccer player kicking a ball.)
Non-contact forces Non-contact forces arise even if two objects do not touch each other (E.g. the
force of attraction of the earth on a parachutist even when the earth is not in
direct contact with the parachutist.)
Momentum Linear momentum is the product of an object’s mass and its velocity.
Newton’s Second The net (or resultant) force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change
Law of motion in of momentum of the object in the direction of the net force.
terms of momentum Δp
In symbols: Fnet =
Δt
Principle of The TOTAL linear momentum in an isolated system remains constant (is
conservation of conserved).
linear momentum
Isolated system A system in which the net external force acting on the system is zero.
Impulse The product of the resultant/net force acting on an object and the time the
resultant/net force acts on the object.
In symbols: Impulse = FnetΔt
Impulse-momentum FnetΔt = mΔv = m(vf – vi)
theorem
Elastic collision A collision during which kinetic energy is conserved.
Inelastic collision A collision during which kinetic energy is not conserved.

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 3 FS/2017

MECHANICS: VERTICAL PROJECTILE MOTION

1-D motion One-dimensional motion. Linear motion. Motion in one line.
Acceleration The rate of change of velocity. Symbol a. Unit: meters per second squared
(m∙s-2).
Acceleration due to The acceleration of a body due to the force of attarction of the earth.
gravity (g)
Displacement Change in position. Symbol: ∆x (horizontal displacement) or ∆y (vertical
displacement). Unit: meters (m).
Free fall The type of motion in which the only significant vertical force acting on the
body is the body's weight.
Gravitational force A force of attraction of one body on another due to their masses.
Position Where an object is relative to a reference point. Symbol: x (horizontal
position) or y (vertical position). Unit: meters (m).
Projectile An object in free fall.
Velocity The rate of change of position. Symbol v. Unit: meters per second (m∙s-1).

MECHANICS: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Work Work done on an object by a constant force is the product of the magnitude of
the force, the magnitude of the displacement and the angle between the force
and the displacement.
In symbols: W = F Δx cos θ
Positive work The kinetic energy of the object increases.
Negative work The kinetic energy of the object decreases.
Work-energy The net/total work done on an object is equal to the change in the object's
theorem kinetic energy OR the work done on an object by a resultant/net force is equal
to the change in the object's kinetic energy.
In symbols: W net = Δ K = Kf - Ki.
Principle of The total mechanical energy (sum of gravitational potential energy and kinetic
conservation of energy) in an isolated system remains constant. (A system is isolated when
mechanical energy the resultant/net external force acting on the system is zero.)
Conservative force A force for which the work done in moving an object between two points is
independent of the path taken.
Examples are gravitational force, the elastic force in a spring and electrostatic
forces (coulomb forces).
Non-conservative A force for which the work done in moving an object between two points
force depends on the path taken.
Examples are frictional force, air resistance, tension in a chord, etc.
Power The rate at which work is done or energy is expended.
W
In symbols: P =
t

WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT: DOPPLER EFFECT

Doppler Effect The change in frequency (or pitch) of the sound detected by a listener
because the sound source and the listener have different velocities relative to
the medium of sound propagation.
Red shift Observed when light from an object increased in wavelength (decreased in
frequency).
A red shift occurs when a light source moves away from an observer.
Blue shift Observed when light from an object decreased in wavelength (increased in
frequency).
A blue shift occurs when a light source moves towards an observer.
Frequency The number of vibrations per second.
Unit: hertz (Hz) or per second (s-1)
Wavelength The distance between two successive points in phase.

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 4 FS/2017

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM: ELECTROSTATICS

Coulomb's law The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on
another point charge is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes
of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r)
between them.
kQ1Q2
In symbols: F =
r2
Electric field A region of space in which an electric charge experiences a force.
Electric field at a The electric field at a point is the electrostatic force experienced per unit
point positive charge placed at that point.
F
In symbols: E  .
q
Direction of electric The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction that a positive test
field charge would move if placed at that point.

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Ohm's law The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the
current in the conductor at constant temperature.
V
In symbols: R 
I
Ohmic conductors A conductor that obeys Ohm’s law. The resistance of the conductor remains
constant.
Non-ohmic A conductor that does not obey Ohm’s law. The resistance of the conductor
conductors does not remain constant, but increases as the current increases.
Example: A bulb
Power Rate at which work is done.
W V2
P= ; P = VI; P = I2R; P =
t R
kilowatt hour (kWh) The use of 1 kilowatt of electricity for 1 hour.
Internal resistance The resistance within a battery that causes a drop in the potential difference
of the battery when there is a current in the circuit.
emf Maximum) energy provided (work done) by a battery per coulomb/unit
charge passing through it.
(It is the potential difference across the ends of a battery when there is NO
current in the circuit.)
Terminal potential The energy transferred to or the work done per coulomb of charge passing
difference through the battery when the battery delivers a current.
(It is the potential difference across the ends of a battery when there is a
current in the circuit.)

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM: ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Generator A device that transfers mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Faraday’s law of The magnitude of the induced emf across the ends of a conductor is directly
electromagnetic proportional to the rate of change in the magnetic flux linkage with the
induction conductor.
(When a conductor is moved in magnetic field, a potential difference is
induced across the conductor.)

Fleming’s Right Hold the thumb, forefinger and second finger of the RIGHT hand at right
Hand Rule for angles to each other. If the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic
generators field (N to S) and the thumb points in the direction of the force (movement),
then the second finger points in the direction of the induced current.

Electric motor A device that transfers electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 5 FS/2017

Fleming’s Left Hand Hold the thumb, forefinger and second finger of the LEFT hand at right angles
Rule for electric to each other. If the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field (N to
motors S) and the second finger points in the direction of the conventional current,
then the thumb will point in the direction of the force (movement).

Coventional current Flow of electric current from positive to negative.

AC Alternating current
The direction of the current changes each half cycle.
DC Direct current
The direction of the current remains constant. If conventional current, the
current flows through the circuit from the negative pole to the positive pole of
a battery.
Root-mean-square The root-mean-square potential difference is the AC potential difference that
potential difference dissipates the same amount of energy (gives the same heating effect) as an
(Vrms) equivalent DC potential difference.
Peak potential The maximum potential difference value reached by the alternating current as
difference (Vmax) it fluctuates i.e. the peak of the sine wave representing an AC potential
difference.
Root-mean-square Root-mean-square current is the alternating current that dissipates the same
current (Irms) amount of energy (gives the same heating effect) as and equivalent DC
current.
Peak current (Imax) The maximum current value reached by the alternating current as it fluctuates
i.e. the peak of the sine wave representing an AC current.

MATTER AND MATERIALS: OPTICAL PHENOMENA AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Photo-electric effect The process whereby electrons are ejected from a metal surface when light of
suitable frequency is incident on that surface.
Threshold frequency The minimum frequency of light needed to emit electrons from a certain metal
(fo) surface.
Work function The minimum energy that an electron in the metal needs to be emitted from
(W o) the metal surface.
Photo-electric E =W o+ Kmax, where E = hf and W o= hfo and Kmax = ½mv2max
equation
Atomic absorption Formed when certain frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that passes
spectrum through a medium, e.g. a cold gas, is absorbed.
Atomic emission Formed when certain frequencies of electromagnetic radiation are emitted
spectrum due to an atom's electrons making a transition from a high-energy state to a
lower energy state.

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 6 FS/2017

NEWTON’S LAWS
QUESTION 1
Two blocks of masses 20 kg and 5 kg respectively are connected by a light inextensible string,
P. A second light inextensible string, Q, attached to the 5 kg block, runs over a light frictionless
pulley. A constant horizontal force of 250 N pulls the second string as shown in the diagram
below. The magnitudes of the tensions in P and Q are T1 and T2 respectively. Ignore the
effects of air friction.
250 N

T2 Q
5 kg

T1 P

20 kg

1.1 State Newton's second law of motion in words. (2)

1.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram indicating ALL the forces acting on the 5 kg
block. (3)
1.3 Calculate the magnitude of the tension T1 in string P. (6)
1.4 When the 250 N force is replaced by a sharp pull on the string, one of the two strings
break. Which ONE of the two strings, P or Q, will break? (1)
[12]
QUESTION 2
A block of mass 1 kg is connected to another block of mass 4 kg by a light inextensible
string. The system is pulled up a rough plane inclined at 30 o to the horizontal, by means of
a constant 40 N force parallel to the plane as shown in the diagram below.
40 N

1 kg

4 kg
30°
The magnitude of the kinetic frictional force between the surface and the 4 kg block
is 10 N. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 1 kg block and the surface
is 0,29.
2.1 State Newton's third law of motion in words. (2)
2.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the
1 kg block as it moves up the incline. (5)
2.3 Calculate the magnitude of the:
2.3.1 Kinetic frictional force between the 1 kg block and the surface (3)
2.3.2 Tension in the string connecting the two blocks (6)
[16]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 7 FS/2017

QUESTION 3

A 5 kg block, resting on a rough horizontal table, is connected by a light

inextensible string passing over a light frictionless pulley to another block of mass
2 kg. The 2 kg block hangs vertically as shown in the diagram below.
A force of 60 N is applied to the 5 kg block at an angle of 10o to the horizontal, causing the
block to accelerate to the left.
60 N
10° 5 kg

2 kg

The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 5 kg block and the surface of the table
is 0,5. Ignore the effects of air friction.
3.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the 5 kg block. (5)
3.2 Calculate the magnitude of the:
3.2.1 Vertical component of the 60 N force (2)
3.2.2 Horizontal component of the 60 N force (2)
3.3 State Newton's Second Law of Motion in words. (2)
Calculate the magnitude of the:
3.4 Normal force acting on the 5 kg block (2)
3.5 Tension in the string connecting the two blocks (7)
[20]

QUESTION 4
4.1 Two blocks of mass M kg and 2,5 kg respectively are connected by a light,
inextensible string. The string runs over a light, frictionless pulley, as shown in the
diagram below. The blocks are stationary.

M
table kg

2,5 kg

4.1.1 State Newton's THIRD law of motion in words. (2)

4.1.2 Calculate the tension in the string. (3)
The coefficient of static friction (μs) between the unknown mass M and the surface of
the table is 0,2.
4.1.3 Calculate the minimum value of M that will prevent the blocks from
moving. (5)

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 8 FS/2017

The block of unknown mass M is now replaced with a block of mass 5 kg. The 2,5 kg
block now accelerates downwards. The coefficient of kinetic friction (µk) between the
5 kg block and the surface of the table is 0,15.
4.1.4 Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the 5 kg block. (5)
4.2 A small hypothetical planet X has a mass of 6,5 x 1020 kg and a radius of 550 km.

Calculate the gravitational force (weight) that planet X exerts on a 90 kg rock on this
planet's surface. (4)
[19]
QUESTION 5
5.1 A 5 kg mass and a 20 kg mass are connected by a light inextensible string which
passes over a light frictionless pulley. Initially, the 5 kg mass is held stationary on a
horizontal surface, while the 20 kg mass hangs vertically downwards, 6 m above the
ground, as shown in the diagram below. The diagram is not drawn to scale.

5 kg

20 kg

6m

When the stationary 5 kg mass is released, the two masses begin to move. The
coefficient of kinetic friction, μk, between the 5 kg mass and the horizontal surface is
0,4. Ignore the effects of air friction.
5.1.1 Calculate the acceleration of the 20 kg mass. (5)
5.1.2 Calculate the speed of the 20 kg mass as it strikes the ground. (4)
5.1.3 At what minimum distance from the pulley should the 5 kg mass be
placed initially, so that the 20 kg mass just strikes the ground? (1)
5.2 A person of mass 60 kg climbs to the top of a mountain which is 6 000 m above
ground level.

6 000 m

Ground
5.2.1 level
State Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation in words. (2)
5.2.2 Calculate the difference in the weight of the climber at the top of the
mountain and at ground level. (6)
[18]
Terms, definitions and question bank
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 9 FS/2017

QUESTION 6
The diagram below shows a 10 kg block lying on a flat, rough, horizontal surface of
a table. The block is connected by a light, inextensible string to a 2 kg block hanging over the
side of the table. The string runs over a light, frictionless pulley. The blocks are stationary.
table surface
10 kg

2 kg

6.1 State Newton's FIRST law of motion in words. (2)

6.2 Write down the magnitude of the NET force acting on the 10 kg block. (1)
When a 15 N force is applied vertically downwards on the 2 kg block, the 10 kg block
accelerates to the right at 1,2 m∙s-2.
6.3 Draw a free-body diagram for the 2 kg block when the 15 N force is applied
to it. (3)
6.4 Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the 10 kg block and the surface
of the table. (7)
6.5 How does the value, calculated in QUESTION 2.4, compare with the value of the
coefficient of STATIC friction for the 10 kg block and the table? Write down only
LARGER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
6.6 If the 10 kg block had a larger surface area in contact with the surface of the table,
how would this affect the coefficient of kinetic friction calculated in QUESTION 2.4?
Assume that the rest of the system remains unchanged. Write down only
INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[16]
QUESTION 7
A learner constructs a push toy using two blocks with masses 1,5 kg and 3 kg respectively.
The blocks are connected by a massless, inextensible cord. The learner then applies a force of
25 N at an angle of 30o to the 1,5 kg block by means of a light rigid rod, causing the toy to
move across a flat, rough, horizontal surface, as shown in the diagram below.
25 N

30°
3 kg 1,5 kg

The coefficient of kinetic friction (µk) between the surface and each block is 0,15.
7.1 State Newton's Second Law of Motion in words. (2)
7.2 Calculate the magnitude of the kinetic frictional force acting on the 3 kg block. (3)
7.3 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the 1,5 kg
block. (5)
7.4 Calculate the magnitude of the:
7.4.1 Kinetic frictional force acting on the 1,5 kg block (3)
7.4.2 Tension in the cord connecting the two blocks (5)
[18]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 10 FS/2017

VERTICAL PROJECTILE MOTION

QUESTION 1
A ball, A, is thrown vertically upward from a height, h, with a speed of 15 m∙s-1.
AT THE SAME INSTANT, a second identical ball, B, is dropped from the same height as ball A
as shown in the diagram below. Both balls undergo free fall and eventually hit the ground.

B
15 m∙s-1
A

Ground
1.1 Explain the term free fall. (2)
1.2 Calculate the time it takes for ball A to return to its starting point. (4)
1.3 Calculate the distance between ball A and ball B when ball A is at its maximum
height. (7)
1.4 Sketch a velocity-time graph in the ANSWER BOOK for the motion of ball A from the
time it is projected until it hits the ground.
Clearly show the following on your graph:
 The initial velocity
 The time it takes to reach its maximum height
 The time it takes to return to its starting point (4)
[17]
QUESTION 2
An object is released from rest from a point X, above the ground as shown in the diagram
below. It travels the last 30 m (BC) in 1,5 s before hitting the ground. Ignore the effects of air
friction.
●X

●B

30 m

●C Ground
2.1 Name the type of motion described above. (1)
2.2 Calculate the:
2.2.1 Magnitude of the velocity of the object at point B (4)
2.2.2 Height of point X above the ground (5)
After hitting the ground, the object bounces once and then comes to rest on the ground.
2.3 Sketch an acceleration-time graph for the entire motion of the object. (3)
[13]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 11 FS/2017

QUESTION 3

A hot air balloon is rising vertically at a constant velocity. When the hot air balloon reaches
point A a few metres above the ground, a man in the hot air balloon drops a ball which hits the
ground and bounces. Ignore the effects of friction.

GROUND
The velocity-time graph below represents the motion of the ball from the instant it is dropped
until after it bounces for the first time. The time interval between bounces is ignored. THE
UPWARD DIRECTION IS TAKEN AS POSITIVE.

USE INFORMATION FROM THE GRAPH TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW.
v (m∙s-1)
P
5,88
2,94
0,6 3,2
0
2,6
t (s)
- 2,94

-19,60

3.1 Write down the magnitude of the velocity of the hot air balloon. (1)
3.2 Calculate the height above the ground from which the ball was dropped. (3)
Calculate the:
3.3 Time at the point P indicated on the graph (2)
3.4 Maximum height the ball reaches after the first bounce (3)
3.5 Distance between the ball and hot air balloon when the ball is at its maximum height
after the first bounce (4)
[13]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 12 FS/2017

QUESTION 4

Ball A is projected vertically upwards at a velocity of 16 m∙s-1 from the ground. Ignore the
effects of air resistance. Use the ground as zero reference.

4.1 Calculate the time taken by ball A to return to the ground. (4)

4.2 Sketch a velocity-time graph for ball A.

Show the following on the graph:
(a) Initial velocity of ball A
(b) Time taken to reach the highest point of the motion
(c) Time taken to return to the ground (3)
ONE SECOND after ball A is projected upwards, a second ball, B, is thrown vertically
downwards at a velocity of 9 m∙s-1 from a balcony 30 m above the ground. Refer to the
diagram below.
B

9 m∙s-1

30 m

16 m∙s-1

A
ground

4.3 Calculate how high above the ground ball A will be at the instant the two balls pass
each other. (6)
[13]

QUESTION 5
A man throws ball A downwards with a speed of 2 m∙s-1 from the edge of a window, 45 m
above a dam of water. One second later he throws a second ball, ball B, downwards and
observes that both balls strike the surface of the water in the dam at the same time. Ignore air
friction.

5.1 Calculate the:

5.1.1 Speed with which ball A hits the surface of the water (3)
5.1.2 Time it takes for ball B to hit the surface of the water (3)
5.1.3 Initial velocity of ball B (5)
5.2 On the same set of axes, sketch a velocity versus time graph for the motion of balls
A and B. Clearly indicate the following on your graph:
 Initial velocities of both balls A and B
 The time of release of ball B
 The time taken by both balls to hit the surface of the water (5)
[16]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 13 FS/2017

QUESTION 6
Ball A is projected vertically upwards from the ground, near a tall building, with a speed of
30 m∙s-1. Ignore the effects of air friction.
6.1 Explain what is meant by a projectile. (2)
6.2 Calculate:
6.2.1 The total time that ball A will be in the air (4)
6.2.2 The distance travelled by ball A during the last second of its fall (4)
6.3 TWO SECONDS after ball A is projected upwards, ball B is projected vertically
upwards from the roof of the same building. The roof the building is 50 m above the
ground. Both balls A and B reach the ground at the same time. Refer to the diagram
below. Ignore the effects of air friction.

50 m

30 m∙s-1
A ground

Calculate the speed with which ball B was projected upwards from the roof. (4)
6.4 Sketch velocity-time graphs for the motion of both balls A and B on the same set of
axes. Clearly label the graphs for balls A and B respectively.
Indicate the following on the graphs:
(a) Time taken by both balls A and B to reach the ground
(b) Time taken by ball A to reach its maximum height (4)
[18]
QUESTION 7
A ball is dropped from the top of a building 20 m high. Ignore the effects of air resistance.

20 m

7.1 Define the term free fall. (2)

7.2 Calculate the:
7.2.1 Speed at which the ball hits the ground (4)
7.2.2 Time it takes the ball to reach the ground (3)
7.3 Sketch a velocity-time graph for the motion of the ball (no values required). (2)
[11]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 14 FS/2017

MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

QUESTION 1
Dancers have to learn many skills, including how to land correctly. A dancer of mass 50 kg
leaps into the air and lands feet first on the ground. She lands on the ground with a velocity of
5 m∙s-1. As she lands, she bends her knees and comes to a complete stop in 0,2 seconds.
1.1 Calculate the momentum with which the dancer reaches the ground. (3)
1.2 Define the term impulse of a force. (2)
1.3 Calculate the magnitude of the net force acting on the dancer as she lands. (3)
Assume that the dancer performs the same jump as before but lands without bending her
knees.
1.4 Will the force now be GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO the force
calculated in QUESTION 1.3? (1)
1.5 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.4. (3)
[12]
QUESTION 2
Percy, mass 75 kg, rides at 20 m∙s-1 on a quad bike (motorcycle with four wheels) with a mass
of 100 kg. He suddenly applies the brakes when he approaches a red traffic light on a wet and
slippery road. The wheels of the quad bike lock and the bike slides forward in a straight line.
The force of friction causes the bike to stop in 8 s.
2.1 Define the concept momentum in words. (2)
2.2 Calculate the change in momentum of Percy and the bike, from the moment the
brakes lock until the bike comes to a stop. (4)
2.3 Calculate the average frictional force exerted by the road on the wheels to stop the
bike. (4)
[10]

QUESTION 3

Two stationary steel balls, A and B, are suspended next to each other by massless, inelastic
strings as shown in Diagram 1 below.

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

0,2 m
A B B

Ball A of mass 0,2 kg is displaced through a vertical distance of 0,2 m, as shown in Diagram 2
above. When ball A is released, it collides elastically and head-on with
ball B. Ignore the effects of air friction.
3.1 What is meant by an elastic collision? (2)

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 15 FS/2017

Immediately after the collision, ball A moves horizontally backwards (to the left). Ball B
acquires kinetic energy of 0,12 J and moves horizontally forward (to the right).
Calculate the:
3.2 Kinetic energy of ball A just before it collides with ball B (Use energy principles only.) (3)
3.3 Speed of ball A immediately after the collision (4)
3.4 Magnitude of the impulse on ball A during the collision (5)
[14]

QUESTION 4
A bullet of mass 20 g is fired from a stationary rifle of mass 3 kg. Assume that the bullet moves
horizontally. Immediately after firing, the rifle recoils (moves back) with a velocity of 1,4 m∙s -1.
4.1 Calculate the speed at which the bullet leaves the rifle. (4)
The bullet strikes a stationary 5 kg wooden block fixed to a flat, horizontal table. The bullet is
brought to rest after travelling a distance of 0,4 m into the block. Refer to the diagram below.

before after

20 g
5 kg

4.2 Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the block on the bullet. (5)
4.3 How does the magnitude of the force calculated in QUESTION 3.2 compare to the
magnitude of the force exerted by the bullet on the block? Write down only LARGER
THAN, SMALLER THAN or THE SAME. (1)
[10]

QUESTION 5

The diagram below shows two trolleys, P and Q, held together by means of a compressed
spring on a flat, frictionless horizontal track. The masses of P and Q are 400 g and 600 g
respectively.

P Q

400 g 600 g

When the trolleys are released, it takes 0,3 s for the spring to unwind to its natural length.
Trolley Q then moves to the right at 4 m∙s-1.
5.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)
5.2 Calculate the:
5.2.1 Velocity of trolley P after the trolleys are released (4)
5.2.2 Magnitude of the average force exerted by the spring on trolley Q (4)
5.3 Is this an elastic collision? Only answer YES or NO. (1)
[11]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 16 FS/2017

QUESTION 6
The diagram below shows two sections, XY and YZ, of a horizontal, flat surface.
Section XY is smooth, while section YZ is rough.
A 5 kg block, moving with a velocity of 4 m∙s-1 to the right, collides head-on with a stationary 3
kg block. After the collision, the two blocks stick together and move to the right, past point Y.
The combined blocks travel for 0,3 s from point Y before coming to a stop at point Z.
4 m∙s-1 0 m∙s-1

5 kg 3 kg

X Y Z
6.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)
6.2 Calculate the magnitude of the:
6.2.1 Velocity of the combined blocks at point Y (4)
6.2.2 Net force acting on the combined blocks when they move through section
YZ (4)
[10]
QUESTION 7
The graph below shows how the momentum of car A changes with time just before and just
after a head-on collision with car B.
Car A has a mass of 1 500 kg, while the mass of car B is 900 kg.
Car B was travelling at a constant velocity of 15 m∙s-1 west before the collision.
Take east as positive and consider the system as isolated.
MOMENTUM VERSUS TIME GRAPH FOR CAR A

40 000 ─
Momentum (kg∙m·s-1)

N
30 000 ─ W E

S
20 000 ─

14 000 ─
10 000─

0
20 20,1 20,2 20,3 Time (s)

7.1 What do you understand by the term isolated system as used in physics? (1)
Use the information in the graph to answer the following questions.
7.2 Calculate the:
7.2.1 Magnitude of the velocity of car A just before the collision (3)
7.2.2 Velocity of car B just after the collision (5)
7.2.3 Magnitude of the net average force acting on car A during the collision (4)
[13]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 17 FS/2017

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

QUESTION 1

1.1 The diagram below shows a track, ABC. The curved section, AB, is frictionless. The
rough horizontal section, BC, is 8 m long.
A

4m

8m
B C
An object of mass 10 kg is released from point A which is 4 m above the ground. It
slides down the track and comes to rest at point C.

1.1.1 State the principle of conservation of mechanical energy in words. (2)

1.1.2 Is mechanical energy conserved as the object slides from A to C? Write only
YES or NO. (1)

1.1.3 Using ENERGY PRINCIPLES only, calculate the magnitude of the frictional
force exerted on the object as it moves along BC. (6)

1.2 A motor pulls a crate of mass 300 kg with a constant force by means of a light
inextensible rope running over a light frictionless pulley as shown below. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the surface of the inclined plane is
0,19.
rope
motor

300 kg
25°

1.2.1 Calculate the magnitude of the frictional force acting between the crate and
the surface of the inclined plane. (3)

The crate moves up the incline at a constant speed of 0,5 m∙s-1.

1.2.2 Calculate the average power delivered by the motor while pulling the crate
up the incline. (6)
[18]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 18 FS/2017

QUESTION 2

A 5 kg block is released from rest from a height of 5 m and slides down a frictionless incline to
point P as shown in the diagram below. It then moves along a frictionless horizontal portion PQ
and finally moves up a second rough inclined plane. It comes to a stop at point R which is 3 m
above the horizontal.

5 kg
R
5m
3m
θ
P Q
The frictional force, which is a non-conservative force, between the surface and the block is
18 N.
2.1 Using ENERGY PRINCIPLES only, calculate the speed of the block at point P. (4)
2.2 Explain why the kinetic energy at point P is the same as that at point Q. (2)
2.3 Explain the term non-conservative force. (2)
2.4 Calculate the angle (θ) of the slope QR. (7)
[15]

QUESTION 3

The diagram below shows a heavy block of mass 100 kg sliding down a rough
25o inclined plane. A constant force F is applied on the block parallel to the inclined plane as
shown in the diagram below, so that the block slides down at a constant velocity.

100 kg

25°

The magnitude of the kinetic frictional force (fk) between the block and the surface of the
inclined plane is 266 N.

3.1 Friction is a non-conservative force. What is meant by the term non- conservative
force? (2)

3.2 A learner states that the net work done on the block is greater than zero.
3.2.1 Is the learner correct? Answer only YES or NO. (1)
3.2.2 Explain the answer to QUESTION 3.2.1 using physics principles. (2)

3.3 Calculate the magnitude of the force F. (4)

If the block is released from rest without the force F being applied, it moves 3 m down the
inclined plane.

3.4 Calculate the speed of the block at the bottom of the inclined plane. (6)
[15]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 19 FS/2017

QUESTION 4

The track for a motorbike race consists of a straight, horizontal section that is 800 m long.

A participant, such as the one in the picture above, rides at a certain average speed and
completes the 800 m course in 75 s. To maintain this speed, a constant driving force of 240 N
acts on the motorbike.
4.1 Calculate the average power developed by the motorbike for this motion. (3)
Another person practises on the same motorbike on a track with an incline. Starting from rest,
the person rides a distance of 450 m up the incline which has a vertical height of 5 m, as
shown below.

5m 450 m

The total frictional force acting on the motorbike is 294 N. The combined mass of rider and
motorbike is 300 kg. The average driving force on the motorbike as it moves up the incline is
350 N. Consider the motorbike and rider as a single system.
4.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for the motorbike-rider system on the incline. (4)
4.3 State the WORK-ENERGY theorem in words. (2)
4.4 Use energy principles to calculate the speed of the motorbike at the end of the 450 m
ride. (6)
[15]
QUESTION 5
A constant force F, applied at an angle of 20o above the horizontal, pulls a 200 kg block, over a
distance of 3 m, on a rough, horizontal floor as shown in the diagram below.

F AFTER F BEFORE

20o 20o
200 kg 200 kg
3m

Rough floor
The coefficient of kinetic friction, μk, between the floor surface and the block is 0,2.
5.1 Give a reason why the coefficient of kinetic friction has no units. (1)
5.2 State the work-energy theorem in words. (2)
5.3 Draw a free-body diagram indicating ALL the forces acting on the block while it is
being pulled. (4)
5.4 Show that the work done by the kinetic frictional force (W fk) on the block can be
written as W fk = (-1 176 + 0,205 F) J. (4)
5.5 Calculate the magnitude of the force F that has to be applied so that the net work
done by all forces on the block is zero. (4)
[15]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 20 FS/2017

QUESTION 6

A 20 kg block is released from rest from the top of a ramp at point A at a construction site as
shown in the diagram below. The ramp is inclined at an angle of 30o to the horizontal and its
top is at a height of 5 m above the ground.
20 kg A

5m

B 30°

6.1 State the principle of conservation of mechanical energy in words. (2)

6.2 The kinetic frictional force between the 20 kg block and the surface of the ramp is
30 N. Use energy principles to calculate the:

6.2.1 Work done by the kinetic frictional force on the block (3)

6.2.2 Speed of the block at point B at the bottom of the ramp (5)

6.3 A 100 kg object is pulled up the SAME RAMP at a constant speed of 2 m∙s -1 by a
small motor. The kinetic frictional force between the 100 kg object and the surface of
the ramp is 25 N. Calculate the average power delivered by the small motor in the
pulling of the object up the incline. (4)
[14]

QUESTION 6

A pendulum with a bob of mass 5 kg is held stationary at a height h metres above the ground.
When released, it collides with a block of mass 2 kg which is stationary at point A.
The bob swings past A and comes to rest momentarily at a position ¼ h above the ground.
he diagrams below are NOT drawn to scale.
Before After

h 2 kg 2 kg
¼h
A B
Immediately after the collision the 2 kg block begins to move from A to B at a constant speed
of 4,95 m∙s-1. Ignore frictional effects and assume that no loss of mechanical energy occurs
during the collision.

6.1 Calculate the:

6.1.1 Kinetic energy of the block immediately after the collision (3)

6.1.2 Height h (4)

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 21 FS/2017

The block moves from point B at a velocity of 4,95 m·s-1 up a rough inclined plane to point C.
The speed of the block at point C is 2 m·s-1. Point C is 0,5 m above the horizontal, as shown in
the diagram below. During its motion from B to C a uniform frictional force acts on the block.

4,95 m·s-1 C

2 kg 0,5 m

6.2 State the work-energy theorem in words. (2)

6.3 Use energy principles to calculate the work done by the frictional force when the 2 kg
block moves from point B to point C. (4)
[13]

QUESTION 8

The diagram below shows a bullet of mass 20 g that is travelling horizontally. The bullet strikes
a stationary 7 kg block and becomes embedded in it. The bullet and block together travel on a
rough horizontal surface a distance of 2 m before coming to a stop.

20 g
7 kg

2m
8.1 Use the work-energy theorem to calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the bullet-
block system immediately after the bullet strikes the block, given that the frictional
force between the block and surface is 10 N. (5)

8.2 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)

8.3 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity with which the bullet hits the block. (4)
[11]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 22 FS/2017

DOPPLER EFFECT
QUESTION 1

1.1 The siren of a stationary ambulance emits a note of frequency 1 130 Hz. When the
ambulance moves at a constant speed, a stationary observer detects a frequency
that is 70 Hz higher than that emitted by the siren.

1.1.1 State the Doppler effect in words. (2)

1.1.2 Is the ambulance moving towards or away from the observer?

Give a reason for the answer. (2)

1.1.3 Calculate the speed at which the ambulance is travelling. Take the speed of
sound in air as 343 m∙s-1. (5)

1.2 A study of spectral lines obtained from various stars can provide valuable information
about the movement of the stars.

The two diagrams below represent different spectral lines of an element. Diagram 1
represents the spectrum of the element in a laboratory on Earth. Diagram 2
represents the spectrum of the same element from a distant star.

Blue Red

Diagram 1

Blue Red
Diagram 2

Is the star moving towards or away from the Earth? Explain the answer by referring
to the shifts in the spectral lines in the two diagrams above. (2)
[11]

QUESTION 2

The Doppler effect is applicable to both sound and light waves. It also has very important
applications in our everyday lives.

2.1 A hooter on a stationary train emits sound with a frequency of 520 Hz, as detected
by a person standing on the platform. Assume that the speed of sound is 340 m∙s-1 in
still air. Calculate the:

2.1.1 Wavelength of the sound detected by the person (2)

2.1.2 Wavelength of the sound detected by the person when the train moves
towards him/her at a constant speed of 15 m∙s-1 with the hooter still emitting
sound (6)

2.2 Explain why the wavelength calculated in QUESTION 2.1.1 differs from that obtained
in QUESTION 2.1.2. (2)

2.3 Use your knowledge of the Doppler effect to explain red shifts. (2)
[12]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 23 FS/2017

QUESTION 3
The graph below shows the relationship between the apparent frequency (fL) of the sound
heard by a STATIONARY listener and the velocity (vs) of the source travelling TOWARDS the
listener.

Graph showing apparent frequency (fL) versus

velocity of sound source (vs)
950

•
900
•
fL (Hz)

850 •

800 •
0 10 20 30 40
vs (m∙s-1)
3.1 State the Doppler effect in words. (2)
3.2 Use the information in the graph to calculate the speed of sound in air. (5)
3.3 Sketch a graph of apparent frequency (f L) versus velocity (vs) of the sound source if
the source was moving AWAY from the listener. It is not necessary to use numerical
values for the graph. (2)
[9]
QUESTION 4
4.1 The data below was obtained during an investigation into the relationship between
the different velocities of a moving sound source and the frequencies detected by a
stationary listener for each velocity. The effect of wind was ignored in this
investigation.

Experiment number 1 2 3 4
Velocity of the sound source (m∙s-1) 0 10 20 30
Frequency (Hz) of the sound detected
900 874 850 827
by the stationary listener
4.1.1 Write down the dependent variable for this investigation. (1)
4.1.2 State the Doppler effect in words. (2)
4.1.3 Was the sound source moving TOWARDS or AWAY FROM the listener?
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
4.1.4 Use the information in the table to calculate the speed of sound during
the investigation. (5)
4.2 The spectral lines of a distant star are shifted towards the longer wavelengths of
light. Is the star moving TOWARDS or AWAY FROM the Earth? (1)
[11]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 24 FS/2017

QUESTION 5
Reflection of sound waves enables bats to hunt for moths. The sound wave produced by a bat
has a frequency of 222 kHz and a wavelength of 1,5 x 10-3 m.
5.1 Calculate the speed of this sound wave through the air. (3)
5.2 A stationary bat sends out a sound signal and receives the same signal reflected
from a moving moth at a frequency of 230,3 kHz.
5.2.1 Is the moth moving TOWARDS or AWAY FROM the bat? (1)
5.2.2 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the moth, assuming that the
velocity is constant. (6)
[10]
QUESTION 6
An ambulance is travelling towards a hospital at a constant velocity of 30 m∙s-1.
The siren of the ambulance produces sound of frequency 400 Hz. Take the speed of sound in
air as 340 m∙s-1. The diagram below shows the wave fronts of the sound produced from the
siren as a result of this motion.

Y X

6.1 At which side of the diagram, X or Y, is the hospital situated? (1)

6.2 Explain the answer to QUESTION 6.1. (3)
6.3 Calculate the frequency of the sound of the siren heard by a person standing at the
hospital. (5)
6.4 A nurse is sitting next to the driver in the passenger seat of the ambulance as it
approaches the hospital. Calculate the wavelength of the sound heard by the nurse. (3)
[12]

QUESTION 7
7.1 An ambulance is moving towards a stationary listener at a constant speed of
30 m∙s-1. The siren of the ambulance emits sound waves having a wavelength of
0,28 m. Take the speed of sound in air as 340 m∙s-1.
7.1.1 State the Doppler effect in words. (2)
7.1.2 Calculate the frequency of the sound waves emitted by the siren as
heard by the ambulance driver. (3)
7.1.3 Calculate the frequency of the sound waves emitted by the siren as
heard by the listener. (5)
7.1.4 How would the answer to QUESTION 7.1.3 change if the speed of the
ambulance were LESS THAN 30 m∙s-1? Write down only INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
7.2 An observation of the spectrum of a distant star shows that it is moving away from the
Earth. Explain, in terms of the frequencies of the spectral lines, how it is possible to
conclude that the star is moving away from the Earth. (2)
[13]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 25 FS/2017

QUESTION 8
The speed of sound in air depends among others on the air temperature. The following graph
shows this relationship.

8.1 Which one of temperature or speed is the dependent variable? (1)

8.2 The gradient of this graph is equal to 0,6 m·s-1·K-1. With how much does the speed, (1)
in m·s-1, increase for every 5 K increase in temperature?
8.3 Two experiments are done to verify the Doppler effect. In the first experiment, an
object approaches a stationary observer X at a constant speed of 57,5 m·s-1. The
object is equipped with a siren that emits sound waves at a fixed frequency of
1 000 Hz. The motion takes place in still air at a temperature of 295 K.
8.3.1 Describe what the Doppler effect is. (2)
-1
8.3.2 What is the speed of sound, in m·s , in air at 295 K?
HINT: Use the graph. (1)
8.3.3 Calculate the frequency measured by observer X. (4)
8.3.4 In the second experiment, the object moves away from observer X at the
same constant speed as before. What should the air temperature, in
kelvin, be to make it a fair test between the two experiments? (1)
8.4 Consider the three diagrams below. Each one represents the source (with the siren)
and observer X. Two of the diagrams are applicable on the above-mentioned
experiments.
Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Diagram 3
Source Source Source
X X X

8.3.3 Which diagram is applicable to experiment 2? (1)

8.3.4 Which diagram is NOT applicable to any of the experiments?
Give a reason for your answer. (2)
[13]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 26 FS/2017

ELECTROSTATICS

QUESTION 1

The diagram below shows two small identical metal spheres, R and S, each placed on a
wooden stand. Spheres R and S carry charges of + 8 μC and - 4 μC respectively. Ignore the
effects of air.

+ 8 μC - 4 μC S
R

1.1 Explain why the spheres were placed on wooden stands. (1)

Spheres R and S are brought into contact for a while and then separated by a small
distance.

1.2 Calculate the net charge on each of the spheres. (2)

1.3 Draw the electric field pattern due to the two spheres R and S. (3)

After R and S have been in contact and separated, a third sphere, T, of charge + 1 µC is now
placed between them as shown in the diagram below.

10 cm 20 cm
R T S

1.4 Draw a free-body diagram showing the electrostatic forces experienced by sphere T
due to spheres R and S. (2)

1.5 Calculate the net electrostatic force experienced by T due to R and S. (6)

1.6 Define the electric field at a point. (2)

1.7 Calculate the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of T due to R and S.
(Treat the spheres as if they were point charges.) (3)
[19]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 27 FS/2017

QUESTION 2
Two identical negatively charged spheres, A and B, having charges of the same
magnitude, are placed 0,5 m apart in vacuum. The magnitude of the electrostatic force
that one sphere exerts on the other is 1,44 x 10 -1 N.

0,5 m
● ●
A B
2.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
2.2 Calculate the:
2.2.1 Magnitude of the charge on each sphere (4)
2.2.2 Excess number of electrons on sphere B (3)
2.3 P is a point at a distance of 1 m from sphere B.
0,5 m 1m
● ●
A B P

2.3.1 What is the direction of the net electric field at point P? (1)
2.3.2 Calculate the number of electrons that should be removed from sphere B so (8)
that the net electric field at point P is 3 x 104 N·C-1 to the right. [18]
QUESTION 3
Three point charges, Q1, Q2 and Q3, carrying charges of +6 µC, -3 µC and +5 µC respectively,
are arranged in space as shown in the diagram below. The distance between Q3 and Q1 is 30
cm and that between Q3 and Q2 is 10 cm.
Q3 = +5 µC 30 cm Q1 = +6 µC

10 cm

Q2 = -3 µC

3.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)

3.2 Calculate the net force acting on charge Q3 due to the presence of Q1 and Q2. (7)
[9]
QUESTION 4
Two identical neutral spheres, M and N, are placed on insulating stands. They are brought into
contact and a charged rod is brought near sphere M.

M N
Charged rod

When the spheres are separated it is found that 5 x 106 electrons were transferred from sphere
M to sphere N.
4.1 What is the net charge on sphere N after separation? (3)

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 28 FS/2017

4.2 Write down the net charge on sphere M after separation. (2)
The charged spheres, M and N, are now arranged along a straight line, in space,
such that the distance between their centres is 15 cm. A point P lies 10 cm to the
right of N as shown in the diagram below.
M N P
×
15 cm 10 cm
4.3 Define the electric field at a point. (2)
4.4 Calculate the net electric field at point P due to M and N. (6)
[13]

QUESTION 5
A very small graphite-coated sphere P is rubbed with a cloth. It is found that the sphere
acquires a charge of + 0,5 µC.
5.1 Calculate the number of electrons removed from sphere P during the charging
process. (3)
Now the charged sphere P is suspended from a light, inextensible string. Another sphere, R,
with a charge of – 0,9 µC, on an insulated stand, is brought close to sphere P. As a result
sphere P moves to a position where it is 20 cm from sphere R, as shown below. The system is
in equilibrium and the angle between the string and the vertical is 7°.

7°

20 cm
R
P

5.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on
sphere P. (3)
5.3 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
5.4 Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the string. (5)
[13]

QUESTION 6
Two charged particles, Q1 and Q2, are placed 0,4 m apart along a straight line.
The charge on Q1 is + 2 x 10-5 C, and the charge on Q2 is – 8 x 10-6 C. Point X is 0,25 m
east of Q1, as shown in the diagram below.
N
Q1 0,25 m Q2
X W E
●
0,4 m S
Calculate the:
6.1 Net electric field at point X due to the two charges (6)
6.2 Electrostatic force that a – 2 x 10-9 C charge will experience at point X (4)

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 29 FS/2017

The – 2 x 10-9 C charge is replaced with a charge of – 4 x 10-9 C at point X.

6.3 Without any further calculation, determine the magnitude of the force
that the – 4 x 10-9 C charge will experience at point X. (1)
[11]
QUESTION 7
Two identical spherical balls, P and Q, each of mass 100 g, are suspended at the same point
from a ceiling by means of identical light, inextensible insulating strings. Each ball carries a
charge of +250 nC. The balls come to rest in the positions shown in the diagram below.
Ceiling

20° 20°

P Q
7.1 In the diagram, the angles between each string and the vertical are the same. Give a
reason why the angles are the same. (1)
7.2 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
7.3 The free-body diagram, not drawn to scale, of the forces acting on ball P is shown
below.
T

Fe

w/Fg
Calculate the:
7.3.1 Magnitude of the tension (T) in the string (3)
7.3.2 Distance between balls P and Q (5)
[11]
QUESTION 8
A sphere Q1, with a charge of -2,5 μC, is placed 1 m away from a second sphere Q2, with a
charge +6 μC. The spheres lie along a straight line, as shown in the diagram below. Point P is
located a distance of 0,3 m to the left of sphere Q1, while point X is located between Q1 and Q2.
The diagram is not drawn to scale.
-2,5 μC +6 μC
P Q1 X Q2
● ●
0,3 m 1m
8.1 Show, with the aid of a VECTOR DIAGRAM, why the net electric field at
point X cannot be zero. (4)
8.2 Calculate the net electric field at point P, due to the two charged spheres
Q1 and Q2. (6)
[10]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 30 FS/2017

QUESTION 9

A small sphere, Q1, with a charge of + 32 x 10-9 C, is suspended from a light string secured to
a support. A second, identical sphere, Q2, with a charge of – 55 x 10-9 C, is placed in a narrow,
cylindrical glass tube vertically below Q1. Each sphere has a mass of 7 g. Both spheres come
to equilibrium when Q2 is 2,5 cm from Q1, as shown in the diagram. Ignore the effects of air
friction.

support

string

Q1 = + 32 x 10-9 C
+
glass tube 2,5 cm

Q2 = – 55 x 10-9 C
-
9.1 Calculate the number of electrons that were removed from Q1 to give it a charge of +
32 x 10-9 C. Assume that the sphere was neutral before being charged. (3)

9.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing all the forces acting on sphere Q1. (3)

9.3 Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the string. (5)

[11]

QUESTION 10

10.1 Define electric field at a point in words. (2)

10.2 Draw the electric field pattern for two identical positively charged spheres placed
close to each other. (3)

10.3 A – 30 μC point charge, Q1, is placed at a distance of 0,15 m from a

+ 45 μC point charge, Q2, in space, as shown in the diagram below. The net electric
field at point P, which is on the same line as the two charges, is zero.

Q2 = + 45 μC Q1 = – 30 μC P
×
0,15 m x

Calculate x, the distance of point P from charge Q1. (5)

[10]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 31 FS/2017

QUESTION 11
11.1 In an experiment to verify the relationship between the electrostatic force, FE, and
distance, r, between two identical, positively charged spheres, the graph below was
obtained.
1
Graph of Fe versus 2
r

0,030 •

•
0,025
FE (N)

0,020

•
0,015
•

0,010
•

0,005 •

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
(m-2)
r2
11.1.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
11.1.2 Write down the dependent variable of the experiment. (1)
11.1.3 What relationship between the electrostatic force FE and the square of the
distance, r2, between the charged spheres can be deduced from the graph? (1)
11.1.4 Use the information in the graph to calculate the charge on each sphere. (6)
11.2 A charged sphere, A, carries a charge of – 0,75 µC.
11.2.1 Draw a diagram showing the electric field lines surrounding
sphere A. (2)
Sphere A is placed 12 cm away from another charged sphere, B, along a straight
line in a vacuum, as shown below. Sphere B carries a charge of +0,8 μC. Point P is
located 9 cm to the right of sphere A.
12 cm
– 0,75 µC P + 0,8 µC
●
A B
9 cm
11.2.2 Calculate the magnitude of the net electric field at point P. (5)
[17]
Terms, definitions and question bank
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 32 FS/2017

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
QUESTION 1
1.1 A group of learners conduct an experiment to determine the emf ( ε ) and internal
resistance (r) of a battery. They connect a battery to a rheostat (variable resistor), a
low-resistance ammeter and a high-resistance voltmeter as shown in the diagram
below. r
ε ●
A ● S

V
The data obtained from the experiment is displayed in the table below.

READING ON VOLTMETER (V) READING ON AMMETER (A)

2 0,58
3 0,46
4 0,36
5 0,24
6 0,14

1.1.1 State ONE factor which must be kept constant during the experiment. (1)
1.1.2 Using the information in the table above, plot the points and draw the line of
best fit on a graph paper. (3)
Use the graph drawn in QUESTION 1.1.2 to determine the following:
1.1.3 Emf ( ε ) of the battery (1)
1.1.4 Internal resistance of the battery, WITHOUT USING ANY FORM OF THE
EQUATION ε = I(R + r) (3)

1.2 Three electrical devices, X, Y and Z, are connected to a 24 V battery with internal
resistance r as shown in the circuit diagram below. The power rating of each of the
devices X and Y are indicated in the diagram.
r

 =24 V ● S1
A ●

20 V, 100 W
X

150 W
Y

● ● Z
S2
With switch S1 closed and S2 open, the devices function as rated. Calculate the:
1.2.1 Current in X (3)
1.2.2 Resistance of Y (3)
1.2.3 Internal resistance of the battery (5)

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Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 33 FS/2017

Now switch S2 is also closed.

1.2.4 Identify device Z which, when placed in the position shown, can still enable
X and Y to operate as rated. Assume that the resistances of all the devices
remain unchanged. (1)
1.2.5 Explain how you arrived at the answer to QUESTION 1.2.4. (2)
[22]
QUESTION 2
2.1 Learners want to construct an electric heater using one of two wires, A and B, of
different resistances. They conduct experiments and draw the graphs as shown
below.
Graph of V versus I for resistors A and B
10,0

8,0
A
●
V (volts)

6,0 ●

● B
4,0
● ●
●

2,0 ● ●
●
●

● 0,2 0,6 1,0

0 0,4 0,8 I (A)
2.1.1 Apart from temperature, write down TWO other factors that the learners
should consider to ensure a fair test when choosing which wire to use. (2)
2.1.2 Assuming all other factors are kept constant, state which ONE of the two
wires will be the most suitable to use in the heater. Use suitable calculations
to show clearly how you arrive at the answer. (8)
2.2 In the circuit below the reading on ammeter A is 0,2 A. The battery has an emf of 9 V
and internal resistance r.
r
=9V •S
•
11 Ω

11 Ω A •
•
5,5 Ω
2.2.1 Calculate the current through the 5,5 Ω resistor. (3)
2.2.2 Calculate the internal resistance of the battery. (7)
2.2.3 Will the ammeter reading INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME
if the 5,5 Ω resistor is removed? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[22]

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Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 34 FS/2017

QUESTION 3
A cell of unknown internal resistance, r, has emf ( ε ) of 1,5 V. It is connected in a
circuit to three resistors, a high-resistance voltmeter, a low-resistance ammeter and a switch S
as shown below.
V
1
 = 1,5 V
S
r ● ●

4Ω A P 2Ω
1

3Ω

When switch S is closed, the voltmeter reads 1,36 V.

3.1 Which terminal of the ammeter is represented by point P?
Write down only POSITIVE or NEGATIVE. (1)
3.2 Calculate the ammeter reading. (3)
3.3 Determine the internal resistance of the cell. (7)
3.4 An additional resistor X is connected parallel to the 3 Ω resistor in the circuit.
Will the reading on the ammeter INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN
UNCHANGED? Give a reason for the answer. (4)
[15]
QUESTION 4
A battery with an internal resistance of 1 Ω and an unknown emf (ε) is connected in a circuit,
as shown below. A high-resistance voltmeter (V) is connected across the battery. A1 and A2
represent ammeters of negligible resistance.
8Ω
● ● A 20 Ω
16 Ω 1
● ●

R A
●
2 S
●
ε
● r=1Ω ●

V
With switch S closed, the current passing through the 8 Ω resistor is 0,5 A.
4.1 State Ohm's law in words. (2)
4.2 Calculate the reading on ammeter A1. (4)
4.3 If device R delivers power of 12 W, calculate the reading on ammeter A2. (5)
4.4 Calculate the reading on the voltmeter when switch S is open. (3)
[14]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 35 FS/2017

QUESTION 5
A battery of an unknown emf and an internal resistance of 0,5 Ω is connected to three
resistors, a high-resistance voltmeter and an ammeter of negligible resistance, as shown
below.
V
1
2Ω

0,5 Ω

A
ε
4Ω 8Ω
The reading on the ammeter is 0,2 A.
5.1 Calculate the:
5.1.1 Reading on the voltmeter (3)
5.1.2 Total current supplied by the battery (4)
5.1.3 Emf of the battery (5)
5.2 How would the voltmeter reading change if the 2 Ω resistor is removed? Write down
INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME. Explain the answer. (3)
[15]

QUESTION 6

6.1 In the diagram below, three light bulbs, A, B and C, are connected in parallel to a 12
V source of negligible internal resistance. The bulbs are rated at 4 W,
6 W and 10 W respectively and are all at their maximum brightness.

12 V A B C
4W 6W 10 W

6.1.1 Calculate the resistance of the 4 W bulb. (3)

6.1.2 How will the equivalent resistance of the circuit change if the
6 W bulb burns out? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or NO
CHANGE. (1)

6.1.3 How will the power dissipated by the 10 W bulb change if the
6 W bulb burns out? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or NO
CHANGE. Give a reason for the answer. (2)

6.2 A learner connects a high-resistance voltmeter across a battery. The voltmeter reads
6 V. She then connects a 6 Ω resistor across the battery. The voltmeter now reads
5 V.

6.2.1 Calculate the internal resistance of the battery. (4)

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 36 FS/2017

The learner now builds the circuit below, using the same 6 V battery and the 6 Ω
resistor. She connects an unknown resistor X in parallel with the
6 Ω resistor. The voltmeter now reads 4,5 V.

6.2.2 Define the term emf of a cell. (2)

6Ω
● ●
X

ε
r

4,5 V

6.2.3 Calculate the resistance of X when the voltmeter reads 4,5 V. (5)
[17]

QUESTION 7

7.1 In the circuit below the battery has an emf (ε) of 12 V and an internal resistance of
0,2 Ω. The resistances of the connecting wires are negligible.

10 Ω

R 15 Ω
●c
● a
S ●d
●b

ε = 12 V
0,2 Ω

7.1.1 Define the term emf of a battery. (2)

7.1.2 Switch S is open. A high-resistance voltmeter is connected across points

a and b. What will the reading on the voltmeter be? (1)

7.1.3 Switch S is now closed. The same voltmeter is now connected across
points c and d. What will the reading on the voltmeter be? (1)

When switch S is closed, the potential difference across the terminals of the battery
is 11,7 V. Calculate the:

7.1.4 Current in the battery (3)

7.1.5 Effective resistance of the parallel branch (2)

7.1.6 Resistance of resistor R (4)

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 37 FS/2017

7.2 A battery with an emf of 12 V and an internal resistance of 0,2 Ω are connected in
series to a very small electric motor and a resistor, T, of unknown resistance, as
shown in the circuit below.

The motor is rated X watts, 3 volts, and operates at optimal conditions.

T
Electric motor
●
S ●
●
● 0,4 m∙s-1

ε = 12 V
0,35 kg
0,2 Ω

When switch S is closed, the motor lifts a 0,35 kg mass vertically upwards at a
constant speed of 0,4 m∙s-1. Assume that there is no energy conversion into heat and
sound.

Calculate the value of:

7.2.1 X (3)

7.2.2 The resistance of resistor T (5)

[21]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 38 FS/2017

ELECTRODYNAMICS
QUESTION 1
The diagram below represents a simplified version of an electrical machine used to light up a
bulb.

commutator

1.1 Name the principle on which the machine operates. (1)

1.2 State ONE way in which to make this bulb burn brighter. (1)
Some changes have been made to the machine and a new device is obtained as shown
below.

brushes
1.3 Name part X in the new device. (1)
1.4 The graph of output emf versus time obtained using the device in QUESTION 9.3 is
shown below.

339,45
emf (V)

t (s)

1.4.1 Define the term root mean square value of an AC voltage. (2)
1.4.2 Calculate the rms voltage. (3)
[8]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 39 FS/2017

QUESTION 2

The graph below shows the output voltage from a household AC generator for one cycle of
rotation of the coils.

340
Output voltage (V)

t(s)

-340

2.1 A 100 W light bulb is connected to this generator and it glows at its maximum
brightness. Use the information from the graph to calculate the:
2.1.1 Resistance of the bulb (5)
2.1.2 rms current through the bulb (3)
2.2 Give ONE reason why AC voltage is preferred to DC voltage for everyday use. (1)
[9]

QUESTION 3

3.1 The output potential difference of an AC generator is 100 V at 20 Hz.

A simplified diagram of the generator is shown below. The direction of the current in
the coil is from a to b.
c b

d a

3.1.1 In which direction is the coil rotating? Write only CLOCKWISE or

ANTICLOCKWISE. (1)
3.1.2 Starting from the position shown in the diagram, sketch a graph of the
output potential difference versus time when the coil completes TWO full
cycles. On the graph, clearly indicate the maximum potential difference
(100 V) and the time taken to complete the two cycles. (3)
3.1.3 State ONE way in which this AC generator can be used to produce a
lower output potential difference. (1)
3.2 An electrical device is rated 220 V, 1 500 W.
Calculate the maximum current output for the device when it is connected to a 220 V
alternating current source. (5)
[10]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 40 FS/2017

QUESTION 4

4.1 A teacher demonstrates how current can be obtained using a bar magnet, a coil and
a galvanometer. The teacher moves the bar magnet up and down, as shown by the
arrow in the diagram below.

galvanometer

coil
4.1.1 Briefly describe how the magnet must be moved in order to obtain a
LARGE deflection on the galvanometer. (2)

The two devices, A and B, below operate on the principle described in

QUESTION 4.1.1 above.

output
output

4.1.2 Write down the name of the principle. (1)

4.1.3 Write down the name of part X in device A. (1)

4.2 A 220 V, AC voltage is supplied from a wall socket to an electric kettle of resistance
40,33 Ω. Wall sockets provide rms voltages and currents.

Calculate the:

4.2.1 Electrical energy consumed by the kettle per second (4)

4.2.2 Maximum (peak) current through the kettle (3)

[11]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 41 FS/2017

QUESTION 5

5.1 A simplified sketch of an AC generator is shown below.

Coil
Q

A
Pole piece of magnet
P

To external circuit

The coil of the generator rotates clockwise between the pole pieces of two magnets.
At a particular instant, the current in the segment PQ has the direction shown above.
5.1.1 Identify the magnetic pole A.
Only write NORTH POLE or SOUTH POLE. (1)
5.1.2 The coil is rotated through 180°.
Will the direction of the current in segment PQ be from P to Q or Q to P? (1)
5.2 An electrical device is connected to a generator which produces an rms potential
difference of 220 V. The maximum current passing through the device is 8 A.
Calculate the:
5.2.1 Resistance of the device (5)
5.2.2 Energy the device consumes in two hours (5)
[12]

QUESTION 6
6.1 A part of a simplified DC motor is shown in the sketch below.

6.1.1 In which direction (a to b, OR b to a) is the current flowing through

the coil if the coil rotates anticlockwise as indicated in the diagram? (1)
6.1.2 Name the rule you used to answer QUESTION 6.1.1. (1)
6.1.3 Which component in the diagram must be replaced in order for the
device to operate as an AC generator? (1)
6.2 An electrical device of resistance 400 Ω is connected across an AC generator
that produces a maximum emf of 430 V. The resistance of the coils of the
generator can be ignored.
6.2.1 State the energy conversion that takes place when the
AC generator is in operation. (2)
6.2.2 Calculate the root mean square value of the current passing
through the resistor. (5)
[10]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 42 FS/2017

QUESTION 7

7.1 A generator is shown below. Assume that the coil is in a vertical position.

7.1.1 Is the generator above AC or DC? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

7.1.2 Sketch an induced emf versus time graph for ONE complete
rotation of the coil. (The coil starts turning from the vertical
position.) (2)

7.2 An AC generator is operating at a maximum emf of 340 V. It is connected

across a toaster and a kettle, as shown in the diagram below.
toaster

kettle
generator

800 W 2 000 W

The toaster is rated at 800 W, while the kettle is rated at 2 000 W. Both are
working under optimal conditions.

Calculate the:

7.2.1 rms current passing through the toaster (3)

7.2.2 Total rms current delivered by the generator (4)

[11]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 43 FS/2017

PHOTO-ELECTRIC EFFECT
QUESTION 1
Ultraviolet light is incident onto a photocell with a potassium cathode as shown below.
The threshold frequency of potassium is 5,548 x 1014 Hz.
incident light potassium cathode

e- e-

DC source

1.1 Define the term threshold frequency (cut-off frequency). (2)

The maximum speed of an ejected photoelectron is 5,33 x 105 m∙s-1.
1.2 Calculate the wavelength of the ultraviolet light used. (5)
The photocell is now replaced by another photocell with a rubidium cathode. The maximum
speed of the ejected photoelectron is 6,10 x 105 m∙s-1 when the same ultraviolet light source is
used.
1.3 How does the work function of rubidium compare to that of potassium?
Write down only GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
1.4 Explain the answer to QUESTION 1.3. (3)
[11]
QUESTION 2
A learner uses photocells to determine the maximum kinetic energy of ejected photoelectrons.
One photocell has a caesium cathode and the other has a sodium cathode. Each photocell is
radiated by ultraviolet light from the same source as shown below.
Ultraviolet light
Metal surface

e-
μA

The incomplete results obtained are shown in the table below.

NAME OF THE WORK FUNCTION OF MAXIMUM KINETIC ENERGY OF

METAL THE METAL (J) PHOTOELECTRONS (J)
Caesium 3,36 x 10-19 2,32 x 10-19
Sodium 3,65 x 10-19 EK

2.1 Define the term work function of a metal. (2)

2.2 Use the information in the table to calculate the wavelength of the ultraviolet light
used in the experiment. (4)
2.3 Calculate the maximum kinetic energy, EK, of an electron ejected from the sodium
metal. (4)

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 44 FS/2017

2.4 The intensity of the incident ultraviolet light was then increased.

2.4.1 Give a reason why this change does NOT affect the maximum kinetic
energy of the ejected photoelectrons. (1)
2.4.2 How does the increased intensity affect the reading on the ammeter?
Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
2.4.3 Explain the answer to QUESTION 2.4.2. (2)
[14]
QUESTION 3
3.1 In the diagram below, green and blue light are successively shone on a metal
surface. In each case, electrons are ejected from the surface.
green
500 nm blue
400 nm

3.1.1 What property of light is illustrated by the photoelectric effect? (1)

3.1.2 Without any calculation, give a reason why the maximum kinetic energy
of an ejected electron, using blue light, is GREATER THAN that obtained
using green light, for the same metal surface. (2)
3.2 The wavelength associated with the cut-off (threshold) frequency of a certain metal is
330 nm. Calculate:
3.2.1 The work function of the metal (4)
3.2.2 The maximum speed of an electron ejected from the surface of the metal
when light of frequency 1,2 x 1015 Hz is shone on the metal (5)
[12]
QUESTION 4
In an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect, light of different wavelengths was
shone onto a metal surface of a photoelectric cell. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
electrons was determined for the various wavelengths and recorded in the table below.
INVERSE OF WAVELENGTH MAXIMUM KINETIC ENERGY
1 Ek(max) ( × 10-19 J)
( × 106 m-1)
λ
5,00 6,60
3,30 3,30
2,50 1,70
2,00 0,70

4.1 What is meant by the term photoelectric effect? (2)

4.2 1
Draw a graph of Ek(max) (y-axis) versus (x-axis) on a graph paper.
λ (3)
4.3 USE THE GRAPH to determine:
4.3.1 The threshold frequency of the metal in the photoelectric cell (4)
4.3.2 Planck's constant (4)
[13]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 45 FS/2017

QUESTION 5

An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of changes in frequency AND intensity
on the current generated in a photoelectric cell when light is incident on it. The apparatus used
in the investigation is shown in the simplified diagram below.
Incident light

µA

The results of the experiment are shown in the table below.

EXPERIMENT FREQUENCY (Hz) INTENSITY CURRENT

(Cd) (A)
A 4,00 x 1014 10 0
B 4,50 x 1014 10 0
C 5,00 x 1014 10 0
D 5,01 x 1014 10 20
E 5,01 x 1014 20 40
F 6,50 x 1014 10 30

5.1 Define the term work function. (2)

5.2 Identify an independent variable. (1)

The threshold frequency for the metal used in the photocell is 5,001 x 1014 Hz.

5.3 Define the term threshold frequency. (2)

5.4 Calculate the maximum speed of an emitted electron in experiment F. (5)

In experiments D and E, the current doubled when the intensity was doubled at the same
frequency.

5.5 What conclusion can be made from this observation? (2)

[12]

QUESTION 6

6.1 In an experiment on the photoelectric effect, light is incident on the surface of a metal
and electrons are ejected.

6.1.1 What does the photoelectric effect indicate about the nature of light? (1)

6.1.2 The intensity of the light is increased. Will the maximum speed of the
ejected electrons INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME?
Give a reason for the answer. (2)

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 46 FS/2017

The wavelength corresponding with the threshold frequency is referred to as

threshold wavelength. The table below gives the values of threshold wavelengths for
three different metals.

METAL THRESHOLD WAVELENGTH (λ0) IN METRES

Silver 2,88 x 10-7
Calcium 4,32 x 10-7
Sodium 5,37 x 10-7

In the experiment using one of the metals above, the maximum speed
of the ejected electrons was recorded as 4,76 x 105 m·s-1 for light of wavelength
420 nm.

6.1.3 Identify the metal used in the experiment by means of suitable

calculations. (5)

6.2 The simplified energy diagrams showing the possible electron transitions in an atom
are shown below.
E3 E3
Increasing energy

Increasing energy
Q S R
E2 E2
P
E1 E1

E0

Using the letters P, Q, R and S, identify the lines that CORRECTLY show transitions
that will result in the atom giving off an EMISSION SPECTRUM. Give a reason for
the answer. (4)
[12]

Terms, definitions and question bank

Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 47 FS/2017

QUESTION 7

7.1 A learner is investigating the photoelectric effect for two different metals, silver and
sodium, using light of different frequencies. The maximum kinetic energy of the
emitted photoelectrons is plotted against the frequency of the light for each of the
metals, as shown in the graphs below.

sodium
silver
EKmax (J)

0
5,94 11,42 Frequency x 1014 (Hz)

7.1.1 Define the term threshold frequency. (2)

7.1.2 Which metal, sodium or silver, has the larger work function? Explain the
answer. (3)
7.1.3 Name the physical constant represented by the slopes of the graphs. (1)

7.1.4 If light of the same frequency is shone on each of the metals, in which
metal will the ejected photoelectrons have a larger maximum kinetic
energy? (1)

7.2 In a different photoelectric experiment blue light obtained from a light bulb is shone
onto a metal plate and electrons are released.

The wavelength of the blue light is 470 x 10-9 m and the bulb is rated at 60 mW. The
bulb is only 5% efficient.

7.2.1 Calculate the number of photons that will be incident on the metal plate
per second, assuming all the light from the bulb is incident on the metal
plate. (5)

7.2.2 Without any further calculation, write down the number of electrons
emitted per second from the metal. (1)
[13]

Terms, definitions and question bank