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CIV103

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

ASSIGNMENT BOOKLET
&
LABORATORY MANUAL

School of Civil Engineering


School of Mechanical Engineering

SASTRA Deemed University

Thanjavur – 613401
SASTRA Deemed University 2021-2022 CIV103 Engineering Graphics

L T P C
Course Code: CIV 103
1 0 4 3
Semester: I / II

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Course Objectives:

The student will possess the skill for efficient drafting depending on the operational function
in order to perform day-to-day activity and in creating simple engineering designs of Industrial
components using AutoCAD/FreeCAD Software.

UNIT – I 10 Periods

Introduction to Engineering drawing & Drafting Software.

Principles of engineering graphics and their significance – Overview of Computer graphics-


introduction to drafting software – Demonstrating knowledge of the theory of CAD software
- Menu System, Toolbars (commands- Draw, Modify and Dimension)

Geometrical constructions – Curves used in engineering practice –conic sections, Cycloidal


curves, Involutes – square and circle.

UNIT – II 10 Periods

Orthographic projection

Principles –First angle projections-projection of points - straight lines-Inclined to both the


principal planes – true lengths and true inclinations by rotating line method.

Projection of solids inclined to one reference plane- prisms, pyramids, cylinder, and cone –
change of position method.

UNIT – III 10 Periods

Section, Intersection and Development of Surfaces of solids

Section planes perpendicular to one plane and parallel or inclined to other plane true shape of
section- Intersection of surfaces - Development of lateral surfaces of prisms, cylinders, cone
and pyramids.

UNIT – IV 15 Periods

Isometric projection

Principles of Isometric projection – construction of isometric view of prisms, cylinders,


pyramid and cones- Construction of isometric view from orthographic views of industrial
objects (2D to 3D).
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SASTRA Deemed University 2021-2022 CIV103 Engineering Graphics

LIST OF EXERCISES USING CAD SOFTWARE:

1. Construction of ellipse and parabola.


2. Orthographic projections of simple solids.
3. Sectional orthographic views of a cone and cylinder
4. Intersection of cylinder to cone.
5. Development of lateral surfaces of solids.
6. Isometric view of prism, cone and industrial objects.

TEXTBOOKS
1. Venugopal, K. and V. Prabhu Raja. Engineering Drawing. New Age International (P)
Limited, 2010
2. Narayana, K. L. and P. Kannaiah. Textbook on Engineering Drawing. Scitech
Publications, 2010.

REFERENCES
1. Gopalakrishna, K. R. Engineering Drawing. Subas Publications,2010.
2. Bhatt, N. D. and V. M. Panchal. Engineering Drawing. Charotar Publishing house,
2012.
3. Natarajan, K. V. A text book of Engineering Drawing Graphics. Dhanalakshmi
Publishers, Chennai, 2008.
4. Dhananjay AJolhe. Engineering Graphics McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Ltd,
2009.

ONLINE MATERIALS

1. NPTEL- http:// nptel.ac.in/courses/112104031/1


2. NPTEL- http:// nptel.ac.in/courses/112103019/
3. http://nptel.ac.in/syllabus/syllabus.php?subjectId=107103002

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Unit I The learner will be able to draw plane and special curves which are of great
importance to engineers using AutoCAD/FreeCAD software.
Unit II The learner will be able to draw the projection of solids in the first quadrant.

Unit III The learner will be able to draw sectional views, intersection of surfaces of solids
and development of lateral surfaces of solids.
Unit IV The learner will be able to draw isometric projection of simple solids and will be
able draw isometric view of the industrial object from orthographic projection.

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Important Note:

The students are required to come to the drawing classes with all the instruments listed
below. Students must practice the assignment problems before coming to the grid sheet
practice so that they can complete the problems within the stipulated time. No extra
time will be given. Completed assignment sheets should be submitted atthe end of
the grid sheet practice to the person in charge. Marks for the assignments will be
awarded only for the problems that were completed in the grid sheet practice. All the
assignment sheets should be preserved till the end of the semester and should be
produced whenever required.

Drawing Instruments and Materials:

1. Set square set (45° x 45° and 30° x 60°, one each)
2. Protractor
3. Scale
4. Compass
5. H, 2H and HB pencils
6. Eraser
7. Card board backup sheet
8. Roll of cello tape
9. Paper clips (4 Nos.)
10. Grid sheets

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MANUAL DRAFTING EXERCISES

Week 1: Geometrical construction exercises

1. Write freehand the alphabets (uppercase & lowercase), in single stroke letter.

2. Divide a straight line of 80 mm length into six equal parts using geometrical constructions.

3. Find the length of the circumference of a circle of 50 mm diameter using geometrical


constructions.

4. Construct a pentagon of length of side 25 mm using exterior angle method.

5. Construct a hexagon of length of side 25 mm using exterior angle method.

Week 2: Construction of Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola by different methods.

1. A flowerbed in a botanical garden is elliptical in shape. Major and minor axes are 9 m and
5.5 m respectively. Draw the profile of the flowerbed to a scale of 1:100 (Use concentric
circle method).

2. Construct an ellipse when its major axis is equal to 100 mm and minor axis is equal to 65
mm. (Use rectangle method).

3. A cricket ball thrown from the ground level reaches the wicket keeper gloves. Maximum
height reached by the ball is 5 m. The ball travels a horizontal distance of 11 m from the
point of projection. Trace the path of the ball. (Use rectangle method)

4. Construct a parabolic arc within a parallelogram of sides 110 mm X 50 mm. One of the
included angles between the slides is 70o.

5. Draw a hyperbola when its double ordinate is 90 mm, abscissa is 35 m and half of the
transverse axis is 45 mm.

Additional problem for practice (Optional)

1. Construct an ellipse when the distance between the focus and the directrix is 30 mm and
the eccentricity is 3/4. Draw the tangent and normal at any point P on the curve using
directrix.

2. Construct a parabola when the distance between focus and the directrix is 40 mm. Draw
tangent and normal at any point P on your curve.

3. Construct a hyperbola when the distance between the focus and directrix is 40 mm. The
eccentricity is 4/3. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on the hyperbola.

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Week 3: Construction of cycloids, Epicycloids, Hypocycloids &Involutes (square and


circle)

1. A coin of 40 mm diameter rolls over a horizontal table without slipping. A point on the
circumference of the coin is in contact with the table surface in the beginning and after one
complete revolution. Draw the path traced by the point. Draw a tangent and normal at any
point on the curve.

2. Draw epicycloids of rolling circle 40 mm (2r), which rolls outside another circle (base circle)
of 150 mm diameter (2R) for one revolution. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on the
curve.

3. Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter which rolls inside another circle of 200
mm diameter for one revolution. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on it.

4. A coir is unwound from a drum of 30 mm diameter. Draw the locus of the free end of the
coir for unwinding through an angle of 360o. Draw also a normal and tangent at any point
on the curve.

Additional problem for practice (Optional)

1. Draw the involute of a square of side 25 mm. Draw a tangent and normal at any point M.

Week 4: Construction of points in different quadrants, lines inclined one principal


plane, Two principal plane by rotating line method.

1. Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line.


A, 35 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP
B, 40 mm below HP and 15 mm behind VP
C, 50 mm above HP and 25 mm behind VP
D, 40 mm below HP and 20 mm behind VP
E, 30 mm behind VP and on HP

2. A line AB 50 mm long is in VP and inclined at 350 to HP. End A is 10 mm above HP. Draw
the projections.

3. A line RS measuring 52 mm is in HP and inclined at an angle of 45o to VP. The end R is


10 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections.

4. A line CD measuring 80 mm is inclined at an angle of 30 o to HP and 45o to VP. The point


C is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the straight line.

5. A line AB is 75 mm long. A is 50 mm in front of VP. and 15 mm above HP. B is 15 mm


in front of VP and is above HP. Top view of AB is 50 mm long. Find the front view length
and the true inclinations.

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Additional problem for practice (Optional)

1. Draw the projections of a line CD 50 mm long, parallel to HP and inclined to VP. The end
C is 10 mm in front of VP and D is 30 mm in front of VP. The line is 15 mm above HP.

2. A line CD is parallel to VP and inclined at 40° to HP. C is in HP and 25 mm in front of VP.


Top view is 50 mm long. Find its true length.

3. A line AB 60 mm long is parallel to HP. The point A is 20 mm above HP and 35 mm in


front of VP. The length of the front view is 50 mm. Determine its true inclination with VP.

Week 5: Construction of prisms and pyramids by the change of position method.

1. A pentagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm long, rests with one of its edges
on HP such that the base containing that edge makes an angle of 30 to HP and its axis is
parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

2. A hexagonal pyramid, side of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm long, rests with one of the edges
of its base on HP and its axis is inclined at 30 to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its
projections.

3. A tetrahedron of 40 mm side rests with one of its edges on HP and perpendicular to VP.
The triangular face containing that edge is inclined at 30o to HP. Draw its projection.

Additional problem for practice (Optional)

1. A hexagonal prism, side of base 24 mm and axis 55 mm long, rests with one of its edges
on HP such that the base containing that edge makes on angle of 45 o to HP and its axis is
parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

2. Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base 25 mm side and axis 60 mm long
when it is lying on HP on one of its base edges, such that the axis is parallel to VP and
inclined at 30o to HP.

Week 6: Construction of cylinder and cone by the change of position method

1. Draw the projection of a cylinder, base 30 mm diameter and axis 40 mm long, resting with
a point of its base circle on HP such that the axis is making an angle of 30 o with HP and
parallel to VP.

2. Draw the projection of a cone, base 30 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long, resting on HP
on a point of its base circle with the axis making an angle of 45 o with HP and parallel to
VP.

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Additional problem for practice (Optional)

1. Draw the projections of a cylinder whose diameter is 30 mm and axis length 65 mm. It is
tilted such that one point of the base is on VP and the axis makes an angle of 30o to VP.

2. Draw the projections of a cone of base diameter 40 mm and axis length 80 mm when it lies
on the ground on one of its generators and the axis inclined at 40o to VP.

Week 7: Construction of solids sections

1. A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm and axis 60 mm long, rests with its base on
HP and an edge of its base is parallel to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 45o to HP passes through the axis at a point 35 mm above the base. Draw the
sectional top view.

2. A cone, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, rests with its base on HP. It is cut by
a section plane perpendicular to HP, inclined at 60o to VP and at a distance of 10 mm
from its axis. Draw the sectional front view and the true shape of section.

Additional problem for practice (Optional)

1. A hexagonal pyramid edge of base 30mm and axis 70 mm rests with its base on HP and
an edge of the base inclined at 30º to VP. A section plane inclined at 40º to VP and
perpendicular to HP passes through the pyramid at a distance of 10 mm from the axis and
in front of it. Draw the sectional front view and true shape of the section

2. A cone of diameter 60 mm and 80 mm long is resting on its base on HP. It is cut by a section
plane that passes through the axis at a point 40 mm above HP and is inclined 30ºto HP.
Draw its front view, sectional top view and true shape of the section.

Week 8: Construction of development of lateral surfaces of cone/cylinder and


Pyramids/prism

1. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of a right square prism of edge of base30
mm and axis 50 mm long.

2. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the lower portion of a cylinder of diameter
of 50 mm and axes 70 mm when sectioned by a plane inclined at 40 o to HP and
perpendicular to VP and bisecting the axis.

3. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of a square pyramid, side of base 25 mm and
height 50 mm, resting with its base on HP and edge of the base parallel to VP.

4. A cone of base 50 mm diameter and height 65 mm rests with its base on HP. A section
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 30o to HP bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the
development of its lateral surface.
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Week 9: Construction of intersection prism and cylinder

1. A vertical cylinder of 50 mm diameter and 80 mm height is standing on its base on HP. It


is penetrated by a hexagonal prism of 20 mm side and 80 mm long. Axes of solids intersect
at 90o with no offset.
a. Draw the projections of the solid showing curves of intersection
b. Draw the development of lateral surfaces of the intersecting prism and cylinder.

Week 10 & 11: Construction of isometric view /isometric projection of planes and solids

1. Draw the isometric projections of a hexagonal pyramid of a side of base 30 mm and height
75 mm, when it is resting on HP such that and edge of the base is parallel to VP.

2. Draw the isometric projections of a cone of base 40 mm diameter and height 58 mm when
it rests with its base on HP.

3. A cylinder 50 mm diameter and 60 mm height stand on HP. A section pane perpendicular


to VP, inclined at 55o to HP cuts the cylinder and passes through a pointon the axis at a
height of 45 mm above the base. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated portion of
the cylinder, when the cut surface is clearly visible to the observer.

4. A pentagonal pyramid, 30 mm edge of base and 65 mm height, stands on HP such that and
edge of the base is parallel to VP and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicularto VP
and inclined at 30o to HP cuts the pyramid passing through a point on the axisat height of
35 mm from the base. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated pyramid, showing the
cut surface.

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LABORATORY MANUAL

LIST OF EXERCISES USING FreeCAD SOFTWARE:

1. SIMPLE EXERCISE - To practice with tools.

2. ELLIPSE - Concentric circle method.

3. ELLIPSE - Rectangle method.

4. PARABOLA - Rectangle method.

5. INVOLUTE - Pentagon

6. PROJECTION OF SOLIDS- Axis of Solid Inclined to HP & parallel to VP.

7. PROJECTION OF SOLIDS- Axis of Solid Inclined to VP & parallel to HP.

8. SECTION OF SOLIDS-Hexagonal pyramid.

9. INTERSECTION OF SOLIDS - Square prism vs. Cylinder.

10. DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS -Cylinder.

11. ISOMETRIC VIEW of mixer.

12. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION -From Isometric view

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Introduction to FreeCAD

FreeCAD is a free, open-source parametric 3D modeling application. It is made primarily to model real-world
objects, ranging from the small electronic components up to buildings and civil engineering projects, with a
strong focus on 3D-printable objects. FreeCAD is not designed for a particular kind of work, or to make a
certain kind of objects. Instead, it allows a wide range of uses, and permits users to produce models of all sizes
and purposes. Each of these tasks have different dedicated sets of tools and workflows available.
FreeCAD is also multiplatform (it runs exactly the same way on Windows, Mac OS and Linux platforms), and
it is open-source. Being open-source, FreeCAD benefits from the contributions and efforts of a large community
of programmers, enthusiasts and users worldwide. FreeCAD is free to download, use, distribute and modify.

Installation of FreeCAD 0.19


1. Use the link https://www.freecadweb.org/downloads.php
2. Select the platform (Windows/MacOS/Linux) to install.
3. Run the downloaded installation file and follow the steps indicated.

Creating New Drawing in FreeCAD

When FreeCAD is opened, it displays the Start Centre. The default workbench (Start) can be changed based
on the requirement.

FreeCAD Interface

A FreeCAD document contains all the objects of your scene. It can contain groups, and objects made with any
workbench. The user can therefore switch between workbenches, and still work on the same document. The
user can also open several documents at the same time in FreeCAD, and open several views of the same
document.

Inside the document, the objects can be moved into groups, and have a unique name. Managing groups, objects
and object names is done mainly from the Tree view.

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Note: It can also be done, of course, like everything in FreeCAD, from the Python interpreter. In the Tree view,
you can create groups, move objects to groups, delete objects or groups, by right-clicking in the tree view or on
an object, rename objects by double-clicking on their names, or possibly other operations, depending on the
current workbench.

Workbenches
Workbenches are group of tools (toolbar buttons, menus, and other interface controls) that are grouped together
by specialty. Think of a workshop where you have different people working together: A person who works with
metal, another with wood. Each of them has, in their workshop, a separate table with specific tools for his/her
job. However, they can all work on the same objects. The same happens in FreeCAD.

In FreeCAD, the following important workbenches are available:

SYMBOLS WORKBENCHES DESCRIPTION


Std Base. It contains 'standard' commands and tools that can be used in all
workbenches.

Arch Working with architectural elements.

Draft Contains 2D tools and basic 2D and 3D CAD operations.

FEM Provides Finite Element Analysis (FEA) workflow.

Image Working with bitmap images.

Inspection It is made to give you specific tools for examination of shapes. It is


still under development.
Mesh Working with triangulated meshes.

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OpenSCAD For interoperability with OpenSCAD and repairing constructive


solid geometry (CSG) model history.
Parts Working with CAD parts.

Part Design For building Part shapes from sketches.

Path It is used to produce G-Code instructions. It is still under


development.
Points For working with point clouds.

Raytracing For working with ray-tracing (rendering).

Reverse It is intended to provide specific tools to convert


Engineering shapes/solids/meshes into parametric FreeCAD-compatible
features.
Robot For studying robot movements.

Sketcher For working with geometry-constrained sketches.

Spreadsheet For creating and manipulating spreadsheet data.

Start Center It allows you to quickly jump to one of the most common
workbenches.
Surface Provides tools to create and modify surfaces. It is similar as the
Part Shape builder Face from edges.
TechDraw For producing technical drawings from 3D models. It is the
successor of the Drawing Workbench.
Test Framework It is for debugging FreeCAD.

Web It provides you with a browser window instead of the 3D view


within FreeCAD.

Draft WORKBENCH :

The Draft Workbench is primarily focused on the creation and modification of 2D objects in FreeCAD.
But it is not restricted to the XY plane of the global coordinate system. Its objects can have any orientation and
position in 3D space, and some Draft objects can either be planar or non-planar.

Draft objects can be used for general drafting, similar to what can be done with Inkscape or AutoCAD. But
they can also form the base for the creation of 3D objects in other workbenches. A Draft Wire may define the
path of an Arch Wall, a Draft Polygon can be extruded with Part Extrude, etc. Many of the Draft modifier tools
can be applied to 2D and 3D objects created with other workbenches as well. You can, for example, move a
Sketch or create a Draft Ortho Array from a Part object.

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The Draft Workbench also provides tools to define a working plane, a grid, and a snapping system to precisely
control the position of geometry.

This is called as
WORKBENCH!

15-09-2021 R. Jayendra Bharathi & Dr. N. Sathiya Narayanan 6

SETUP

1. Open FreeCAD:

Create a new empty document with File → New.

Switch to the Draft Workbench from the workbench selector, or the menu View → Workbench → Draft.

2. Snap toolbar

The Draft Snap toolbar is normally activated when you switch to the Draft Workbench.

To make sure it is always there, go to the Draft Preferences, Edit → Preferences → Draft → Grid and
snapping tab.
Verify that the Show Draft Snap toolbar is active.

You can also change the visibility and properties of the Draft grid in this same window.

3. Working planes

Most Draft objects are planar shapes so they are naturally based on a working plane. A working plane can be
one of the main XY, XZ, and YZ global coordinate planes, or it can be a plane that is parallel to them with a
positive or negative offset, or it can be a plane defined by the face of a solid object.

3.1.Press SelectPlane, or go to the menu Utilities → Select plane, to open the working plane task
panel.

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3.2. Press Top (XY)Before pressing the button, you can also change the value of the offset in millimetres,
as well as the grid spacing, the main lines and snapping radius.

4. Preferences

Preferences: General preferences for the Draft Workbench.

Import Export Preferences: preferences available for importing from and exporting to different file
formats.

5. File formats

The Draft Workbench provides FreeCAD with importers and exporters for several file formats. These are used
by the Std Import and Std Export commands.

Autodesk .DXF: imports and exports Drawing Exchange Format files.

Autodesk .DWG: imports and exports DWG files via the DXF importer, when the ODA Converter utility is
installed.

PARTS OF FreeCAD SCREEN

MENU BAR TOOLBARS AREA

COMBO
VIEW
PANEL
AREA

PROPERTRY DRAWING AREA


VIEW

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1. PANEL AREA

COMBO MODEL TAB Shows you the contents Data Properties which concern the
VIEW and structure of your geometry itself
document. View Properties that affect how the
geometry looks like on screen

PROPERTIES Parameters of the selected object(s).


REPORT Normally hidden, but it is a good idea to leave open as it will list any wrong in the drawing
VIEW (View menu -> Panels -> Report View checked)

2. TOOLBARS AREA:

FILE BAR

WORKBENCH

VIEW TOOL BAR

TOOLS DESCRIPTION
FIT ALL-Fits the whole content on the screen without the zooming mode.

FIT SELECTION- Fits the selected content on the screen.

DRAW STYLE

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AS IS -It is draw style and keeps the object as it is.

POINTS - This style matches the 'Points' Display Mode. Vertices are displayed in solid
colors. Edges and faces are not displayed.

WIREFRAME- This style matches the 'Wireframe' Display Mode. Vertices and edges are
displayed in solid colors. Faces are not displayed.

HIDDEN LINES- Objects are displayed as if converted to triangular meshes.

NO SHADING- The No shading style overrides the View Display Mode of objects.
Vertices, edges and faces are displayed in solid colors

SHADED-This style matches the 'Shaded' Display Mode. Vertices and edges are not
displayed. Faces are illuminated depending on their orientation.
FLATLINES- Vertices and edges are displayed in solid colors. Faces are illuminated
depending on their orientation.
Show selection bounding box.

Select the linked object and switch to its owner document.

Auto switch to the 3D view containing the selected item.

AXOMETRIC VIEW-Set the object to Isometric view.

FRONT VIEW-Set the object to Front view.

TOP VIEW-Set the object to Top view.

RIGHT VIEW-Set the object to Right view.

REAR VIEW-Set the object to Rear view.

BOTTOM VIEW-Set the object to Bottom view.

LEFT VIEW-Set the object to Left view.

Draft CREATION TOOLS

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TOOLS DESCRIPTION
Line: creates a straight line.

Polyline: creates a polyline, a sequence of several connected line segments.

Fillet: creates a fillet, a rounded corner, or a chamfer, a straight edge, between two
Draft Lines.

Arc: creates a circular arc from a center, a radius, a start angle and an aperture angle.

Arc by 3 points: creates a circular arc from three points that define its circumference.

Circle: creates a circle from a center and a radius.

Ellipse: creates an ellipse from two points defining a rectangle in which the ellipse
will fit.

Rectangle: creates a rectangle from two points.

Polygon: creates a regular polygon from a center and a radius.

Bezier tools – Cubic Bezier curve: creates a Bezier curve of the third degree.

Bezier curve: creates a Bezier curve from several point.


B-spline: creates a B-spline curve from several points.

Point: creates a simple point.

Facebinder: creates a surface object from selected faces.

ShapeString: creates a compound shape that represents a text string.

Draft MODIFICATION TOOLS

TOOLS DESCRIPTION
Move: moves or copies selected objects from one point to another.

Rotate: rotates or copies selected objects around a center point by a given angle.

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Scale: scales or copies selected objects around a base point.

Mirror: creates mirrored copies from selected objects.

Offset: offsets each segment of a selected object over a given distance, or creates an offset
copy of the selected object.
Trimex: trims or extends a selected object.

Stretch: stretches objects by moving selected points.

Clone: creates linked copies, clones, of selected objects.

Array tools:

Array: creates an orthogonal array from a selected object. It can optionally create a Link
array.

Polar array: creates an array from a selected object by placing copies along a
circumference.

Circular array: creates an array from a selected object by placing copies along concentric
circumferences.

Path array: creates an array from a selected object by placing copies along a path.

Path Link array: idem, but create a Link array instead of a regular array.

Point Array: creates an array from a selected object by placing copies at the points from a
point compound.

Point Link array: idem, but create a Link array instead of a regular array.
Edit: puts selected objects in Draft Edit mode. In this mode the properties of objects can be
edited graphically.
Sub element highlight: temporarily highlights selected objects, or the base objects of
selected objects.
Join: joins Draft Lines and Draft Wires into a single wire.

Split: splits a Draft Line or Draft Wire at a specified point or edge.

Upgrade: upgrades selected objects.

Downgrade: downgrades selected objects.

Wire to B-spline: converts Draft Wires to Draft BSplines and vice versa.

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Draft to Sketch: converts Draft objects to Sketcher Sketches and vice versa.

Set slope: slopes selected Draft Lines or Draft Wires by increasing, or decreasing, the Z
coordinate of all points after the first one.
Flip dimension: rotates the dimension text of selected Draft Dimensions 180° around the
dimension line.
Shape 2D view: creates 2D projections from selected objects.

Draft SNAP TOOLS

TOOLS DESCRIPTION
Snap Lock: enables or disables snapping globally.

Snap Endpoint: snaps to the endpoints of edges.

Snap Midpoint: snaps to the midpoint of straight and circular edges.

Snap Center: snaps to the center point of faces and circular edges, and to the Data
Placement point of Draft Working Plane Proxies and Arch Building Parts.
Snap Angle: snaps to the special cardinal points on circular edges, at multiples of 30°
and 45°.
Snap Intersection: snaps to the intersection of two edges.

Snap Perpendicular: snaps to the perpendicular point on edges.

Snap Extension: snaps to an imaginary line that extends beyond the endpoints of
straight edges.
Snap Parallel: snaps to an imaginary line parallel to straight edges.

Snap Special: snaps to special points defined by the object.

Snap Near: snaps to the nearest point on faces or edges.

Snap Ortho: snaps to imaginary lines that cross the previous point at 0°, 45°, 90° and
135°.
Snap Grid: snaps to the intersections of grid lines.

Snap WorkingPlane: projects the snap point onto the current working plane.

Snap Dimensions: shows temporary X and Y dimensions.

Toggle Grid: switches the grid on or off.

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Draft TRAY TOOLBAR

The Draft Tray Toolbar provides easy access to some of the more common visual and workspace settings for
the Draft Workbench.

TOOLS DESCRIPTION
Select Plane: selects the current Draft working plane. Also available in the menu:
Draft → Utilities → Select Plane.
Set style: sets the default style for new objects. Also available in the menu: Draft →
Utilities → Set style.
Toggle construction mode: switches Draft construction mode on or off. Also available
in the menu: Draft → Utilities → Toggle construction mode.
AutoGroup: changes the active Draft Layer or, optionally, the active Std Group or
group-like Arch object.

Draft ANNOTATION TOOLS

TOOLS DESCRIPTION
Text: creates a multi-line text at a given point.

Dimension: creates a linear dimension, a radial dimension or an angular dimension.

Label: creates a multi-line text with a 2-segment leader line and an arrow.

Annotation styles...: allows you to define styles that affect the visual properties of
annotation-like objects.

Draft SNAP WIDGET

The Draft snap widget can be used as an alternative for the Draft Snap toolbar.

TOOLS DESCRIPTION
Toggles Grid on /off

Object snapping

Toggles Visual aid dimensions on /off

Toggles Ortho on /off

Toggles to constrain Working plane on /off

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Draft UTILITY TOOLS TOOLBAR

TOOLS DESCRIPTION
Layer: creates a Draft Layer.

Create working plane proxy: creates a working plane proxy to save the current Draft
working plane.
Toggle normal/wireframe display: switches the View

Display Mode property of selected objects between Flat Lines and Wireframe.
Move to group...: moves objects to a Std Group. It can also ungroup objects.

Select group: selects the content of Draft Layers, Std Groups or group-like Arch objects.

Add to Construction group: moves objects to the Draft construction group.

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Introduction to CAD (Practicing of tools)

Problem 01: Reproduce the drawing in FreeCAD

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Problem 02: Draw an ellipse with major and minor axes equal to 120 mm and 80 mm respectively, using
concentric circle method.

Procedure:

1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the ‘Draft’ workbench.


2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per
requirements.

3. Draw a CIRCLE with centre point in the global coordinate system (x=0, y=0 & z=0) with radius
40 mm.

4. Use OFFSET tool to draw another circle with same centre point and offset distance is 20mm.

5. Draw a LINE from centre point of a circle to a radius of 60mm.

6. Select that line and use POLAR ARRAY tool to 360º with 12 numbers of elements.

7. Using DOWNGRADE tool explode the array, to separate the lines.

8. Now change the major & minor axes lines as dashed dot in the property view.

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9. Using TEXT tool mark Major axis as A, B , Minor axis as C, D and circle centre point as O.

10. Using TEXT tool mark Outer circle divisions as 1, 2, 3 ....12 and Inner circle divisions as 1’, 2’,
3’ ...12’.

11. Now draw vertical lines from 4, 5.7,8, horizontal lines from 4’, 5’, 7’, 8’ and mark the intersection
points as P4, P5, P7 and P8.

12. Use MIRROR tool to mark the intersection points as P10, P11, P1 and P2.

13. Draw a smooth line through P1, P2, …P12 using SPLINE tool to obtain Ellipse.

14. Mark the dimensions using the options available in the DIMENSION menu. Finally, save the
file.

15. Finally, convert the drawing into printable pdf version.

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SASTRA Deemed University 2021-2022 CIV103 Engineering Graphics

Problem 03: Draw an ellipse with major and minor axes equal to 120 mm and 80 mm respectively, using
rectangle method.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the “Draft” workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per requirements.
3. Draw the major axis 120 mm using LINE tool. Name it as AB using TEXT tool.

4. Draw the minor axis 80 mm using LINE tool. Name it as CD using TEXT tool.

5. Through A and B draw lines parallel to CD using LINE tool

6. Through C and D draw lines parallel to AB and construct the rectangle PQRS using Line tool

7. Select the line PQ and make the subdivisions as 7 in the property view

8. Label the points as 1, 2, 3 and 1’,2’, 3’ respectively starting from A on AQ and AP using TEXT tool.

9. Now Select the line AB and make the subdivisions as 7 in the property view.

10. Label the points as 11, 21, 31 starting from A on AO using TEXT tool.

11. Join 1, 2, 3 with C and Join D11 and extend it to intersect C1 at P1 using LINE tool. Similarly, extend D21,
D31 and extend it to intersect C2 at P2 and C3 at P3 respectively.

12. Draw the smooth curve through A, P1, P2, P3, C using SPLINE tool.

13. Using MIRROR tool complete the remaining portion of the curve.

14. Mark the dimensions using the options available in the DIMENSION menu. Finally, save the file.
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SASTRA Deemed University 2021-2022 CIV103 Engineering Graphics

Problem 04: A ball thrown from the ground level reaches a maximum height of 5 m and travels a horizontal
distance of 11 m from the point of projection. Trace the path of the ball.

Procedure:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the ‘Draft’ workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per requirements.
3. Draw rectangle 11 m x 5 m mm using LINE tool. Name it as PQRS using TEXT tool.

4. Select the line PQ and RS, make the subdivisions as 8 in the property view

5. Label the points as 1, 2, 3 and 1’,2’, 3’ respectively on PQ and RS using TEXT tool.

6. Select the line PS, make the subdivisions as 15 in the property view

7. Label the points as 11, 21, 31, ...71 on PO and 11’,21’, 31’,...71’ on SO respectively using TEXT tool.

8. Join 1, 2, 3. . . 7 with V

9. From 11 erect vertical to meet the line V1 at P1. Similarly, from 2 1, 31... 71 erect verticals to meet the line
V2…, V7 at P2. . . P7 respectively using LINE tool

10. Also erect vertical from 11’,21’, 31’.. 71’to meet the line V1’, V2’, …V8’ at P1’, P2’, P3’.. P7’ respectively
using LINE tool.

11. Draw the smooth curve through P, P1, P2, P3… P7, V, P7’… , P1’, and S using SPLINE tool.

12. Mark the dimensions using the options available in the DIMENSION menu. Finally, save the file.

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SASTRA Deemed University 2021-2022 CIV103 Engineering Graphics

Problem 05: Draw the involute of a pentagon of side 22 mm.

Procedure:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the “Draft” workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per
requirements.
3. Draw the pentagon of side 22 mm using the ‘Polygon’ tool in FreeCAD.
4. Rotate the pentagon sufficiently to make any one side horizontal.
5. ‘Downgrade’ the pentagon to make it broken to 5 different lines.
6. Draw an arc keeping B as centre and AB as radius to intersect with the extension of CB at 1. (Arc tool
with centre and radius can be used)
7. Further, keeping C as centre C1 as radius, draw an arc to intersect with the extension of DC at 2.
8. Similarly, obtain the points 3, 4 and 5. The curve A12345 is the required involute.
9. Finally, convert the drawing into printable PDF version.

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Problem 06: Pentagonal prism, side of base 25mm and axis 50mm long, rests with one of its edges on HP such
that the base containing that edge makes an angle of 30° to HP and its axis is parallel to VP. Draw its projections
using FreeCAD software.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the “draft” workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per
requirements.
3. Draw a line using LINE tool and label it as XY by using TEXT tool.

First Top View

i. Draw the Pentagon of side 25mm and one of the sides perpendicular to the XY line, use the
POLYGON tool.
ii. Mark corner points of top face as a,b,c,d & e and bottom face corners as (1), (2), (3), (4) & (5)
using TEXT tool.
iii. Fix the centre of pentagon.
First Front View
i. Draw the vertical projectors from top view to meet XY at the points 1’, (5’), 2’, 3’ & (4’) using
LINE tool.
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ii. Mark these points using TEXT tool and join them using LINE tool.
iii. At these points, draw vertical lines of 50mm height using LINE tool.
iv. Mark the points a’, b’, (e’), c’ & (d’) using TEXT tool and join them using LINE tool.
v. Draw the axis line pentagon using LINE tool with centre line format.
Final Front View
i. Copy the first front view using COPY tool and rotate to 30° with XY line using ROTATE tool.
Final Top View
i. Draw the projectors vertically downwards through the corners of the final front view and
projectors horizontally from the corners of the first top view.
ii. Join all the intersection points in proper sequence using LINE tool.
4. Finally, convert the drawing into printable PDF version.

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Problem 07: A cone of base 40 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long touches VP on a point its base circle. Its
axis is inclined at 30◦ to VP and parallels to HP. Draw its projections.

Procedure:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the “Draft” workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per
requirements.
First Front View (I):
i. Draw a circle (assume the cone axis to be perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP) using the
circle tool in the draft creation toolbar for the radius of 20 mm. {circle can be drawn by making
the global (x,y,z) as (0,0,0) – but not mandatory}
ii. Ensure the “snap angle” option is enabled in the draft snap toolbar, which helps to fix points in
the drawn circle {similar to dividing the circle into an equal number of parts}.
iii. Use the “A” tool in the draft annotation toolbar to make the text a’, d’(b’), c’ and o’.
iv. Draw a line for the reference line and make the text X, Y, VP and HP. Using the dimensioning
tool, mention the radius or diameter of the circle.
Note: Other than {a’, d’(b’), c’} are referred as construction lines that do not require naming.

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First Top View (II):


i. Using the line tool, draw vertical projections from the front view to meet the XY reference at
points a, d(b), c.
ii. Draw a line from d(b) for a length of 50 mm and mark that point as ‘O’. {line property needs
to be changed from solid to dash-dot in the property view panel}
v. Join the points of ‘a’ and ‘c’ to point ‘O’ using the line tool. Using the dimensioning tool,
mention the height/length of the cone.
Note: Other than {a, d(b), c} are construction lines that do not require naming but need to be joined
to point ‘O’.
Final Top View (III):
i. Select the first top view (II), use the “move” tool in the draft modification toolbar {ensure
“copy” is enabled in the move dialogue box and pick any point} to create a copy of the first
top view and place it in the reference line XY.
ii. Use the “A” tool in the draft annotation toolbar to make the text a1, d1(b1), c1 and o1.
iii. Select all the lines of the existing final top view and use the “Rotate” tool in the draft
modification toolbar {pick the ‘c1’ point, ensure “copy” option is disabled in the rotate
dialogue box}. Give the base angle as ‘zero’ and rotation angle as 60 0.
[Note: The axis line should be 300 to VP as given in the question. Since the ‘c1’ point is selected to
rotate the existing final top view, 600 is given as the rotation angle]. Further, connect the ‘c1’
and ‘a1’ points using the line tool.
iv. Mention the angular dimensions using the dimensioning tool. {Use the “Alt” key to select the
lines for mentioning the angle between the selected lines}
Final Front View (IV):
i. Draw the projectors vertically upwards from the final top view and projectors horizontally from
the first front view.
ii. In proper sequence, join all the intersection points and make the text a1’, d1’(b1’), c1’ and o1’.
iii. Use the ‘B-Spline’ tool in the draft creation toolbar to join the a1’, b1’, c1’ and d1’ points.
iv. Use dashed lines for invisible lines and b-splines. {change the line property from ‘solid’ to
‘dashed’ in the property view panel}
3. Finally, convert the drawing into printable PDF version.

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Problem 08: A hexagonal pyramid, side of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm long, rest with its base on HP and an
edge of its base is perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 30◦ to HP
and passing through a point on the axis 20 mm below the apex. Draw the sectional top view using FreeCAD
software.

Procedure:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the “Draft” workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per
requirements.
3. Draw a line arbitrarily using the line option.
4. Name (label) it as XY using Text option. Mark VP above XY line and HP below the XY line using the
Text option

Top View:
i. Create a Hexagon using Polygon Tool by giving radius as 25mm. (In case of Hexagon, circle
radius will be equal to each side).
ii. Select the Hexagon, change its display mode to wire frame in view area of Property Panel an rotate
it to 90 degree. (to get one side perpendicular to X axis).
iii. Divide the Hexagon into six equal parts using Line Option and mark al corners as a, b c, d, e, f
using Text option. Also mention the Centre of hexagon as O.

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Front View:
i. Using LINE option, draw the vertical projectors from the top view to meet XY at the points a’,
(f’), b’(e’), c’, and (d’).
ii. From b’(e’), draw a vertical line of height 50mm using the LINE option. Mark the apex o’ using
TEXT option. Join the slant edges o’a’ and o’c’ using the LINE.
Section Plane:
i. Mark a point 20mm below o’. Through this point, draw a line (long-dashed dotted wide line to
represent the Section Plane) at an angle of 30º to XY line
ii. Mark the cutting points 1’, (6’), 2’, (5’), 3’, (4’) as shown using TEXT option.
Sectional Top View:
i. Draw the vertical projectors through the points 1’, (6’), 3’, (4’) to meet the slant edges in the top
view at points 1, 6, 3 and 4 using the LINE option. Mark these points using the TEXT option.
ii. Draw a radial line oq (length = radius of the inscribing circle = 25 mm) parallel to the XY line.
iii. Project point q to the XY line to get q’ and draw the slanting edge o’q’.
iv. In the front view, draw a horizontal line through 2’ using the LINE option to obtain the point m’
on the edge o’q’. Through m’, draw a vertical projector to meet the radial line oq at m.
v. Keeping o as centre and om as radius, draw an arc using the ARC option to meet the line ob and
oe to obtain the points 2 and 5 respectively. Join points 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 using the B-SPLINE option.
Provide a ‘Simple’ hatch pattern for the sectional top view.
5. Provide all the required annotations and convert/export the drawing into PDF.

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Problem 09: A cylinder of 60 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is standing vertically on its base on HP. It is
pierced by a square prism of 30 mm side and 100 mm length, the axis of which is parallel to both the reference
planes and the faces equally inclined to HP. The axes of the solids intersect at right angles. The height of the
axis of the prism above HP is 40 mm. Draw the projections of the solids showing the curves of intersection in
the front view.

Procedure:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the “Draft” workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per
requirements.
3. Draw the top, front and left side view of the vertical cylinder using CIRCLE tool and LINE tool in
the given position Mark the points as given in the figure using TEXT tool
First Front View (I):
i. Draw a circle (assume the cone axis to be perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP) using the
circle tool in the draft creation toolbar for the radius of 20 mm. {circle can be drawn by making
the global (x,y,z) as (0,0,0) – but not mandatory}
ii. Ensure the “snap angle” option is enabled in the draft snap toolbar, which helps to fix points in
the drawn circle {similar to dividing the circle into an equal number of parts}.
iii. Use the “A” tool in the draft annotation toolbar to make the text a’, d’(b’), c’ and o’.

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iv. Draw a line for the reference line and make the text X, Y, VP and HP. Using the dimensioning
tool, mention the radius or diameter of the circle.
Note: Other than {a’, d’(b’), c’} are referred as construction lines that do not require naming.

First Top View (II):


i. Using the line tool, draw vertical projections from the front view to meet the XY reference at
points a, d(b), c.
ii. Draw a line from d(b) for a length of 50 mm and mark that point as ‘O’. {line property needs
to be changed from solid to dash-dot in the property view panel}
iii. Join the points of ‘a’ and ‘c’ to point ‘O’ using the line tool. Using the dimensioning tool,
mention the height/length of the cone.
Note: Other than {a, d(b), c} are construction lines that do not require naming but need to be joined
to point ‘O’.
Final Top View (III):
i. Select the first top view (II), use the “move” tool in the draft modification toolbar {ensure
“copy” is enabled in the move dialogue box and pick any point} to create a copy of the first
top view and place it in the reference line XY.
ii. Use the “A” tool in the draft annotation toolbar to make the text a1, d1(b1), c1 and o1.
iii. Select all the lines of the existing final top view and use the “Rotate” tool in the draft
modification toolbar {pick the ‘c1’ point, ensure “copy” option is disabled in the rotate
dialogue box}. Give the base angle as ‘zero’ and rotation angle as 60 0.
[Note: The axis line should be 300 to VP as given in the question. Since the ‘c1’ point is selected to
rotate the existing final top view, 600 is given as the rotation angle]. Further, connect the ‘c1’
and ‘a1’ points using the line tool.
iv. Mention the angular dimensions using the dimensioning tool. {Use the “Alt” key to select the
lines for mentioning the angle between the selected lines}

Final Front View (IV):


v. Draw the projectors vertically upwards from the final top view and projectors horizontally from
the first front view.
vi. In proper sequence, join all the intersection points and make the text a1’, d1’(b1’), c1’ and o1’.
vii. Use the ‘B-Spline’ tool in the draft creation toolbar to join the a1’, b1’, c1’ and d1’ points.
viii. Use dashed lines for invisible lines and b-splines. {change the line property from ‘solid’ to
‘dashed’ in the property view panel}
4. Finally, convert the drawing into printable pdf version.

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Problem 10: A cylinder of diameter 40 mm and height 50 mm is resting vertically on one of its ends on HP. It
is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 30◦ to HP. The plane meets the axis at a point 30 mm from
the base. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the lower portion of the truncated cylinder using the
CAD software.

Procedure:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the ‘Draft’ workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per
requirements.
3. Draw the top view of the cylinder and divide it in to 8 (or 12) number of divisions.
4. Draw the front view of the cylinder and then draw the section plane SP, which passes through a point
on the axis at a distance of 30 mm from the base.
5. Calculate the stretch-out length of the development. (Stretch-out length = circumference of the circle).
6. Divide the stretched-out surface also in to the same number of parts (8 or 12). Indicate the divisions as
A, B, C etc. Draw generators through A, B, C etc.
7. Project all the points of section from the front view to the stretched-out surface.
8. Mark the points of intersection of the projection lines from front view and the generators through A, B,
C, D etc. on the stretch-out surface. Indicate these points as 1, 2, 3, 4 etc.
9. Connect the points 1,2,3,4 etc with ‘B-spline’ and the portion below this spline is the required
development.
10. Provide all the required annotations and finally, convert the drawing into printable pdf version.

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SASTRA Deemed University 2021-2022 CIV103 Engineering Graphics

Problem 11: Draw the isometric view of a mixer.

All dimensions are in mm


Procedure:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the ‘Draft’ workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per
requirements.
3. Enable isometric view as given below.
Go to View → Standard views → Axonometric →Isometric. The same can be enabled using view cube
also.
4. Using ‘Rectangle’ tool draw the base of the mixer. (Size 600 mm x 300 mm)
5. Using ‘Move’ tool, copy the rectangle vertically upwards through a distance of 225 mm.
6. On the copied rectangle, draw a square of side 300 mm to show the base of the tapering portion.
7. Copy the square vertically upwards through a distance of 225 mm.
8. Using ‘Offset’ tool prepare the top face of the mixer (200 mm x 200 mm). Offset distance is 50 mm.
9. Draw a diagonal for 200 mm x 200 mm square.
10. Keeping midpoint of the diagonal as centre, draw a circle of radius 50 mm.
11. Copy the circle vertically downwards through a distance of 150 mm.
12. Connect the quadrants of circles with vertical lines.
13. Change the style of the copy of circle and the two vertical lines drawn to dashed.
14. Remove the unwanted lines. (Use ‘Downgrade’ tool to break the rectangle to four lines).
15. Annotate the drawing completely.
16. Finally, convert the drawing into printable pdf version.

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Problem 12: Draw the orthographic views from isometric view.

Procedure:
1. Start the FreeCAD software and open the “Draft” workbench.
2. Make the required setup in the Edit → Preferences for the general and draft workbench as per
requirements.
3. Study the Isometric view of the given object and its details carefully. An isometric view shows three
mutually perpendicular planes, i.e., Left, Right and Top.
4. Three different views can be identified such as Front View, Top View and Right side View.
Front View:
i. Analyse the dimensions of this view from Isometric view and Draw the Front view using Line
feature.
ii. Change the appropriate lines to Hidden lines.
iii. Mark all the required dimensions.
Top View:
i. By using Front view as reference, start drawing Top view using Line feature.
ii. For the shape of semicircle, create by using ARC feature or CIRCLE feature.
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iii. Mark all the required dimensions.


Right Side View:
i. By using Front view as reference, start drawing RIGHT SIDE View using Line feature.
ii. For the shape of arc, create by using 3-point ARC feature.
iii. Mark all the required dimensions.
5. After completing the diagram, save the file and convert to PDF.

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