PROPERTIES OF SIGNALS

Periodic Signals
➢ A periodic continuous-time signal x(t) has the property that for a
positive value of time T,
x(t) = x(t + T), for all value of t

➢ Then x(t) is periodic with time period T

➢ The fundamental period T0 is the smallest positive value of T for

which the above equation holds.

➢ Thus x(t) is also periodic with period 2T, 3T, …….

 Periodic Signals
➢ A periodic discrete-time signal x[n] has the property that for a
positive integer N,
x[n] = x[n + N], for all values of n.

➢ The discrete time signal x[n] is periodic with period N if it is

unchanged by a time shift of N

➢ The fundamental period N0 is the smallest positive value of N for

which the above equation holds

➢ Thus x[n] is periodic with period 2N, 3N, ........

 Periodic Signals – Sine Wave
➢ An important periodic signal is the sinusoidal signal shown in
figure below:

➢ Unit of t is seconds, unit of ф is radians and that of ω0

radians/second, respectively

➢ ω0 = 2πf0 = 2π/T0, where f0 is in cycles/second or hertz(Hz)

➢ The sinusoidal signal is periodic with fundamental period T0 = 1/f0

➢ Signals that are not periodic are said to be aperiodic

Periodic Signals – Sine Wave
 Energy of a Signal
➢We may consider the area under a signal x(t) as a possible measure
of its size, because it takes account not only of the amplitude but
also of the duration

➢However, this will be a defective measure because even for a large

signal x(t), its positive and negative areas could cancel each other,
indicating a signal of small size

➢This difficulty can be corrected by defining the signal size as the

area under x2(t), which is always positive
 Energy of a Signal
➢This definition can be generalized to a complex valued signal x(t)
as:

➢The signal energy must be finite for it to be a meaningful measure

of the signal size

➢A necessary condition for the energy to be finite is that the signal

amplitude → 0 as |t| → ∞, otherwise the integral will not
converge

➢When the amplitude of x(t) does not → 0 as |t| → ∞, the signal

energy is infinite

➢A more meaningful measure of the signal size in such a case would

be the time average of the energy, if it exists
 Power of a Signal
➢Time average of the energy is called the power of the signal:

➢We can generalize this definition for a complex signal x(t) as:

➢Generally, the mean of an entity averaged over a large time

interval approaching infinity exists if the entity either is periodic
or has a statistical regularity

➢If such a condition is not satisfied, the average may not exist, for
instance, a ramp signal x(t) = t increases indefinitely as |t| → ∞,
and neither the energy nor the power exists for this signal
 Energy & Power of a DT Signal
➢ The energy and power for a CT signal are given as:

➢ The energy and power for a DT signal are given as:

Classification of Signals based upon Energy and
Power
1- Signals with finite total energy and
with zero average power:

These are signals for which E < ∞

Such a signal must have zero average

power since in the CT case, to
calculate P, T → ∞; any finite value of E
divided by infinite T would give zero
power
Classification of Signals based upon Energy and
Power
2- Signals with infinite total energy and
finite average power:
Classification of Signals based upon Energy and
Power
3- Signals with infinite total energy and
infinite average power
 Even Signals
➢ A continuous signal f(t) is referred to as an even signal if it is
identical to its time-reversed counterpart, i.e.

➢ The discrete signal f[n] is said to be even if

 Odd Signals
➢ A continuous signal f(t) is referred to as an odd signal if it is not
identical to its time-reversed counterpart, as shown below:

➢ It may be noted that an odd continuous time signal will be zero

at origin, i.e., f(0) = 0 at t = 0

➢ The signal f[n] is said to be odd if:

 Even and Odd Signal Decomposition
➢ A signal can be decomposed into its even and odd components

➢ Decomposition of continuous signal f(t) can be done as:

➢ Here, fe(t) is the even and fo(t) is the odd component of

continuous signal f(t)

➢ Obviously, the even function has the property:

➢ And the odd function has the property:

 Even and Odd Signal Decomposition
➢ Replacing t by –t in the expression of f(t), we get:

➢ Solving from the expression of f(t) and f(–t), we get:

AND
 DT Even and Odd Signal Decomposition
➢ Similarly, for DT signal f[n], we have:

AND
 Problem-1 / Signal Decomposition
➢ Find the Even and Odd signal components of the signal below:
END