540 Chapter 7 Matrices
Exercise 7.1
1. The monthly sales (in thousands) of burgers (B1) and bites (B2) in three fast-food
restaurants (R1, R2, R3) are as follows:
R1 R2 R3
B1 35 27 13
B2 42 39 24
January
R1 R2 R3
B1 31 17 3
B2 25 29 16
February
(a) Write down two 2 × 3 matrices J and F, representing sales in January and February,
respectively.
(b) By finding J + F, write down the matrix for the total sales over the two months.
(c) By finding J – F, write down the matrix for the difference in sales for the two months.
2. If
2 3 1 9 1 7 9 6
A5 1 0 5 0 B5 2 1 0 5
6 7 8 4 6 4 5 3
work out
(a) 2A (b) 2B (c) 2A + 2B (d) 2(A + B)
Do you notice any connection between your answers to parts (c) and (d)?
3. If A, B and C are matrices with orders, 3 × 3, 2 × 3 and 4 × 2, respectively, which of
the following matrix calculations are possible? If the calculation is possible, state the
order of the resulting matrix
4B, A + B, 3BT + C, AB, BTA, (CB)T, CBA
4. A firm manufactures three products, P1, P2 and P3, which it sells to two customers, C1 and
C2. The number of items of each product that are sold to these customers is given by
P1 P2 P3
6 7 9
A 5 C1
C2 2 1 2
The firm charges both customers the same price for each product according to
P1 P2 P3
B = [100 500 200]T
To make each item of type P1, P2 and P3, the firm uses four raw materials, R1, R2, R3
and R4. The number of tonnes required per item is given by
R1 R2 R3 R4
P1 1 0 0 1
C 5 P2 1 1 2 1
P3 0 0 1 1
Section 7.1 Basic matrix operations 541
The cost per tonne of raw materials is
R1 R2 R3 R4
D = [20 10 15 15]T
In addition, let
E = [1 1]
Find the following matrix products and give an interpretation of each one.
(a) AB (b) AC (c) CD (d) ACD (e) EAB
(f) EACD (g) EAB – EACD
5. A firm orders 12, 30 and 25 items of goods G1, G2 and G3. The cost of each item of
G1, G2 and G3 is $8, $30 and $15, respectively.
(a) Write down suitable price and quantity vectors, and use matrix multiplication to
work out the total cost of the order.
(b) Write down the new price vector when the cost of G1 rises by 20%, the cost of G2
falls by 10% and the cost of G3 is unaltered. Use matrix multiplication to work out
the new cost of the order and hence find the overall percentage change in total cost.
6. (1) Let
1 2 1 21
A5 3 4 and B 5 2 1
5 6 23 4
Find
(a) AT (b) BT (c) A + B (d) (A + B)T
Do you notice any connection between (A + B)T, AT and BT?
(2) Let
1 4 2 1 0
C5 and D 5
5 9 21 0 1
Find
(a) CT (b) DT (c) CD (d) (CD)T
Do you notice any connection between (CD)T, CT and DT?
7. Verify the equations
(a) A(B + C) = AB + AC (b) (AB)C = A(BC)
in the case when
5 23 1 5 21 1
A5 , B5 and C 5
2 1 4 0 1 2
8. If
1
7
A 5 [1 2 24 3] and B 5
3
2
find AB and BA.
➜
542 Chapter 7 Matrices
9. (a) Evaluate the matrix product Ax, where
7 5 x
A5 and x 5
1 3 y
Hence show that the system of linear equations
7x + 5y = 3
x + 3y = 2
3
can be written as Ax = b where b 5 .
2
(b) The system of equations
2x + 3y − 2z = 6
x − y + 2z = 3
4x + 2y + 5z = 1
can be expressed in the form Ax = b. Write down the matrices A, x and b.
Exercise 7.1*
1. Matrices A, B, C and D have orders 3 × 5, 5 × 2, 5 × 5 and 3 × 5, respectively. State
whether it is possible to perform the following matrix operations.
If it is possible, state the order of the resulting matrix.
(a) 7B (b) (A + C)T (c) A − 2D (d) BC
T T T T
(e) CB (f) D A (g) A + B
2. Two matrices A and B are given by
a21 b 1 3a
A5 and B 5
a 1 b 3c 2 b 2c d 1 1
If A = B, find the values of a, b, c and d.
3. Consider the matrices
g h
a b c
A5 and B 5 i j
d e f
k l
(a) Write down the matrices AT and BT.
(b) Work out the matrix products AB and BTAT.
(c) State the relationship between AB and BTAT, and use this result to simplify
(ATBTCT)T.
Section 7.1 Basic matrix operations 543
4. A chain of sports shops, A, B and C, sells T-shirts, trainers and tennis racquets. The
weekly sales and profit per item are shown in the tables below:
Sales per week Shop A Shop B Shop C
T-shirts 60 40 25
Trainers 80 123 90
Tennis racquets 10 0 25
Profit per item Shop A ($) Shop B ($) Shop C ($)
T-shirts 1 1 1.50
Trainers 5 8 6
Tennis racquets 20 25 30
The 3 × 3 matrices formed from the sales and profit tables are denoted by S and P,
respectively.
(a) If SPT is denoted by A, find the element a11 and give a brief interpretation of this
number.
(b) If STP is denoted by B, find the element b33 and give a brief interpretation of this
number.
5. On a small island there are supermarkets A, L, S and W. In the current year, 30% of
customers buy groceries from A, 20% from L, 40% from S and 10% from W. However,
each year,
A retains 80% of its customers but loses 10% to L, 5% to S and 5% to W.
L retains 90% of its customers but loses 5% to A and 5% to S.
S retains 75% of its customers but loses 10% to A, 10% to L and 5% to W.
W retains 85% of its customers losing 5% to A, 5% to L and 5% to S.
(a) If the original market share is represented by the column vector
0.3
0.2
x5
0.4
0.1
and the matrix representing the transition in supermarket loyalty is
0.8 0.05 0.1 0.05
0.1 0.9 0.1 0.05
T5
0.05 0.05 0.75 0.05
0.05 0 0.05 0.85
work out the matrix product, Tx, and give an interpretation of the elements of the
resulting vector.
(b) Assuming that the same transition matrix applies in subsequent years, work out the
percentage of customers who buy groceries in supermarket L after
(i) two years (ii) three years
3 21 4 4 0 7
6. If A 5 and B 5 find the matrix X which satisfies the matrix
0 2 1 2 5 1
equation: 2A + XT = 3B.
➜
544 Chapter 7 Matrices
7. Matrices, A, B and C are given by
3 22 4 1 5 0 3 22 27
A5 6 1 0 , B5 4 4 7 and C 5 24 5 1
25 9 5 2 3 29 3 0 6
If D = A(2B + 3C), find d23.
8. Let
a b 1 d 2b
A5 , A21 5 (ad 2 bc Þ 0)
c d ad 2 bc 2c a
1 0 x
I5 and x 5
0 1 y
Show that
(a) AI = A and IA = A (b) A−1A = I and AA−1 = I (c) Ix = x
9. For the commodity market:
C = aY + b and I = cr + d
For the money market:
MS = M*S and MD = k1Y + k2r + k3
r
If both markets are in equilibrium, find the matrix, A, such that Ax = b, where x 5
Y
Ms* 2 k3
and b 5 .
b1d
