Cell Biology Knowledge Organiser – Foundation and Higher

Required Practical Specialised Cells Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Microscopy Required Practical When a cell changes to become a specialised cell, it is called Animal Cells Plant Cells
vacuole
• Includes preparing a slide, using a light microscope, differentiation. ribosomes ribosomes
cell membrane
drawing any observations – use a pencil and label important nucleus cell membrane
Specialised Function Adaptation nucleus
observations. cell wall
Cell

eyepiece sperm To get the male Streamlined head, long

mitochondria
DNA to the tail, lots of mitochondria to
chloroplast
female DNA. provide energy. mitochondria chloroplasm
stage nerve To send electrical Long to cover more distance.
stage clips Plant and animal cells have similarities and differences:
impulses around Has branched connections to
the body. connect in a network. Animal Plant
light muscle To contract Long and contain lots of nucleus
focussing
quickly. mitochondria for energy.
e e
wheels
cytoplasm e e
root hair To absorb water A large surface area to absorb
from the soil. more water.
Osmosis and Potato Practical
chloroplast X e
phloem Transports Pores to allow cell sap to flow.
• Independent variable – concentration. substances Cells are long and joined end- cell membrane e e
• Dependent variable – change in mass. around the plant. to-end. permanent vacuole X e
• Control variable – volume of solution, temperature, time, xylem Transports water Hollow in the centre. Tubes
through the plant. are joined end-to-end. mitochondria e e
surface area of the potato.
The potato in the sugar solution will lose water and so will have ribosomes e e
less mass at the end; the potato in the pure water solution will Equations and Maths
gain water. Equation
cell wall X e
Bacterial Cells
image size
÷ ÷ Bacterial cells do not have a true nucleus, they just have a single strand of DNA
that floats in the cytoplasm. They contain a plasmid.

actual size
× magnification chromosome

Maths Skills cell membrane cell wall

Conversions:
Micrometres to millimetres: divide by 1000.
cytoplasm flagella
Standard Form:
0.003 = 3 × 10-3
5.6 x 10-5 = 0.0056

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 Cell Biology Knowledge Organiser - Foundation and Higher
Chromosomes and Mitosis Stem Cells Exchange – Humans Key Processes
In the nucleus of a human cell there are Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated Multicellular organisms have a large surface are to volume Diffusion is the spreading out of
23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes cells, they have the potential to turn into any ratio so that all the substances can be exchanged. particles from an area of higher
contain a double helix of DNA. Chromosomes kind of cell. Gas exchange: Lungs concentration to an area of lower
have a large number of genes. concentration.
The alveoli are where gas exchange takes place.
Cell membranes are semi-permeable,
They have a large surface area, moist lining, thin walls and a
only small molecules
good blood supply.
can get through.
Cell Diffusion
Adult stem cells are found in the bone Osmosis is the movement of water
marrow, they can only turn into some types molecules across a partially
of cells e.g. blood cells. permeable membrane from a region
The cell cycle makes new cells. of higher concentration to a region
Uses of stem cells:
Mitosis: DNA has to be copied/replicated of lower concentration.
• Replacing faulty blood cells;
before the cell carries out mitosis. Active transport is the movement
• making insulin producing cells;
of substances against the concentration
• making nerve cells.
gradient. This process requires
Villi: Small Intestine energy from respiration. Active Transport in Cells
Some people are against stem cell research.
Millions of villi line the small intestine increasing the surface
Exchange in Fish
For Stem Cell Research Against Stem area to absorb more digested food.
Fish have a large surface area for gas exchange. These are called
Cell Research
They are a single layer of cells with a good blood supply. gills. Water enters the fish through the mouth and goes out
Curing patients with Embryos are
Key Vocabulary stem cells - more human life.
Exchange in Plants through the gills. The oxygen is transported from the water to
active transport the blood by diffusion. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood
important than the
alveoli to the water. Each gill has gill filaments which give the gills a
rights of embryos.
chromosome large surface area. Lamellae cover each gill filament to further
They are just using Scientists
diffusion increase the surface area for more gas exchange. They have a
unwanted embryos from should find
eukaryotic thin surface layer and capillaries for good blood supply which
fertility clinics, which other sources
gas exchange helps with diffusion.
would normally be of stem cells.
mitosis destroyed.
multicellular
Stem Cells in Plants oxygen CO2
osmosis
prokaryotic In plants, stem cells are found in the meristem. The surface of the leaf is flattened to increase the surface area

undifferentiated These stem cells are able to produce clones for more gas exchange by diffusion.

replicated of the plant. They can be used to grow crops Oxygen and water vapour diffuse out of the stomata. Guard
specialised with specific features for a farmer, e.g. disease cells open and close the stomata, controlling water loss.
villi resistant.

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 1
AQA Combined Science Unit 4.1: Cell Biology
a c f k
Draw and label a typical plant cell. Draw and label the parts of a typical bacterial cell. Diffusion is: (Tick the correct box.) How many chromosomes does…
a. The movement of water particles from a high water • a human skin cell contain?
concentration to a lower water concentration

across a partially permeable membrane.
• a human gamete contain?
b. The spreading out of the particles of any gas or

liquid from an area of high concentration to an
area of lower concentration.

l
c. The movement of particles from a low Name the tubes that transport water up the stem of a
concentration to a higher concentration. plant.
Which organelle is…
• the site of aerobic respiration? d
Why do cells undergo mitosis?
g
  Light microscopes have objective lenses.
What is the purpose of the objective lens? m
• the site of protein synthesis? Draw and label a typical animal cell.
What has to happen before the cell divides?

 

• the site of photosynthesis? 

h
 What is osmosis?
What happens to the cell during mitosis?
1.  

Sperm cells are specialised cells. Explain how the

b  

acrosome helps the sperm cell to carry out its function. 2.  

 
i
 3.  Name three substances that are transported into, or out Which organelle is…
of, animal cells by diffusion. • the site of aerobic respiration?

e 1.  
What are ‘embryonic’ stem cells?
2.  • controls the movement of substances in and out of the

cell?
3. 
Name two medical conditions that could be treated with 
embryonic stem cells in the future.
j • contains the genetic information?
1.  Name the tubes that transport the food around the
plant. 
2. 

 2
AQA Combined Science Unit 4.1: Cell Biology
n r w
Root hair cells are specialised cells. Describe how the Describe how active transport is used by the following: Describe three ways that exchange surfaces are adapted
root hair cell is adapted to carry out its function. 1. plants to their function.

  1. 
2. animals 2. 


3. 


x
Why do some people object to embryonic stem cell
s
Where in the body are adult stem cells found and how research?
do they differ from embryonic stem cells?






o
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells? t
Write each of the following numbers in standard form. y
Which has a bigger surface area to volume ratio, an

2500 elephant or a mouse?

0.003

4 200 000

0.00000006 z
The width of a cell is 0.025mm; under the microscope
p
Plants can be cloned from meristem cells. Give two it is 10mm.
advantages of cloning plants. What was the magnification?
u
The unit centimetres is written as cm. What do each of
1.  the following units represent? 

2.  mm:

μm:
q
Describe two ways in which active transport is different
nm:
to diffusion.
pm:
1. 
2. 
v
What is the equation for calculating the magnification
of an image?