Course Description

This course is designed to increase keyboarding speed and accuracy. The students will be
able to acquire keyboarding skills that are necessary for the preparation of letters, memoranda,
reports and other business communications. Students will improve keyboarding techniques with
exercises emphasizing the touch method technique (Home Keys). This could develop the
students’ ability to attain a speed of 35-40, of 40-45 GWAM with tolerable or fewer errors on a 5-
minute timed writing.

Objectives:

At the end of the semester, the students should be able to:

1. Master the keyboard by touch;
2. Type a minimum of 35-45 wpm on a 5-minute timed writing with 5 or fewer errors.
3. Demonstrate good work habits acceptable typing techniques, and skills in using the
computer.
4. Correct errors in the content and format of documents.
5. Demonstrate skills in proofreading, punctuation, grammar, spelling, and keyboard
composing.
6. Exhibit proficiency in encoding business documents including letters, memoranda, tables
and reports, manuscripts and financial reports using word processing and spreadsheet.
7. Acquaint students with different typing jobs from different offices.

Class and Grading Policies:

1. Timed Writings. Students are given a series of 3 and 5 minutes of timed writings. The best two
timed writings are averaged to determine their speed. To determine the GWAM (Gross words a
minute) get the figured at the end of each complete line or at the point at which you stopped
typing Divide the number of words by using the time given; subtract the number of errors to get
the NWAM (Net words a minute). Divide the NWAM and GWAM times 100 to get the accuracy
rate of the students.
2. Documents Processing Tests. These tests are timed and the documents is evaluated
for format and accuracy.
CHAPTER 1

Introduction to keyboarding

Objectives:

At the end of the unit, the students will be able to:

1. Understand the history of keyboarding;
2. Define keyboarding;
3. Learn the correct position at the keyboard and
4. Know the pointers to make your work station ergonomically correct.

Historical Background

The history of the modern computer keyboard begins with a direct inheritance from the
invention of the typewriter. It was Christopher Latham Sholes who, invented in 1868, patented
the first practical modern typewriter.

Soon after, the Remington Company began mass marketing the typewriters starting in 1877.
After a series of technological developments, the typewriter gradually evolved into the computer
keyboard your fingers know so well today.

Christopher Latham Sholes invented the QWERTY Keyboard in 1873.

There are several legends around the development of the QWERTY keyboard layout, which
was patented by Sholes and his partner James Densmore in 1878 and is still the most popular
keyboard on devices of all types in the English speaking world. The most compelling is that
Sholes developed the layout to overcome the physical limitations of machine technology at that
time. As the machine technology improved, other keyboard alignments were invented that
claimed to be more efficient, such as the Dvorak keyboard patented in 1936. Although there are
dedicated Dvorak users today, they remain a tiny minority compared to those who continue to
use the original QWERTY layout. Currently, elementary schools, high schools, and colleges
offered keyboarding classes.

Keyboarding is the term used to describe the process of entering data into a computer. To
learn how to keyboard takes techniques, familiarity, and practice. (Zeitz, 2005). Techniques
involve how you sit, how you hold your hands above the keyboard and how you tap the keys.
Familiarity will be developed as you progress with the lessons and exercises. The practice
involves repeating the activity until it becomes automatic. Repeated practice will improve your
ability to do what you are doing. Keyboarding helps students to type with proper technique,
increase speed and accuracy and format documents using the Microsoft Word. Document
processing includes the production of business letters, memoranda, reports, agenda, minutes
and itineraries.
 Words Per Minutes is a measure of typing speed, commonly used in recruitment. For the
purposes of WPM measurement, a word is standardized to five characters or keystro
-kes.

Correct Typing Posture

Good posture is an important part of keyboarding. Change your posture at frequent intervals
to minimize fatigue. Avoid awkward posture at the extreme of the joint range, especially the
wrist.

Correct position at the keyboard enables you to type with greater accuracy and with less
fatigue. When typing for a long period, rest your eyes occasionally by looking away from the
screen. Making such movement and adjustments may help prevent your body from becoming
too tired. Long-term bodily damage such as carpal tunnel syndrome and computer vision
syndrome can be prevented.

The following tips will help make your workstation more ergonomically correct:

1. Sit at the center of the keyboard.

2. Adjust your chair and keyboard height, so your elbows and your arms are close to your
sides. Your arms should be hanging in a relaxed posture.
3. Sit up straight in your chair in front of your keyboard.
4. Make certain your lower spine is at the back of your chair.
5. Position both feet flat on the floor with one foot slightly ahead of the other.
6. Keep your eyes focused on the copy you are typing.
7. Keep the brightest light source in your office to the side of your monitor.

Typing is the process of writing or inputting text by pressing keys on a typewriter,

computer keyboard, cell phone , or calculator.

Keyboarding is the term used to describe the process of entering data into a computer.
CHAPTER 2

Getting Familiar with MS Word

Objectives:

At the end of the unit, the student will be able to:

1. Operate the computer using Microsoft Word;

2. Identify the different parts of MS Word Environment; and
3. Understand the characters that cannot be included when naming a file.

Microsoft Word is a word processing application program where you can create letters,
notes, memoranda, business documents, newsletters, books and even Web pages and allows
you to save in a variety of file formats.

Microsoft Word is the best processor that supports many features and highlights.

Basics of MS Word
Let us first understand some basic aspects of Microsoft Word.
What is MS Word?

Used to make professional-quality documents, letters, reports, etc., MS Word is a word processor
developed by Microsoft. It has advanced features which allow you to format and edit your files and
documents in the best possible way.

Where to find MS Word on your personal computer?

Follow these simple steps to open MS Word on your personal computer:

Start → All Programs → MS Office → MS Word.

What are the uses of MS Word?

MS Word enables users to do write-ups, create documents, resumes, contracts, etc. This is one of
the most commonly used programs under the Office suite.

How to create an MS Word document?

To create an MS Word doc, follow the steps mentioned above to open Microsoft Word. Then once
the program is open, click on “File” followed by “New”. This opens a new doc where something new
can be created.

Since it is used by people of all age groups, in schools, in colleges and for official purposes, having
proper knowledge of Microsoft Word is a must. The preview of the MS Doc file once it is opened is
given below:
Features of MS Word
Now let us read more about the features and components of an MS Word doc file in detail.

The image given below shows the different elements and categories which are available in MS Word
doc:
 Home
This has options like font colour, font size, font style, alignment, bullets, line spacing, etc. All the
basic elements which one may need to edit their document is available under the Home option.

● Insert

Tables, shapes, images, charts, graphs, header, footer, page number, etc. can all be entered in the
document. They are included in the “Insert” category.

● Design

The template or the design in which you want your document to be created can be selected under
the Design tab. Choosing an appropriate tab will enhance the appearance of your document.

● Page Layout

Under the Page Layout tab comes options like margins, orientation, columns, lines, indentation,
spacing, etc.

● References

This tab is the most useful for those who are creating a thesis or writing books or lengthy
documents. Options like citation, footnote, table of contents, caption, bibliography, etc. can be found
under this tab.

Review

Spell check, grammar, Thesaurus, word count, language, translation, comments, etc. can all be
tracked under the review tab. This acts as an advantage for those who get their documents reviewed
on MS Word.

Apart from all the above-mentioned features, the page can be set in different views and layouts,
which can be added and optimised using the View tab on the Word document. Margins and scales
are also available for the benefit of the users.

Uses of MS Word
Given below are the different fields in which MS Word is used and simplifies the work of an
individual:
 ● In Education: It is considered as one of the simplest tools which can be used by both
teachers and students. Creating notes is easier using MS Word as they can be made more
interactive by adding shapes and images. It is also convenient to make assignments on MS
Word and submitting them online
● In Workplace: Submitting letters, bills, creating reports, letterheads, sample documents, can
all easily be done using MS Word
● Creating & Updating Resume: One of the best tools to create your resumes and is easy to
edit and make changes in it as per your experience
● For Authors: Since separate options are available for bibliography, table of contents, etc., it is
the best tool which can be used by authors for writing books and adjusting it as per the
layout and alignment of your choice

Also, creating a Doc file and converting it into PDF is a more suitable option, so it is highly
recommended.
Title bar

This displays the document name followed by a program name.

Menu bar

This contains a list of options to manage and customize documents.

Standard toolbar

This Formatting toolbar

This contains buttons used for formatting.

Ruler

This is used to set margins, indents, and tabs.

Insertion point

This is the location where the next character appears.

End-of-document marker

This indicates the end of the document.

contains shortcut buttons for the most popular commands.

Help

This provides quick access to Help topics.

Scroll bars

These are used to view parts of the document.

Status bar

This displays the position of the insertion point and working mode
buttons.

Task pane

This provides easy access to commonly used menus, buttons, and tools.

View buttons

These change the layout view of the document to normal, web layout,
print layout, and outline view.

Office Assistant

This links to the Microsoft Office Help feature.

CHAPTER 3

Preparing to Keyboard
Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the students will be able to:
1. Identify the different parts of the keyboard;
2. Learn the position of hands in the home keys;
3. Name the finger in reaching up and down the home keys; and
4. Learn to compute for the GWAM and NWAM.

A Keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions into the
computer system by pressing buttons, or keys. It is the primary device used to enter
text.

Keys on the computer keyboard

Position of Hands
1. Curve your fingers naturally.
2. Place your fingers on F and J, lightly lay the rest of your fingers on the
home row keys.
3. Keep your wrist low but not touching the keyboard or table.
4. Keep your elbows close to your body.

Home Row
Home Row is located in the middle of your keyboard and where your
hands automatically go to rest. Place your fingers on the A S D F keys with
the forefinger on the F key. Place your fingers on the J K L; keys with the
forefinger on the J. These keys are considered the home row keys. Each
finger is named for the home row key it controls.
Naming Finger

Index finger - First finger

Middle finger - Second finger
Ring finger - Third finger
Little finger - 4th finger

Every finger is used to reach the keys diagonally above and below it. For
example, the middle, finger of the right hand sits on ‘K’ when at rest but reaches up
for ‘I’ and down for’,’. The ring finger of the left hand sits on ‘S’ but moves up for
‘W’ and down for the ‘Z’ key. However, the fingers on the ends of rows have slightly
more work to do as they are also involved in functions other than letter choice, such
as indenting, moving to a paragraph and capitalizing.

Each index or pointer finger is responsible for two rows of keys. The right hand
pointer takes the ‘U’ and ‘M’ column, as well as the ‘Y’, ‘H’ and ‘N’ keys. The left-
hand index finger is at rest on ‘F’ and moves up for ‘R’, down for ‘V’ and over for ‘T’,
‘G’ and ‘B’. The reaching involved here can feel quite awkward in the beginning and
you’ll likely need plenty of practice typing these letters before you master them.
Your little fingers will also have to do some stretching as they are required for
everything on the ends that aren’t covered by another finger.

Using the Space Bar

The Space Bar is located beneath the letter keys and is used to space between
words and after punctuation marks. Sit at your keyboard. Place your fingers over
the home row. Use the side of your chosen thumb to sharply tap the space bar. The
cursor will move to the right.

The Enter Key

The Enter Key moves the insertion point to the beginning of a new line. Reach to
the Enter Key with the little finger of your right hand keeping your J finger at home.
Quickly return the little finger to the Home Row position after tapping Enter.

The Back Space key deletes the last character you typed. Reach to the Back
Space Key with the little finger of your right hand keeping your J finger at home.

Special Symbol

Exclamation Mark !
Commercial At @
Number Symbol # Shift of 1
Shift of 2
Dollar Sign $ Shift of 3
Shift of 4
Percent % Shift of 5
Shift of 6
Circumflex Accent ^ Shift of 7
Shift of 8
Ampersand and or & Shift of 9 and 10

Asterisk *

Open and Close Parentheses ( )

Dash ---

Hyphen -

Apostrophe ‘

Quotation Mark “

Equal =

Plus +

C Cent sign

@ Copyright sign

Computation of GWAM and NWAM

To determine the GWAM (Gross words a minute) and NWAM (net words a minute), get the figure on
the right side of the material for the total number of words typed. Get the figure at the end of the line your
have completed or at the point at which you stopped typing. If you do not finish the line use the scale
below to determine the exact number of words. Divide the number of words by using the time given for
typing the material. Divide the NWAM and GWAM x 100 to get the accuracy level of the students.

GWAM / TIME - ERROR/S

193/5 = 38.6 GWAM 38.6 - 5 = 33.6 NWAM

To get the Accuracy Level

NWAM - ERRORS / TIME

193 -5 = 188/5 = 37.6

Accuracy Level NWAM/GWAM X 100

37.6 divided by 38.6 x 100 = 97.4%

Keep the record of your timed-writing practice to determine your progress.

CHAPTER 4

Formatting Business Letters

Objectives:

At the end of the unit, the students will be able to:

1. Identify the essential and other parts of the business letters;

2. Familiarize with the different letter styles;
3. Learn the placement of letters for short and medium size
4. Understand the procedures in writing/typing letters;
5. Learn the different punctuation styles;
6. Learn the correct titles used in business letters;
7. Analyze the different proofreader’s mark used in proofreading;
8. Produce letters, tables, memoranda from unarranged materials; and
9. Demonstrate the correct folding and inserting letters for the envelope.

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE BUSINESS LETTERS

No matter which form, style or format used in the business letter, there are some essential
requirements of a letter. These requirements are the standard letter parts.

1. Letterhead. It contains the name of the company, address, phone numbers, and other data which
serve to identify the company.
2. Date. It is an essential part of a business letter since it serves the purpose of proof as to when
the letter was written. It consists of the month, the day and the year. It is written four or five
spaces after the letterhead and typed at the middle or 5 spaces to the right. The current date is
always used in a letter.
3. Address. It includes the name of the addressee, or the person to whom the letter is intended, the
business title, company name, and the complete address. Include a personal title such as Ms.,
Mrs., Mr., or Dr. Follow a woman’s preference in being addressed as Miss, Mrs., or Ms. If your
are unsure of a woman’s preference in being addressed, use Ms.
4. Salutation. The greeting part in a business letter. It is placed at the left margin, two spaces
below the inside address.
5. Body. It contains the message of the letter. It is typed two spaces below the salutation. Single
space each paragraph of a typed letter. Use double spacing between paragraphs.
6. Complimentary Close. A short and polite remark that ends the letter.
7. Signature Lines. It contains the name of the writer. It is typed four spaces below the
complimentary close.
8. Reference Initials. It is the initial of the writer or the encoder. It is written two spaces below the
signature lines.

Font Types is an important factor in the readability of the letter. The generally accepted font is
Times. New Roman, size 12, although other fonts such as Arial may be used. When choosing a
font, always consider your audience. If you are writing to a conservative company, you may
want to use Times New Roman. However, if you are writing to a more liberal company, you have
a little more freedom when choosing fonts.
 Experts generally agree that there are seven basic parts in a business letter:
1. Sender’s address. Optimally, you want to have printed company letterhead.
Letterhead, similar to having a company website, conveys that your business is
legit. But even if the address is simply typed at the top, including your address
plays a practical purpose, because you don’t want the recipient to have to look
up your address in order to send a response.
2. Date. Whoever receives the letter needs to know when the letter was written.
It’s best to use a standard U.S. format. (Here’s an example: September 20,
2018.)
3. Recipient’s address. Include the recipient’s address so that you have the
information readily available for printing out the envelope. A full recipient
address also helps ensure the letter doesn’t get lost in the office shuffle
wherever you are sending it. The first line should be the name, including any
honorifics such as Mr., Ms., Dr., etc. The second line is the recipient’s job title.
Their company’s name goes on the third line. The remaining lines include
street address, city, state, and ZIP code.
4. Salutation. A “To whom it may concern” or “Dear Sir or Madam” is a good way
to ensure that your letter goes nowhere. Find out the name of the person who
should receive the letter, even if you have to do some searching on Google or
LinkedIn, or call the company.
5. Body. Time is money in the business world, so get down to business and
quickly make your case or communicate your message. Stay professional, be
clear and concise, and quickly convey the point of the letter.
6. Closing/signature. Stick with a more formal closing such as “Sincerely” or
“Thank you.” You should only capitalize the first word of the closing.
Remember to follow the closing with four lines of space in order to make room
for your signature, which demonstrates your personal stamp of approval of the
letter’s contents.
7. Enclosures. If there are additional items to enclose with the letter, it’s best to
list them, so that the recipient remembers what was included with the letter.
Include enclosures three lines below your signature or one line below the
typist’s initials. Use this style if, for example, you want to indicate that there are
two enclosures: Enclosures (2). If you want to list each separate item, use this
style: Encl: product brochures (2), product photos (3).
Sample of Full Block Style
Other Parts of the Business Letter

1. Attention Line. It is used when a letter is addressed to a company in general and

directs the letter to the attention of a specific person. The attention line may blocked or
centered.
2. Subject Line. It is used to know in advance the subject matter of the message. It may
be typed blocked or centered on the left margin.
3. Enclosure Notation. It is written for verification purpose that something is enclosed or
included in the letter. It is typed two spaces below the Reference Initial.
4. Cc or copy furnished notation. It is used when copies of the letter will be sent to other
people other than the addressee.
5. Blind Carbon Copy (bcc) Notation. When you do not want the addressee to know that a
carbon copy is being supplied to someone else, use a blind carbon copy (bcc) notation
on all copies except on the original letter.
6. Letter with Postscript. A short message that is typed after a complete letter. It is usually
preceded by the abbreviation P.S. It is used to emphasize a particular point or detail
inadvertently omitted from the letter.
7. Letter with Enumeration. Two ways of typing numbered enumerations. Blocked
paragraph and Indented paragraph.
8. Letter with a quotation. Two ways of typing a letter with quotations. Blocked, without
quotation marks or indented, with quotation marks.
9. Letter with Company Name at the closing parts. Two ways of placing the company
name at the closing parts of the letter: blocked style and pyramid style.

Letter Writing Procedure

1. Estimate the number of words in the body of the letter to determine the letter placement.
Set appropriate margins. Set a tab stop at the center to serve as a starting point guide
for the date and closing parts of the letter.
2. If the letterhead has to be provided, type it at the center one inch from the top of the
paper. The letterhead, however, may be omitted as most firms have printed letterheads.
3. Type the date starting from the center of the paper or five spaces to the right.
4. Drop 4 or 5 lines to type the inside address.
5. Drop 2 lines to type the salutation.
6. Drop 2 lines to type the body of the letter.
7. Type the body of the letter singe space but double space between paragraphs.
8. Drop 2 lines to type the complimentary close.
9. Drop 4 lines before the typed signature to give allowance for the handwritten one.
10. Proofread thoroughly.
11. Drop 2 more lines and type your initials for reference. Drop 2 more lines for enclosures,
if any.
Punctuation Styles

1. Closed Punctuation. A period follows the date, a colon follows the salutation.
2. Open Punctuation. No punctuation at the end of lines in the inside address, salutation
and complimentary closing.
3. Mixed or Standard Punctuation. Requires a colon to follow the opening salutation and
comma to end the complimentary close.

Titles Used in Business Letters

1. Mr. - With title unknown to the sender

2. Ms. - Civil status is unknown
3. Mrs. - Married woman
4. Dr. - Holds a doctoral degree in any branch of studies
5. Professor - Member of a college or university faculty
6. Honorable - High ranking government official
7. Reverend - Member of the Clergy

The Interoffice Memorandum or simply known as the memo is a letter containing a statement
that is usually written by higher authorities of an organization.

Steps in Typing a Memorandum

1. Set your left margin 2 or 1 ½ . Set the right margin at the point to balance the right
margin or the standard 1 inch.
2. Type the necessary information, TO, SUBJECT, FROM, DATE. Leave at least 3 spaces
to type the message or the body of the memorandum.
3. Type the message single space and double space between paragraphs. The paragraph
may be indented or blocked. A very short memo may be typed double spaced.
4. Type the writer’s initial and typist initial at the left side, two spaces after the last line.

Proofreader’s Mark. A commonly called proofreading symbol is symbols or notations for

correcting typeset pages. (www.biomedicaleditor.com).

Proofreading is the most important part of any piece of work. Good proofreading is a skill. The
following are the things to watch out for proofreading.

1. Typographical errors;
2. Misspelled words;
3. Punctuation and grammatical errors; and
4. Words and sentences missed out.
Folding a Standard US Business Letter for a Standard
Business Envelope

1.

1
Write on the envelope. If you are handwriting the recipient’s information
on the envelope, do this before you insert the letter so that you don’t leave
dents in the paper.

○ If you want your letter to look more professional, you can use
your printer to print out the address on the envelope.
○ You should write the recipient’s address on the front of the
envelope in the center (e.g. if you are in the US: name,
address, city, state, and zip code), as well as the return
address (your name, address, city, state, and zip code) in
the top left hand corner.
Place the letter face up on a table. Before you fold the letter, check that the address
on the letter and the address on the envelope correspond. Double check that you have
signed the letter.
 ●

The text should be facing up towards you as though you were reading it.

3
Fold the bottom part of the letter up. Take the bottom edge of the page. Fold it
up and over so that the bottom edge lines up about one third the way up the page.

● If you aren’t sure how much this is, take your envelope and place it
underneath the middle of your letter to use as a guide.
4
Check that the edges are lined up. Before you crease the fold, make sure that
the outside edges of the letter all line up perfectly to avoid crooked creases.
● If the edges aren’t lined up properly, your fold will be crooked and
your letter may not fit into the envelope.
● Once you are sure they are lined up, use your finger to crease the
fold carefully.
5
Fold the top part down. Now take the top part of the letter and fold it downwards
so that there is about half an inch (about 1 cm) of space between the bottom
crease and the top (folded down) edge of the letter.
● Again, use your envelope as a guide if you aren’t sure. When your
envelope is lying underneath the letter you can check to make sure
that it will fit inside by lining up the top and bottom creases of the
letter with the top and bottom of the envelope.
6
Crease the top fold. Don’t forget to line up the top part of the fold with the edges
of the page. This will give you a nice clean and straight fold.
● You can hold a ruler sideways between your fingers and slide the
thin edge of the ruler along the paper to create a flat and crisp
crease if you want to.
7
Insert the letter into the envelope. Take the letter so that the folds face outward,
and the top fold coincides with the top of the envelope. Hold the envelope so that
the flap of the envelope faces you, and opens towards you. Place the letter
carefully into the envelope so as not to dent the page.
● The recipient should be able to remove the letter and open it
without having to turn it right-side up to read it.
CHAPTER 5

Formatting Manuscripts and Reports

Objectives:

At the end of the unit, the student will be able to:

1. Identify the different parts of a manuscript;

2. Learn the manuscript placement guide for unbound, top bound and left bound
manuscript;
3. Know the formatting styles for different reports using MS Word;
4. Learn the different parts and format of academic report; and
5. Acquaint students with diversified typing jobs in different offices.

The Manusript is the original text of an author’s work, handwritten or typed. Manuscript
formatting depends greatly on the type of work that is being written. Most manuscripts and
business reports are typed on plain bond paper, 8 ½ by 11 inches (small bond paper). The
standard rule in typing manuscripts is double spacing unless there is a special reason for
making it single spaced.

Parts of a Manusscript

1. Title. Centered and typed in all capitals.

2. Sub-Title. Centered and double space below the title.
3. Body. Separated from heading by triple space.
4. Side Headings. Typed in all caps or small letters with 2 blank lines. It is placed at the
left side of the paper and underlined.
Sample of Manuscripts.

Kinds of Manuscript

1. Unbound. Unbound manuscripts are generally stapled, not bind. It is centered and typed 1 ½ ,
left, right and bottom margins are set at 1”.
2. Left Bound Manuscript. A left-bound manuscript has a wider left left margin. The title is centered
and typed 1 ½ to 2”. The left margin is placed 1 ½ and the right margin at 1”.
3. Top Bound. Top-bound manuscripts are centered and type 1 ½ Inch to 2”. The left, right and
bottom margins are set at 1”.

Typing Academic Report

 The secretary should be familiar with the organization of the academic report and the variety of styles
and formats used.

Parts of Academic Report

1. Title Page. The title page should include (1) the title of the report/study; (2) the faculty and
institution to which the paper is presented; (3) the degree sought; (4) the full name of the person
who prepared the report; (5) the date/ year the report is presented.
2. Abstract. The abstract is the brief, factual summary which includes the essentials of the report. It
must indicate the conclusions and recommendations resulting from the investigation “whether
they are positive or negative”.
3. Table of Contents. It is the outline of the entire report. It serves as an introduction to the main
body, and it gives the reader and immediate impression about the organization of the whole
report.
4. List of Tables. The list of tables and a complete record of all the tables that appear in the report.
5. Body of the Report. It is the most important part of the report. It usually contains three(3)
divisions; (1) introduction in which it confirms the statements made in the abstract, (2) the
discussion in which detailed explanation of steps is given, (3) conclusions and recommendations
which contain not only the results of the work reported, but recommendations for future action if
any is considered suitable.

In thesis writing, it usually contains five (5) chapters: (1) Chapter 1 - The Problem and its
Background; (2) Chapter 2 - Review of Related Literature and Studies; (3) Chapter 3 -
Methodologies; (4) Chapter 4 - Analysis and Interpretation of Data; and (5) Summary of Findings,
Conclusions, and Recommendations.

5. Appendix. The appendix gathers in one place all data which need to be included but cannot be
worked into the body of the report, such as charts, diagrams, illustrations, resume, letters, a
questionnaire, etc.

6. Bibliography. A list of sources used in the preparation of a report or thesis.

Writing a bibliography can help you keep track of your sources and make it much easier to create
your final reference page in a proper format. The bibliography is typed single-space and double
space between entries. Start the first line of each entry at the left margin, the second line and
succeeding lines are indented 5 spaces. In APA style of bibliography, it begins with the author’s
name, year of publication, the name of the book or magazine is underscored, the name of
publication, and arranged in alphabetical order.

Example:

Book entry

Single author

Lardizabal, Amparo T. (2014. Principles of Teaching, Third Edition. Quezon City Phoenix
Publication House.

Two or more authors

San Luis, R.R., & Mendoza, E.D. (2013). Management Information System. Manila Mindshapers
Publishing House, Inc.

Thesis and Dissertation

San Luis, R.R. (2015). Assessment of the On-the-Jov Training Program in Selected State
Universities and Colleges: An Assessment. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation).
Eulogio”Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology, Manila.

Journal

One author

Mendoza, E.D.( 2016) OJT Handbook. EARIST Journal. Volume 1. 27-29.

Two authors

San Luis, R.R, & Mendoza E.D. (2015). Employer Expectations. Journal of Technology, volume
2, 45-47.

Online Source

Woodruff, Jim. “Importance of the Management Information System”. Small Business-

chron.com.http:// smallbusiness.chron.com/Importance-management-information-system-
5256.html.08 AUGUST 2018.

A resume tells the employer about your word experiences, skills, and trainings. Your resume
should be properly formatted with a simple font so it is visually appealing to the reader. The
content of your resume is as important as the presentation. It is important to personalize your
resume so it reflects your skills and abilities and connects them with the jobs for which you are
applying.

Essential Parts of the Biodata/Resume

1. Heading. The heading consists of the full name of the applicant and contact information
which include complete address, telephone number/s, and email address.

Example: Resume
Marquez, Joanna Marie Borja
1036 Padilla St., San Miguel, Manila
Telephone Number: 7612345
E-mail Address: [email protected]

2. Objective. Objective is an optional part of a resume. The objective highlights your

intention for applying for the job. If your decide to include an objective, specify the type of
position you are seeking.

Example:

To seek a challenging career in prestigious company where I can utilize my skills and
abilities in the field of Office Administration.

3. Personal Information. It includes general information of the applicant such as name,

address, date of birth, gender, parent’s name and occupation, religion, height, weight,
etc.

Example:
 Date of Birth : August 2, 1994
Place of Birth : Manila
Civil Status : Married
Religion : Roman Catholic

4. Educational Background. It is where you show the employer your academic

achievements. List the colleges you attended, the degrees you attained, and year
graduated.

Example:

Bachelor in Secondary Education

Holy Rosary College
Tala, Caloocan City
2018

CHAPTER 6
Formatting Tables

Objectives:

At the end of the unit, the students will be able to:

1. Format and encode open, boxed and ruled tables.

2. Type newspaper-style columns; and
3. Insert additional rows and columns

Tabulation is arranging words and figures in columns to produce a clearer presentation. The
three (3) basic styles of tables are boxes, open and ruled. Tables have vertical columns,
horizontal rows, and intersecting cells.

Applying Columns

To quickly place text in a column format, click the Columns button, the Dialogue Box will appear, and
then select the number of columns The Columns dialog box allows you to choose the properties of the
columns. You can select the number and width of the columns from the dialog box.

Using Columns

Table Columns. Organize text in columns and rows. Also known as parallel columns. They are useful
in stand alone documents such as invoices, price lists, name and address lists or any documents that
require a careful organization of related pieces of information.

Steps

1. Insert Table.
2. In the number of Columns box (Alt + C) type a setting that corresponds to the number of columns
you want to display.
3. In the number of Rows box (Alt + R) type a setting that corresponds to the number of rows you
want to display.
4. Click ok.

Inserting Additional Rows and Columns

When a table in your document isn’t large enough to accommodate all of your text, you can easily
insert additional rows and/or columns within the table. From the Table menu choose Insert Rows or
Insert Column (Alt + A.I).

Use the same method to delete rows and columns from tables.

Table Auto Format

Tables are great for neatly organizing your text into rows and columns. But the simplest way to create
a beautiful design for any table is to use the Table Auto Format. This tool gives you access to 34 built-in
table formats. Each format offers a unique combination of borders, cell shading, fonts, colors and
columns widths.
Newspaper-Style Columns

A newspaper style is exactly what it sounds like columns of text resembling the layout used in most
newspapers. Here are three important things to remember about newspaper style columns:

1. The newspaper-style column option will apply to your entire document unless you tell Word
otherwise.
2. You can use This Point Forward option to tell Word to apply this formatting to a selected portion
of text.
3. Text wraps from the bottom of one column to the top of the text. On occasion, this may cause
unwanted paragraph breaks.

Open Table

PURCHASES
ITEMS/SPECIFICATION UNIT PRICE AMOUNT

(5) Colored Paper, long, 500.00 2,500

Assorted

(1) China Brass 100.00 100.00

(1)Color Ink Cartridge. 350.00 350.00

HP 705
(1)Bond paper, long 80.00 80.00

Total --------------------- -----------------------

Php1,030.00 Php3,030.00
CHAPTER 7

Getting Started with MS Excel

Objectives

At the end of the unit, the student will be able to:

1. Operate the computer using Microsoft Excel;

2. Identify the different parts of the MS Excel window; and
3. Understand the difference between workbook and worksheet.

Microsoft Office Excel is a powerful tool you can use to create and format spreadsheets, and analyze
and share information to make more informed decisions.

Learning Microsoft Excel will expose you to many of the following:

1. Create better spreadsheets

2. Improve spreadsheet analysis
3. Share spreadsheets and business information with others
4. Manage business information more effectively.
5. Perform mathematical calculations.

The MS Excel 2010 Envoronment

Microsoft Office Excel 2010 provides several methods for starting and exiting the program. You can
open Excel by using the Start menu or a desktop shortcut. When you want to exit Excel, you can do so
by using the File tab, the Close button, or a keyboard shortcut.
SAMPLE OF MS EXCEL:

Title Bar. Displays both the name of the application and the name of the spreadsheet.

The Ribbon. Is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to complete a task.
Commands are organized in logical groups, which are collected together under tabs.
Title Bar. Displays both the name of the application and the name of the spreadsheet.

The Ribbon is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to complete a task.
Commands are organized in logical groups, which are collected together under tabs.

Quick Access Toolbar. The place to keep the items that you not only need to access quickly.

The Formula bar is located above the worksheet; this area displays the contents of the active cell. The
formula bar can also be used for entering or editing data and formulas.

Worksheet Navigation Tab. default, every workbook has 3 sheets. You are able to navigate the sheets
by clicking on the sheet tab.

Arrow Keys Move one cell up, down, left, or right in a Worksheet. SHIFT+ ARROW KEY extends the
selection of cells by one cell.

Backspace Deletes one character to the left in the Formula Bar. Also clears the content of the active
cell.

Delete Deletes the character to the right of the insertion point.

End CTRL + END moves to the last cell on a worksheet. If the cursor is in the formula bar, CTRL + END
moves the cursor to the end of the text. CTRL+ SHIFT + END extends the selection of cells to the last
used cell on the worksheet.

Enter Completes a cell entry from the cell or the Formula Bar, and selects the cell below (by default).

Esc Cancels an entry in the cell or Formula Bar. Closes an open menu or submenu, dialog box, or
message window.
Home Moves to the beginning of a row in a worksheet. CTRL + HOME moves to the beginning of a
worksheet.

Page Down Moves one screen down in a worksheet.

Page up Moves one screen up in a worksheet.

Tab Moves one all to the right in a worksheet.

Space Bar CTRL + SPACEBAR selects an entire column in a worksheet.

SHIFT+SPACEBAR selects an entire row in a worksheet.

CTRL +SHIFT+SPACEBAR select the entire worksheet.

To Create New Blank Workbook

1. Click File. This will take you to Backstage view.

2. Select New. Select Blank Workbook.
3. Click Create.

To open an Existing Workbook

1. Click File. This will take you to Backstage view.

2. Select Open.
3. Click Save As. The Save As Dialog box appears.

To Save the Worksheet

1. Click on the File tab.

2. Click Save
3. Type a file name 4.
4. Click Save

Working with Workbooks and Worksheets

A workbook is a file that contains one or more worksheets to help you organize data. Each worksheet
contains columns and rows. The columns are lettered A to Z and then continuing with AA, AB, AC and so
on, the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576, and 16,384 columns per worksheet, and 256 columns per
sheet. The number of columns and rows you can have in a worksheet is limited by your computer
memory and your system resources.

To Edit a Cell in the Worksheet:

1. Position yourself in the cell you would like to edit.

2. Press the F2 Key on the keyboard or double-click in the cell
3. Use the backspace or delete keys to edit the cell
4. Press Enter when you have finished editing the cell

Terms to be Familiar With

1. Workbook. The file in which you work and store your data. It contains one or more worksheets.
2. Worksheets. The primary document that you use in Excel to store and work with data. It is also
called a spreadsheet. A worksheet is always stored in a workbook. A worksheet consists of cells
that are organized into columns and rows.
3. Active Cell. The selected cell in which data are entered when you begin typing. Only one cell is
active at a time.
4. Active Sheet. The sheet that you are working on in a workbook.
5. Rows. The numbers down the side of the worksheet.
6. Column. The letters across the top of the worksheet.
7. Text Box. A rectangular object on a worksheet or chart, in which you can type text.
 8. Name Box. Displays the name of the active cell or the selected range, and can be used to name
a cell range and as a shortcut to a cell or range of the cell.
9. Row Heading. The members down the side of the worksheet which identify the rows in the
worksheet.
10. Column Heading. The letters across the top of the worksheet which identifies the column in the
worksheet.
11. Worksheet Tab. The tabs at the bottom of the workbook which are labeled Sheet 1, Sheet 2,
Sheet 3.

Entering Excel Formulas and Formatting Data

A major strength of Excel is that you can perform mathematical calculations and format your data.

Perform Mathematical Calculations

In Microsoft Excel, you can enter numbers and mathematical formulas into cells. Whether you enter a
number or a formula, you can reference the cell when you perform mathematical calculations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. When entering a mathematical formula, precede the
formula with an equal sign. Use the following to indicate the type of calculation you wish to perform:

+ Addition
- Subtraction
- Multiplication
- / Division
- ^ Exponential

When creating formulas, you can reference cells and include numbers. All of the following formulas
are valid:

= A2/B2

= A1 + 12 - B3

=A2 * B2 + 12

=24 + 53
THANK YOU AND GOOD LUCK EVERYONE.