RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING

CORPS

MILITARY SCIENCE - 2

WORKBOOK
(INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

QUIRINO S CALONZO
2007
 SUBJECTS
(Military Science 2)

Chapters Pages
1. GENERAL MILITARY SUBJECTS

A. PA ORGANIZATION
B. TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE
C. RESERVIST AND RESERVE FORCE DEVELOPMENT
D. INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS

2. SMALL UNIT TACTICS

A. PATROLLING
B. RAIDS
C. AMBUSCADES
D. RIFLE SQUAD TACTICS

3. INDIVIDUAL/UNIT TRAINING

A. VISUAL TRACKING
B. MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING
C. JUNGLE BASE OPERATION
D. MARCHES AND BIVOUACS AND LAND NAVIGATION
E. MAP READING
F. MILITARY STAKES

4. MARKMANSHIP TRAINING

A. MARKMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS
B. RANGE SAFETY PROCEDURES

5. INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

A. PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

B. FIRST AID (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)

6. DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

A. DISMOUNTED DRILLS
CEREMONIES

7. MANDATORY READINGS
 A. INTRO TO ARTILLERY OPERATIONS
B. FORWARD OBSERVER
C. INTRODUCTION TO ARMOR OPERATIONS
D. INTRODUCTION TO UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
E. PLATOON TACTICS
F. CREW SERVE WEAPONS’ TRAINING

1) 60MM/81MM MORTAR
2) CAL .50 MACHINE GUN

8. ANNEX

A. RA 7077
B.
 CHAPTER 1
GENERAL MILITARY SUBJECTS

A. PHILIPPINE ARMY ORGANIZATION

PRESENT PA ORGPANIZATION

ARMY

COMBAT UNIT

INF DIV SOCOM LA Bde

COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

ENGR BDE 525 ECB 1SG SIG BN CAG

SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS

RESCOM TRADOC ASCOM AMIC FIN CTR HHSG SEG

MISSION: To provide command, control and supervision of

element (organic and attach) in support of its security role by planning,
directing and reviewing the operation and administration of the Army
establishment, regular and reserve, to include the organization, training,
equipment and development of land forces on the conduct of prompt and
sustained combat operations on land in accordance with plans for national
security and to perform such peacetime task as may be directed.

FUNCTIONS:

1. Provide staff planning, control and supervision of

administration and operation of the Philippine Army.
2. Plan for and provide direction and supervision related to civil
function such as:
a. Participation in Socio –Economic Military Program
b. Emergency function in the public interest, such as
disaster relief and domestic disturbance, the latter when directed by higher
authority.
 c. Operation of essential utilities directed towards national
interest.
d. Civil Works, such as flood control.
3. Prepare plans and program for use of Army, both separately
and in conjunction with air and naval forces in organizing, supplying,
equipping, training, mobilizing and demobilizing the Philippine Army.
4. Prepare detailed instruction for the execution of approved
plans and to supervise the execution of such plan.
5. Supervise the development, execution and review and analysis
of Army Programs, to include budgetary and logistical considerations.
6. Individuals of this unit, except those specifically exempted by
existing regulations and laws, can fight as infantrymen when required.

COMBAT UNITS

1. INFANTRY DIVISION

MISSION: To destroy enemy military forces and to control

land areas including population and resources.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct independent offensive and defensive

operations.
b. Conduct sustained combat operations against similarly
or less equipped land forces independently or as part of a larger force.
c. Conduct operations in any local weather and terrain and
in any visibility condition.
d. Participate in air assault operations.
e. Participate in amphibious operations.
f. Control population and restore order.
g. Operate in conjunction with heavy forces.
h. Rapidly accept and integrate augmenting forces.

2. LIGHT ARMOR DIVISION

MISSION: To destroy enemy military forces and to control

land areas including population and resources.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct sustained combat operation against similarly

or lass well-equipped land forces independently or as part of a larger
forces.
b. Conduct independent offensive, defensive and
retrograde operations.
 c. Conduct operations in any local weather and terrain and
in any visibility condition.
d. Disperse over great distances and concentrate rapidly
from widely separated areas.
e. Act as covering forces in offensive, defensive and
retrograde operations.
f. Participate in amphibious operations.
g. Operate in conjunction with light forces.
h. Rapidly accept and integrate augmentation forces.

3. SPECIAL OPERATION COMMAND, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To plan for, conduct and support special

operations.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct unconventional warfare operations.

b. Conduct special reconnaissance and intelligence
operations
c. Conduct disaster relief and rescue operations.
d. Conduct raids ambuscade and sabotage operations.
e. Conduct recovery operations.
f. Conduct Civil Military Operations.
g. Conduct Special Operations Training.
h. Conduct Counter Terrorist Operations.

COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

1. ENGINEER BRIGADE

MISSION: To provide general engineer support to PA units

and contribute to the socio-economic development program of the
government.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Undertake construction project in support to the Base

Development Program of the Philippine Army.
b. Undertake construction project in support to the socio-
economic Development Program of the National Government.
c. Assist in relief, rescue and rehabilitation operations.
d. Provide organizational maintenance on organic
equipment.
 e. Undertake Combat Engineering Support activities when
directed.

2. SIGNAL GROUP, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To provide Communication-Electronics services

to the Philippine Army.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Install, operate and maintain fixed Commel facilities and

radio terminals/relays on all echelon of command.
b. Install, operate and maintain multi-channel tactical
microwave and satellite communication terminals.
c. Supervise the construction and installation of outside
plan facilities.
d. Conduct electronic-warfare activities.
e. Provide up to 4th echelon repair and maintenance of
Commel equipment.
f. Provide Commel support to HPA units and task
forces/special units organized by the command during times of emergency
and calamities.
g. Conduct special studies researches tests and evaluation
of Commel equipment.
h. Monitor Commel personnel management recommend
career and specialization training and subsequently assignment and/or
reassignment.
i. Maintain satellite communication terminals.
j. Act as commodity manager on Commel supplies and
equipment for acquisition.

3. CIVIL AFFAIRS GROUP, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To conduct Psychological Operations in support

to Army units and to conduct Civil Affairs activities in coordination with the
Local Government agencies (LGU’s), Local Government Units (LGU’s), Non
Government Organization (NGO’s), People Organization (PO) and other
sectors of society aimed at winning the heart and mind of the people.

FUNCTIONS:

a. To influence the people’s emotion, belief, behavior and

attitude as well as the enemies in favor of the AFP and the government.
b. To weaken the will of the enemy to fight to reduce their
strength by inducing surrender, defection and desertion.
 c. To conduct research and area studies to determine the
issues obtaining in the target areas for propaganda exploitation.
d. To conduct counter-PSYOPS to negate enemy
propaganda.
e. To establish a good working relationship with the media,
LGA’s, LGU’s, NGO’s, PO’s and other sector to have a concerted efforts in
uplifting the plight of the people in the depressed areas.
f. To conduct civil affairs activity in coordination with
other AFP units NGO,s and LGU’s.
g. To plan, provide, conduct and evaluate PSYOPS actions
covering the following areas of concerns security and laws enforcement,
religious, economic, social, political, educational, cultural, heath and media
people.
h. To analyze and evaluates propaganda activities and
conduct counter PSYOPS.
i. To conduct and provide instructions for CMO, PSYOPS,
Tri Media, Public Affairs Courses and SOT training.
j. To develop produce, and evaluate PSYOPS products
using the following forms of media, face to face , radio, TV and object
merchandize.
k. To maintain networking with LGU’s, LGA’s, and NGO’s
for a collaborated effort in the conduct of humanitarian assistance in
depressed localities tagged as national priority areas.
l. To enhance the socio-economic well-being of soldiers
and their dependence through livelihood training.
m. To conduct news coverage of all command activities.
n. To provide command and control of PA NCR DRTU.
o. To conduct photo/video coverage, film showing and
other related civil-military operations.

4. INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY GROUP

MISSION: To conduct special intelligence and counter-

intelligence operations in support of the Philippine Army mission.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct penetration and infiltration operations targeting

specific enemy personalities and organizations of the CPP/NPA/NDF the
MILF, the ASG and other threat groups.
b. Conduct Tactical Intelligence operations to directly
support PA infantry Divisions.
c. Conduct counter-intelligence and operations
independently or in support of other PA units.
d. Conduct signal intelligence operations in support of
human intelligence operations.
 e. Conduct specialized intelligence and security training
PA-wide.
f. Conduct limited propaganda operations.
g. Operate as an infantry unit.
5. 525th ENGINEER BATTALION

MISSION:

a. To provide general engineering support to combat units

of the Philippine Army and to perform general engineer works to bolster
the Army’s Socio-Economic program.
b. To construct and rehabilitate roads, bridges and
drainage structures airfield and related in support of the socio-economic
program of the government.
c. To engage and perform reforestation activities of the
Philippine Army.
d. To assist in disaster relief, rescue and rehabilitation
operations during calamity.
e. To undertake and carry out the mission of an infantry
battalion when required.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Provide engineer staff planning and suspension for

organic and attached engineer troops.
b. Performs construction, repair and maintenance of
roads, bridges ford and culvers.
c. Provide support of hasty stream-crossing operations
opportunity with boats and raffs and coordination of organic and engineer
troops for deliberate river crossing.
d. Assists in the emplacement of obstacle including mines
and bobby traps.
e. Construction and rehabilitation of roads bridges and
drainage structures airfield and related facilities to include installation and
repair of utilities.
f. Perform deep well drilling operations and related
activities as directed by higher Headquarters.
g. Providing its own administrative supply mess and
limited general support to an engineer equipment and vehicle of the
battalion.
h. Medical services for the battalion to include emergency
medical treatment operations of battalion and station, evacuation of sick
and injured when prescribed and supervision of sanitation of the battalion.
i. Take-over and operate existing sawmills
j. implement forestry laws rules and regulations.
 k. Conduct relocation survey in support to engineer
construction units.
l. Conduct construction survey in support to engineer
construction units.
m. Produce terrain intelligence by collecting analyzing and
interpreting military geographic information.
n. Provide field maintenance for organic engineer
equipment. Vehicle and sawmill equipment of the battalion.
o. Maintaining and operate heavy engineer equipment not
available in the construction companies and the operation and a
maintenance of the quarry.

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS

1. HEADQUARTERS & HEADQUARTERS SUPPORT GROUP, PA

MISSION: To provide administrative, security, ceremonial

service and service support function as complimentary unit for
Headquarters Philippine Army.

CAPABILITIES:

a. Provide security the commanding General Philippine

Army and other important personages.
b. Secure important personages, camp facilities, vital
installation and detention center.
c. Conduct military ceremonial activities.
d. Provide appropriate music in military ceremonies and
recreational activities.
e. Provide transportation and limited engineering
construction service to Headquarters, Philippine Army.
f. Provide medical, dental and chaplain services.
g. Provide maintenance service of utilities, building
facilities and grounds.
h. Enforce military laws, AFP and Post Rules and
Regulations.
i. Perform limited security operations outside camp as
directed.
j. Provide comptroller services to designated satellite
units within post.

2. ARMY SUPPORT COMMAND

MISSION: To provide combat service support to all PA units.

FUNCTIONS:
 a. Procure, receive, store, maintain while in storage and
issue material for PA units.
b. Recover/reclaim and dispose unserviceable/obsoletes
material.
c. Provide land transportation services and coordinate
with other agencies for air water and rail transportation.
d. Perform general support and depot level (4 th and 5th
echelon) maintenance on common-wheeled vehicles and other equipment.
e. Provide health services medical and dental to PA
personnel and their dependents.
f. Operate and maintain LNMB and provide mortuary and
interment service to AFP personnel and authorize non-military personnel.
g. Undertake programs aimed at the development and
maintenance of physical and mental well-being of PA personnel.
h. Operate forward support units to extend combat
services support to PA and other AFP field units.
i. Provide explosive ordnance disposal to PA and other
government agencies.
j. Conduct research and material development activities.
k. Accounts for all PA properties/assets.

3. TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND

MISSION: To educate and train personnel and develop

doctrines for the Army.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct career, specialization and special courses.

b. Conduct other training as may be required by higher
Headquarters.
c. Develop test evaluate and validate and doctrines.
d. Evaluate units on training.
e. Publish manual and pamphlet for doctrinal/historical
information and instructional purposes.
f. Conduct research and special studies.
g. Participate in any joint and combined exercises with
other services and other Allied Nation.
h. Conduct entry training for officer and enlisted
personnel.

4. ARMY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION CENTER

MISSION: To provide information Technology (IT) services

for the effective and efficient management of operations and resources.
 FUNCTIONS;

a. Plan, develop, acquire, install and maintain major Army

information System (IS).
b. Operate common Army information System.
c. Integrate information System and data bases throughout
PA.
d. Advise assist and provide support to all PA IT users.
e. Evaluate and select computer systems for organization
use.
f. Conduct specialized IT training for selected PA’s
military and civilian personnel.

5. FINANCE CENTER, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To provide financial services to the Philippine

Army.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Administer the payment of pay and allowances,

collateral entitlements of military and civilian personnel to include other
legal authorized claims against PA appropriations.
b. Gather and collate financial data and furnishes such
information to higher headquarters when required.
c. Provide staff financial advice to higher adjacent and
lower headquarters when required.
d. Process claims for retirement, separation,
hospitalization and death benefits of Army personnel
e. Collect both appropriate and non appropriated fund due
the government (Trust Fund) and deposit same to authorized depository
bank.

6. ARMY RESERVE COMMAND

MISSION: To develop, organize, train, equip and administer

reserves into responsive and mobilizeable Reserve Forces as integral
component of the total Army in the defense of the state and to participate
in Socio Economic Development efforts.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Develop, organize train, equip, administer and maintain

the ready reserve component of the Philippine Army.
 b. Provide mobilzeable reserve forces as bases for the
expansion of Army in case of war or nation emergencies.
c. Conduct continuous mustering/accounting of reservist
nationwide broken down by age category, province and city/municipality
both officer and EP reservist.
d. Organize and administer the standby reserve units.
e. Conduct selective annual formal and informal assembly
of Ready Reserve Units.
f. Conduct training of basic and advance ROTC, POTC,
BCMT, AADT and other specialized training.
g. Conduct processing of applicant for BCMT, POCT,
candidate soldier, commission and promotion of reservist.
h. Organize, train and administer PAARU’s
i. Assist retirees and veterans.
j. Assist government agencies in the conduct of annual
registration of military registrants
k. Assist in emergency relief and rescue operation during
disaster and calamities.
l. Assist in socio-economic activities.

7. ARMY REAL ESTATE OFFICE

MISSION: To administer and manage PA Real State.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Formulate and recommend to CG, PA policies

concerning the administration & management of PA Real Estate.
b. Plan and recommend for the general utilization of PA
bases and reservations.
c. Plan and ensure the protection of all PA real estate.
d. Secure perfect and protect the PA real estate
documents.
e. Undertake legal action on matters pertaining to PA Real
Estate.
f. Acquire and dispose new real estate for the PA.

8. ARMY PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CENTER

MISSION: To provide a responsive and efficient personnel

management in support to the Philippine Army mission.

FUNCTIONS:
 a. Implement policies regulations plans and orders
pertaining to personnel management.
b. Perform career management function for all ranks/salary
grades except for the promotion and/or placement of O6 and above.
c. Recommend changes to policies to ensure continuous
and efficient utilization of the human resources of the Philippine Army.
d. Develop, review, analyze recommend and execute
program of activities under its supervision.
e. Provide and maintain data necessary for career
management of personnel.
f. Perform other function as the CG, PA may direct.

B. TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES (TLP)

TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE is the logical sequence of action that

a leader follows while preparing for the execution of an assigned mission
making the best use of time, facilities or equipment and personnel.

Troop-leading procedure is a dynamic process by which a

commander receives a mission, plans and executes it. It should be an
instinctive and familiar way of thinking for a commander. The sequence of
the individual TLP’s is not rigid. It is modified to meet the mission,
situation and available time. Some steps are done concurrently while
others may go on continuously throughout the operation. TLP is time saver
and as such, the leader conducts them in the order that most effectively
uses the available time.

PURPOSES OF TLP

1. It ensures that the leader makes the best use of time,

equipment and personnel, in accomplishing the assigned mission.
2. Allows the commander/leader to launch his troops in the battle
quickly with maximum preparation.
3. It assures the accomplishment of all actions required before
battle.
4. To save time.

STEPS OF TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE

STEP 1. RECEIVE THE MISSION

A mission may be received either in a written or oral form;

warning order, operation (OPORD), or fragmentary order (FRAGO). At
times, a leader may deduce a change in mission based on a change in the
situation.
 a. Once an upcoming mission is identified, actions to
begin preparing the unit are conducted. The CO conducts an initial METT-T
analysis to determine the requirements for his warning order.
b. With the information available, the commander sets his
time schedule by identifying the actions that must be done (time-critical
tasks) to prepare his unit for the operation. These preparatory actions are
identified by a preliminary consideration of the information on the mission,
enemy, terrain, and own troops. An initial reconnaissance is conducted to
allow the leader to more fully understand the time requirements for the
mission. He then develops his time schedule by starting at “mission time”
and working backward to the time it is now (reverse planning). The
mission time is normally the most critical time in the operation.
c. The commander must ensure that all subordinate
echelons have sufficient time for their own planning needs. A general rule
of thumb for leaders at all levels is to use no more than one-third of the
available time for planning and issuance of the OPORD. This will leave the
rest of the available time for the subordinate leaders to use for the planning
and preparation.

STEP 2. ISSUE A WARNING ORDER

Do not wait for more information. Issue the best warning order
possible with the information at hand and update it as needed with
additional warning orders. The warning order allows units prepare for
combat as soon as possible after being alerted of an upcoming mission.
This normally involves a number of standard actions that should be
addressed by SOP that must be done to prepare for the mission. The
specific contents for each warning order will vary, based upon the unique
tactical situation.

STEP 3. MAKE A TENTATIVE PLAN

Tentative plans are the basis for the Operation Order (OPORD).
The leader uses the commander’s estimate of the situation to analyze
METT-Information, develop and analyze a course of action (COA),
compares COA and make decision that produces a tentative plan.

The company commander makes a tentative plan based on the

following:

M - Mission
E - Enemy
T - Terrain and weather
T - Troops
T - Time
 What is the company MISSION? What are the stated and
implied tasks?

What is the ENEMY situation? What weapons and units do

they have in support? Will they mounted, dismounted, or both?

SEQUENCE IN STUDYING ENEMY SITUATION

S - Size S - Size
A - Activity E - Equipment
L - Location L - Location
U - Unit D - Disposition
T - Time O - Organization
E - Equipment M - Morale/Movement

How can the TERRAIN and WEATHER be used best? To get

an answer to this question, he considers the following and its effects to
personnel, equipment, visibility and trafficability:

K - Key terrain is any feature that affords marked advantage to

the force that seizes or retrieves it. A commander considers key terrain
and the weather in selection of positions in the defense.
O - Observation and field of fire dictate where platoon and
weapon crews are positioned to cover likely enemy avenues of approach.
C - Cover and concealment influence the choice of routes and
positions. In the offense, a commander picks positions that provide the
best cover and concealment.
O - Obstacles also influence the choice of routes in the offense
and the choice of positions in the defense. In the offense, the commander
may by-pass obstacles that allow movement. In the defense, he positions
troops and weapons to take advantage of obstacles that allow or stop the
enemy. He reinforces existing obstacles, if there are no natural obstacles,
with improvised or expedient means.
A - Avenues approach are considered in conjunction with thel
direction of attack in the offense and the assignment of position and
sectors of fire in the defense. A commander considers how the enemy
avenues of approach or withdrawal can affect friendly operations.

How may TROOPS and how much TIME are available? These
affect the selection of position, routes, formation and degree of
preparation.

STEP 4. INITIAL MOVEMENT

 This can be done by having a subordinate leader move the unit
to an assembly area or attack position. The instructions for this movement
can be given in the warning order.

STEP 5. CONDUCT RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is a continuous process during the TLP. This

is done to gather information on the actual area of operation to validate the
plan and make adjustments as necessary.

STEP 6. COMPLETE THE PLAN

The tentative plan is adjusted based on the results of the

reconnaissance. He may have to change COAs if the situation is not what
he expected. In this case, one of the previously analyzed and discarded
COAs may be adjusted to quickly finalize his new plan. Coordination
continues with all supporting agencies, higher headquarters and adjacent
units. When issued, the plan becomes an OPORD.

STEP 7. ISSUE THE ORDER

Preferably issue the order while viewing the avenues of

approach/objective and make maximum use of visual aids (sketches and
terrain models) to enhance the presentation of the order

STEP 8. SUPERVISE

The best plan may fail it is not supervised correctly. Brief

back, rehearsals, inspections and continuous coordination of plans must
be used to supervise and refine TLP.
To help ensure the correct execution of actions, the following
are done:

a. Inspect the following during pre-combat inspections,

1) Weapons and ammunition.

2) Uniforms and equipment.
3) Mission-essential equipment
4) Soldier’s knowledge and understanding of the
mission and their specific responsibilities.
5) Communications.
6) Rations and water.
7) Camouflage.

b. Rehearse. Rehearsals are always conducted. They are

essential to ensure complete coordination and understanding of tasks.
The warning order should provide subordinate leaders sufficient detail for
them to schedule and conduct rehearsals of drills/SOPs before receiving
the company OPORD. Rehearsals conducted after the OPORD can then
focus on mission specific tasks. Rehearsals conducted as any other
training exercise except the training area should be as much like the
objective area as possible, including the same light and weather
conditions. Mock-ups of the objective should be used for these practices.
Rehearsals include holding soldier and leader brief backs of individual
tasks and using sand tables or sketches to talk through the execution of
the plan. These are followed by walk-through exercises and then full-
speed, blank-fire or live-fire rehearsals. The priority of rehearsals, as COA
development, flows from the decisive point of the operation. For example,
actions of the objective, battle drills for maneuver, actions on enemy
contact, special teams, movement techniques, and others as required.
Security must be maintained during the rehearsal.
c. Brief back. Subordinates should brief back the
commander right after the OPORD to ensure they understand instructions.
Brief backs of the subordinates’ plans should also be conducted. These
brief backs may be given collectively at a meeting of the orders group.
Such technique allows exchange of information, coordination among units,
and rapid distribution of changes to the initial plan.
d. Coordinate. The commander visits his subordinates
and adjacent units to discuss their plans. The CO ensures that all
necessary preparations are being made. These may include coordination
of fire support and engineer activities maintenance, re-supply, movement
and other required actions.

C. PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

Military decision making is both an art and a science. The

commander and staff continually face situations that involve uncertainties,
questionable and incomplete data, and several possible alternatives. They
must not only decide what to do, but they must also recognize when a
decision is necessary. How a commander or staff officer arrives at a
decision is a matter of personal determination; however, sound
conclusions, recommendations and decisions result only from a thorough,
clear, unemotional analysis of all facts and assumptions relating to the
situation. A systematic approach to problem solving assist in applying
thoroughness, clarity, judgment, logic, and professional knowledge to the
task.
Solutions to a problem(s) result from a logical and orderly process
that consists of:

1. Recognizing and defining the problem.

 A problem exists when there is an observable or perceived
deviation from norms. Sometimes, there seems to be a lot of problems
requiring multiple solutions but after careful analysis, it will be found out
that there is only one problem where the efforts should focused at.
Problems should be clearly identified.

2. Gathering the facts and making assumptions needed to

determine the scope of and the solution to the problem.

Gathering as many facts bearing on the problem as possible

will help the staff officer or a commander. All bits of information are to be
treated important. When put together, they may provide an essential lead to
the solution to the problem. Furthermore, making assumptions is
necessary to determine the scope of possible solutions to the problem.
Understandably, an assumption is a supposition on the
current and future situation, assumed to be true in the absence of positive
proof. In the absence of facts, they are used to fill gaps in what is known
about a situation. Typically, they describe future eventualities on which the
success of the situation depends. In planning, assumptions are
indispensable tools; however, it must be borne in mind that replacement of
assumption by facts when possible is best. When used, assumptions must
be logical, realistic and positively stated.

3. Developing possible solutions to the problem.

Based on the assumptions made, possible solutions or

courses of actions are developed.

4. Analyzing and comparing possible solutions.

Self test may be administered based on a prescribe criteria.

Advantages and disadvantages of each possible solution as well as its
suitability, feasibility and acceptability must be considered.

5. Selecting the best solution to the problem.

For simplicity, assigning numerical value to each criteria is

resorted to in determining the best possible solution. The best solution is
recommended for approval or implemented.

Two procedures commonly used to solve a military problem are the

estimate of the situation and the staff study. Both of these procedures
parallel the problem-solving process described above. If decision makers
use these procedures, they can make sound decisions. These two
procedures will provide summarize the significant aspects of the situation,
including both facts, assumptions and ethical implications of various
alternatives and indicate or recommend how the means available can best
be sued to resolve the problem to accomplish the mission.

1. Estimate of the Situation.

The purpose of the estimate of the situation is to collect and

analyze relevant information for developing, within the time limits and
available information, the most effective solution to a problem. The
estimate is applicable to any situation and to any level or type of command.
Although normally used in solving tactical problems, it is applicable to
other military activities. Anyone may use this process. The estimate is as
thorough as time and circumstances permit. The detail varies with the level
and type of command. Estimates may be written, but are usually a mental
process. Information, conclusions and recommendations from other
pertinent estimates maybe used. Estimates are revised continuously as
factors affecting the operations chance, as new facts are recognized, as
assumptions are replaced by facts or rendered invalid, or as changes to the
mission are received or indicated.

2. Staff Study

A staff study is a staff officer’s analysis of and recommended

solution to a specific problem or problem area. Most often, the staff study
is a mental analysis in which the staff officer thinks through a problem in a
logical manner and arrives at a solution. Frequently, the results of the staff
are presented to the commander or other superior for his decision. This is
accomplished either orally, as a briefing or in writing, as a staff paper. The
purpose of the staff study, like the estimate of the situation, is to collect
and to analyze relevant information to develop the most effective solution
to a problem. It applies to the solution of administrative as well as
operational problems, although the estimate of the situations is used more
commonly when solving tactical problems.

REF: FM 101-5

D. RESERVISTS AND RESERVE FORCE DEVELOPMENT

REFERENCES:

1. RA 9163 (National Service Training Program Act of 2001)

2. RA 7077 (AFP Reservist Act of 1991)
3. GHQ Implementing Guidelines on NSTP dated 07 May 2002
4. Circular number 3, GHQ, AFP dated 03 March 2004 (AFP Affiliated
Reserve Units Program).
 5. Letter Directive HPA dated 28 April 93, subject: Command
Relationship between ARESCOM and the Responsible Soliciting Units of
PAARUs.
6. SOP #3 HPA dated 10 February 93, subject; Procurement, Training,
Promotion, Call to Active and Separation of Reservist under Project 36-70

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

a. Career Course – pertains to the course required for

career progression (Basic, advance and etc) which provides AFOS such as:
Infantry, Armor, Artillery, Quartermaster, Signal, Engineer, Finance,
Ordnance, etc.
b. Non-Resident Career course – course offered by PA
Service Schools to junior and company grade inactive reserve officers to
prepare them to assume as company commander, battalion commander or
brigade staff of the PA Reserve Force.
c. Active Duty Training – a call to active duty of inactive
reserve officer and Enlisted reservist for the purpose of training. The
training may involve updating of skills and knowledge on military
techniques, doctrines, policies and regulations in order to upgrade his
state of preparedness for integration with the active component in time of
emergency.
d. Inactive Reserve – a commissioned officer and enlisted
reservist not performing regular military duty with the AFP.
e. Mobilization – the utilization of the reserve force in times
of war or national emergency.
f. Mobilization Center – a designated area or place wherein
reservist will report when mobilization is ordered.
g. Deserving Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) – an
enlisted personnel in the grade of E-3 (Corporal) or higher including E-7
(Master Sergeant), who has conspicuously demonstrated meritorious and
valuable service.
h. Grade – the military rank of a commissioned officer of
the AFP.
i. Separation – the severance of all connections linking a
reserve officer with the AFP. It includes the termination of appointment as a
reserve officer as a result of resignation, deferment of promotion and
administrative or court martial action.
j. Reserve Manpower Development – is one of the
functional areas of the Reservist Retiree Affairs (RRA) such as ROTC,
BCMT and MOT.
k. Reservist Training – This refers to training programs to
prepare and qualify individuals to become officer or enlisted reservists.

l. Recruitment – encouraging persons to join a particular

activity, association or party.
 m. Soliciting Agency – Any unit in the PA whose AOR
covers.
n. Military Organizational Training – is the 1st training for
the newly organized Ready Reserve Company or Battalion and PAARU.
o. Basic Citizen Military Training – A basic military training
course of thirty (30) days or one (1) month or 240 periods of eight (8)
periods per day. The trainees shall receive pay and allowances, including
initial clothing allowances (ICA) of a third class trainee. (HPA letter
directive dated 03 March 2004)
p. Philippine Army Affiliated Reserve Unit – a component
of the AFP Reserve Force as prescribed in R. A. 7077 composed of vital
public and/or private utilities organized as affiliated units of the AFP
Reserve Force. ( Ref: Para 4b, Circular 3).
SOURCES OF RESERVIST OFFICERS:

1. Commissioned Officers under Circular 30, GHQ, AFP dated 7

Dec 87, Graduates of Probationary Officers Training Course (MS-43);
2. Commissioned Officers under Circular 16, GHQ, AFP dated 6
Dec 82, deserving NCOs (implementing RA 718);
3. Commissioned Officers under Circular 14, GHQ, AFP dated 13
Jan 75, civilian graduates of NDCP (implementing PD 190);
4. Commissioned Officers under SOP Nr 12, GHQ, AFP dated 12
Oct 70, “Captains of Industry” and those operating vital public utilities,
Project 36-70;
5. Commissioned Officers under section 44 of RA 7077, Elected
and Appointed Officials;
6. Retired Officers of the AFP who were honorably separated or
retired from the service; and,
7. Commissioned Officers of the defunct Philippine Constabulary
who applied for change of branch of service in AFP & assigned PA
pursuant to GHQ Letter Dir dated 6 Jun 96.

SOURCES OF ENLISTED RESERVISTS:

1. Basic ROTC Training

2. BCMT graduates
3. PAARU
4. Enlistment under Project 36-70
5. Ex-serviceman of PA (honorably discharged or retired)
6. World War II veterans
7. CAFGU

PRE-RESERVISTS TRAINING:

1. ROTC Training (Basic and Advance)

2. MS-43 (POTC) training
 3. Basic Citizen Military Training
4. Project 36-70 Training
5. Military Orientation Training (MOT) for PAARU

RESERVIST INDIVIDUAL TRAINING

1. Career Schooling (Basic/Advance/GSC)

2. Specialization Training

CATEGORIES OF RESERVIST:

1. First Category – shall be composed of able-bodied reservists

whose ages are between eighteen (18) years and thirty-five (35), inclusive.
2. Second Category – shall be composed of able-bodied
reservists whose ages are between thirty-six (36) and fifty-one (51),
inclusive.
3. Third Category – shall be composed of all able-bodied
reservists who are above fifty-one (51) years of age.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVE FORCE UNITS:

1. Ready Reserve – composed of citizen soldiers belonging

mostly to the first category reserve. This shall be organized, trained and
maintained as mobilizisable ready reserve subject to call at any time to
augment the regular armed force of the AFP not only in times of war or
national emergency but also to meet local emergencies arising from
calamities, disasters and threat to peace, order, security and stability in
any locality, including the need to provide assistance in the relief and
rescue work and other civil assistance activities.

Degree of readiness to respond to the call to service:

a. Ready Reserve I – units maintained in a high degree of

readiness as to be ready for operational employment in not more than
seven (7) days after activation.

b. Ready Reserve II - units maintained in a high degree of

readiness as to be ready for operational employment in not more than
fifteen (15) days after activation.

2. Standby Reserve – composed of citizen soldiers belonging

mostly to the second category reserve and the third category reserve. This
shall be organized and assigned to specified reserve units and shall be
maintained through annual assembly tests to update their records and their
present addresses. It shall only be mobilized or order to active duty in
times of national emergency or war.
 3. Retired Reserve – composed of citizen soldiers who have
qualified for retirement through length of service, old age or disability or
attained the age of sixty five (65). It shall only be ordered to active duty in
times of local or national emergencies if they volunteers for active duty.

PROMOTION – names of all reservist officers shall be carried in

promotion lists similar to those prescribed in the Regular Force in 2
categories, namely: Active and Inactive.

Two (2) factors that primarily governed in the promotion of Reserve

Force:

1. Qualifications, ability and performance demonstrated by

individual reservist.
2. Vacancies occur within the prescribed reserve force structure
of the PA, consistent with existing TOE and reserve force manpower
requirement.

SEPARATION OF RESERVE OFFICERS – appointment of officers in

the Reserve Force of the AFP are automatically terminated upon death,
resignation or an approved administrative or court martial action.
E. INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS

1. Definition

Logistics is the process of planning and executing the

sustainment of forces in support of military operations. It encompasses the
organization, procedures and principles together with the equipment,
materials and facilities needed to organize, train and equip military forces
for the conduct of prompt and sustained combat operations; support to
national development programs, inter- agency operations and operations
other than war.

2. Goal

The goal of logistics is to support the continuous conduct of

security operation and timely crises response during rescue, relief and
rehabilitation operation. At tactical level, it focuses on the traditional
functions of providing the soldier and his unit the required sustainment
and the capability to move, shoot and communicate.

3. Principles of Logistics

To effectively manage the pillars of the logistics system,

logisticians must understand and apply certain fundamental principles of
logistics as follows:
 a. Impetus from the rear. This means that combat service
support is provided to the echelon as far as the tactical situation permits. It
means pushing supplies from the rear areas to the end-user. In as much as
the logistics resources are scarce, combat service support resources
support forces that contribute the most to the overall mission, for the
greatest good and the greatest number.
b. Logistics Intelligence. Commanders must have accurate
and timely logistics information in order to provide effective logistics
support.
c. Objective. Logistics endeavors must be directed
towards a clear and attainable objective.
d. Generative Logistics. The professional application of
initiative, knowledge and ingenuity and the innovative exploration of
technical and scientific advances are fundamental to the generation of
logistics system improvement.
e. Interdependence. Logistics system efficiency requires
effective inter-relationship among all the functional parts of the system.
f. Simplicity. Simplicity is essential at all levels of the
logistics system.
g. Timeliness. Logistics support must be provided in the
right quantity at the proper time and place for the accomplishment of the
mission.
h. Cost – effectiveness. Efficient management of the
logistics resources is essential to cost-effective logistics support.
i. Security. Security of every facet of logistics system
must be maintained to preserve resources and insure sustained combat
capability.

5. Functional Areas of Logistics

The functional areas of logistics are linked together by

operating systems, procedures and concepts. The most successful plan
considers the application of these pillars, the product of which when
combined, balanced, produced and delivered effectively supports the
operating forces.

a. Supply. It involves the systematic coordination between

the user, the supply units and the materiel management system. Key
functions of supply includes requirement determination, flow of requisition,
storage and stock control, distribution and disposal. It also include
techniques whereby demands for an item of supply are balanced against
the assets of the item through a system of reporting, computation and
evaluation.
b. Transportation. Transportation services in support of
military tactical and administrative movements from one point to another at
the least time and cost. Transportation management includes the
monitoring of available vehicles and their capacity in terms of volume and
weight. This ensures immediate and efficient response and service to the
request for transportation. The function involves determining the
transportation requirements, processing of request through preparation
and approval of directives and periodic monitoring to maintain
serviceability of vehicles.
c. Maintenance. All actions taken to retain materiel in
serviceable condition and operational status aimed to promote operation
readiness whenever there is a need for equipment, tools, supplies and
facilities. In all levels of maintenance, the main goal is to provide available
logistics in good working condition at the right time and the right place. It
includes restoration of materiel into serviceable condition or upgrading its
functional utility through appropriate modifications deemed necessary.
d. Facilities and Installation. This function includes
planning, acquisition, construction, maintenance and disposition of real
estate properties. It provides evaluation of technical and financial viability
of the project classified as facilities. Facilities of installation are significant
because of their wide distribution of money value and their basic
importance to the unit. They are crucial to the overall logistics management
because of their impact to administrative and operational system of the
unit.
e. Other Logistics Services. This function is geared
towards providing combat service support involving food, finance,
commissaries, clothing, health care, water support, laundry and bath, legal,
postal, mortuary and other services.

5. Characteristics of Logistics

Successful logistics must be both effective and efficient.

Logistics operations are not successful unless they provide effective
support. Scarce resources require logistics operations to be efficient.
Effectiveness, however, cannot be handicapped by efficiency. These two
aspects of logistics are balanced to provide the foundation for successful
logistics operations.

The five (5) characteristics of logistics facilitate effective and

efficient logistics operations. Commanders and logisticians anticipate
requirements. They integrate logistics concepts and operations with
strategic, operational and tactical plans. Logistics operations and systems
must be responsive to the commander and must provide continuous
support to forward deployed units. They apply to war and operations other
than war.

a. Anticipation. Foremost among the characteristics is

anticipation. Accurate anticipation of requirements can enhance both the
agility of the force and its ability to seize and to retain the initiative and
synchronize activities in depth. Though no one can predict the exact
course of events, future logistics demands must be estimated as
accurately as possible. Anticipation means identifying, accumulating and
maintaining the assets and information necessary to support operations at
the right time and places. Anticipation also means developing logistics
capabilities that are versatile and mobile enough to accommodate likely
operational and tactical events. Logistics planners should anticipate
requirements in order to push the right support forward; this minimizes the
need for improvisation in the area of operations. Anticipation requires
constant coordination between the operations and logistics staff.
b. Integration. Tactical and operational success depend on
fully integrated concepts of logistics and operations. Integration during
planning ensures support of operations during execution. Logistics
capabilities often affect the feasibility of a concept of operations.
c. Continuity. Any interruption in logistics operations
diminishes the combat power of a force. During operations, committed
forces require continuous supply and service support to sustain their
fighting strength and agility. Continuity of support is the lifeblood of
operations at all levels.
d. Responsiveness. The logistics system must react
rapidly in crises. Moreover, seldom will requirements for units and supplies
be known. Logistics commanders and staffs must adapt units to
requirements, often in short notice. Tailoring organizations will be the rule.
Responsive logistics, especially when other resources are constrained,
relies greatly on assured communications and automation networks.
e. Improvisation. Improvisation is the talent to make,
invent, arrange, or fabricate what is needed out of what is in hand.
Successful logistics operations adapt to changing situations. Improvised
methods and supply sources can maintain logistics continuity when
standard procedures fail.

CHAPTER 2

SMALL UNIT TACTICS

A. PATROLLING

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

1. Patrol - is a detachment sent out from a unit to perform an

assigned mission of reconnaissance or combat or a combination of both.
2. Patrol Order – An order issued by the patrol leader using the
five (5) basic paragraphs of an OPORD.
3. Warning Order – Preliminary notice of action or orders that are
to follow. These are usually oral or written messages.
4. Route - An access intended for use of the patrol in going in or
from objective.
5. Primary Route – Route intended for use of patrol to objective
and returning to friendly forces.
6. Alternate Route - Route intended for use of patrol when the
primary route is not feasible.
7. Rallying Point - Point where the patrol were assemble or re-
organized.

AIMS IN PATROLLING:

1. To gather information
2. To provide protection and Security
3. To harass the Enemy

TYPES OF PATROLS ACCORDING TO NATURE OF MISSION

1. Reconnaissance Patrol:

a. Point Recon- one which was undertaken to secure

information about a specific location or small specific areas, usually known
position activity.
b. Area Recon – one which was undertaken to secure
information about extended areas.

2. Combat Patrol:

a. Raid- the mission of which is to destroy or capture

enemy personnel, equipment, destroy installation or liberate friendly
troops.
b. Ambush- ambush enemy patrol and provides protection
against surprise enemy ambush.
c. Contact- this establishes or maintains contact with
friendly or enemy forces.
 d. Economy of Force- this will perform limited objectives
mission such as seizing and holding critical terrain to allow maximum
forces to be used elsewhere.
e. Security- protection from enemy infiltration and surprise
ambush/attack.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE CONDUCT OF COMBAT

PATROL:

1. Formation and Order of Movement

2. Rallying Point
3. Action at the Danger Area
4. Action at the Objective
5. Action upon Enemy Contact

SKILLS INTEGRATED INTO PATROLLING:

1. Leadership
2. Team work
3. Individual and Unit security
4. Communication
5. Ability to Operate Day and Night

STEPS IN CONDUCTING PATROL

1. Study and analyze the mission

2. Study the Terrain Situation
3. Select Men, Weapon and Equipment
4. Organize the Patrol and Execute the Mission.

B. ORGANIZATION OF SPECIAL FORCES TEAM

SPECIAL FORCES (SF)

As a major component of the Special Operations Command

(SOCOM), SF plans, conducts, and support Special Operations in all
operational environment in peace, conflict and war SF operations are
normally joint and may be combined and/or part of a interagency activity.
They may support or be supported by conventional forces.

SF is an unconventional combat arm. SF commanders should

employ tactics of supplementary or reinforcing combine arms. They may
use PSYOPS, lift assets, and other resources to increase the effectiveness
of independent SF operations. Normally, CS and CSS are being provided
by the Area Command.
 1. Special Forces Mission

The mission of the Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) is to

plan for and conduct Unconventional Warfare operations in designated
areas. Within the context of this mission, the primary objective of this unit
is to support the conventional force in all phases of the defense of the
country. Guerilla Warfare and related activities shall be conducted within
designated unconventional warfare operational areas (YWOA). (COL
BENJAMIN A FE, The need To Organized AFP UW Bde, thesis, pp VII-6)

2. Special Forces Tasks

Tasks of the Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) are:

a. Conduct of Internal Security Operations in conjunction

with conventional forces operations.
b. Provide planning assistance and training for regular and
reserve components of the AFP along unconventional warfare techniques.
c. Conduct area assessment nationwide.
d. Perform rescue, relief and recovery operations and
training in view of emergencies and other crisis.
e. Conduct counter-terrorists operations.
f. Provide waterborne operations to deny enemy, use of
rivers, inland waterways and shorelines.

3. Special Forces Capabilities

In addition to the above specified tasks of the unit, SFR(A)

has the following capabilities.

a. Develop, organize, train, equip, command and control

indigenous forces, ie. CAFGU AA.
b. Provide Mobile Training Team MTT to organize, train and
advice Cadres of conventional forces that are tasked to administer
CAFGU’s.
c. Conduct denial operations to prevent enemy access,
influence and control over a particular area of strategic value.

d. Perform PSYOP, civic action operations and umanitarian

assistance.

e. Strike operations unilaterally by SF or jointly by SF and

indigenous assets.

f. Perform Forward Air Control for air mission, (e.g. armed

and Reconnaissance, close air support, and interdiction).
 g. Sabotage, subversive and abduction of selected
personnel.

h. Search, rescue and recovery operations.

4. SF Team Organization and Responsibilities

The special forces team is composed of one (1) officer and

eleven (11) enlisted personnel.

a. The Team Leader

The team leader exercises command of the team and

responsible for planning and supervising unit operations; training, morale,
and discipline of his men; and the organization of activities and operations
within the team’s area of operations.

Upon the word ‘go’ by his superior, his team can

conduct direct action mission, training and can provide effective command
and control of a company size cafgu or civilian volunteers.
He is equipped with map, compass, snap link and armed
with Cal .45 pistol and Steyr rifle.

b. The Team Sergeant

The team sergeant is the principal assistant of the team

leader. He is the tam technician who is knowledgeable in all fields of
specialization. He attends to the administrative requirements of the team.
During training, he can teach subjects on operations and intelligence. He
is equipped with nap link and armed with m653 assault rifle.

c. The Operations Sergeant

The operations sergeant is responsible for the planning

of e team’s preparation and infiltration into the area of operation. he is the
jump master of the team. He can train CAFGU or guerilla personnel on
operational functions. He is equipped with snap link, map, compass, night
vision goggles and armed with m653 assault rifle.

d. The Intelligence Sergeant

The intelligence sergeant is responsible for the

coordination of outer and inner security of the team’s operational area. He
can operate overt and covert intelligence net independently or along other
AFP Units. he is also responsible for all aspects of intelligence, counter
intelligence, and force protection for the team and its indigenous forces.
He is armed with rappel rope, snap link and armed with
M653 assault rifle.

e. The Demolition and Sabotage Specialist

The demolition and sabotage specialist is responsible

for the delay of enemy pursuit by placing mines and booby-traps in raids
and ambuscades. He is a member of special purpose team. He is also the
logistics NCO of the team. He can teach subjects on arming and disarming
of explosives, placement of mines and booby traps and sabotage
operations.
He is equipped with demolition kit, snap link and armed
with 7.62 mm m-14 assault rifle.

f. The Assistant Demolition and Sabotage Specialist:

The Assistant Demolition and Sabotage Specialist can

teach subjects on demolition and can function similarly with the demo
specialist. He is equipped with demolition kit, snap link and armed with
7.62 mm m-14 assault rifle.

g. The Heavy Weapons Specialist:

The Heavy Weapons Specialist is the assistant of the

operations sergeant in planning and preparation of camp defense
plan/patrol base plan. He plans and conducts training on tactical security
of the team. He can teach subjects on markmanship, operation, care and
maintenance of government issued firearms. He is equipped with snap link
and armed with M60 general purpose machine gun.

h. The Light Weapons Specialist

The Light Weapons Specialist assists the weapons

specialist. He is responsible for the preparation of the cross loading plan
of ammunition and other weapons repair equipment. He is equipped with
snap link and armed with Minimi Squad Automatic Weapon.

i. The Medical Specialist

The Medical Specialist functions as the psyops

specialist. He is primary responsible in the preparation of personnel
estimates and the medical requirements of the team. He ensures that each
member has excellent health/physical condition, and provides training on
combat life saving, ad hygiene and sanitation. He is the dive master and
underwater specialist of the team. He is equipped with medical kit, snap
link and armed with M16A1 assault rifle.

k. The Assistant Medical Specialist

The Assistant Medical Specialist functions similarly as

the Medical Specialist. He is responsible in the preparation of personnel
estimate and the medical/dental requirements of the team. He is equipped
with medical kit and armed with M16A1 assault rifle.

l. The Communication Specialist

The Communication Specialist prepares communication

and signal plans of the team. He can instruct subject on installation of
expedient antennae, message writing and continuous wave operation. He
is equipped with URC 187 radio, snap link and armed with m653 assault
rifle.

m. The Assistant Communication Specialist

The Assistant Communication Specialist is responsible

for the team radio. He can teach subject on radio telephone procedures,
silent signals and different kind of guerilla communication system. He is
equipped with PRC 77 radio, snap link and armed with m653 assault rifle.

For operational purposes, SF team can be sub divided into three (3)
direct action teams. These teams could infiltrate by land, air, and water.

Likewise, the SF team is a unit that is composed of personnel who

have their respective skills in the five (5) fields of specialization, such as;
operations and intelligence, demolition and sabotage, signal
communication, weapons, and field medical services

Every member is cross-trained with other specialization to enhance

his skills. Each SF trooper has the inherent ability of utilizing psyops in
influencing the target community or individual.

C. RANGER SQUAD ORGANIZATION

1. Lead scout
2. Guide
3. Squad leader or Team leader
4. Radio Man
5. Assistant Radioman
6. Contact man
7. Tail scout
 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SQUAD MEMBERS

1. LEAD SCOUT

He is the point man. He ensures the security of his squad.

He always chooses the advantageous terrain during the movement. He is
physically and mentally prepared to shoot the enemy first. Prepares
himself for a quick draw, the safety lever of his rifle is on semi-automatic
the whole time.

2. GUIDE

The guide takes on a supporting role to the lead scout. He is

expected to be always at the back of the lead scout, there are times that he
will stay by the side of lead scout. When there is imminent danger to the
front, the lead scout and the guide are abreast to maintain two rifles to
unload their stinging bullets. The guide often controls the pace of the
squad. The guide helps out in making path through the jungle. He makes
sure that the squad is always on the right track.

3. SQUAD OR TEAM LEADER

The squad leader is in effective control of the squad. He is

responsible for what his team does or fails to do.

4. RADIOMAN

The radioman is the voice of command. He is responsible for

all the signal equipment of the squad. He emphasizes radio security. He
must always be beside the squad leader. He always gives feedback on all
instructions.

5. ASSISTANT RADIOMAN

The assistant radioman has a lot of duties to perform for the

team. He acts as the aircraft marshal and as the sniper of the squad. The
assistant radioman assists the radioman with the operation of the squad’s
radio.

6. CONTACT MAN

During commando operations, the contact man is the point

man. He disguises as a rebel and mingles with the barrio residents to fish
for information of intelligence value. He is responsible for the conduct of
civil military operation. He is the squad’s silent killing specialist. He is the
primary interrogator of the squad. He is the media man of the squad. The
contact man must also master the dialect in the area, as the intelligence
agent of the squad and the demolitionist.

7. TAIL SCOUT

He provides the rear security. He is responsible for the

subsistence of the squad and policing the harboring area. He is in charge
of counterattacking.

D. RAID

RAID – is a surprise attack against enemy position or installation.

1. Purpose of Raid

a. Destroy a position or installation

b. Destroy or capture enemy personnel or equipment.
c. Liberate friendly personnel

2. Types of Raid

a. Hasty raid is an immediate action in response to an

unexpected meeting at close range with an enemy force. In this situation,
the enemy force is considered a target opportunity.

b. Deliberate raid is planned against a specific target.

Detailed information of the target requires its size, organization, weapons,
equipment, route of entry and exit, and activities and the time during which
it will leave its location temporarily.

3. Key Factors of Raid

a. Surprise – achieved by attacking when the enemy is

least prepared by attacking from unexpected direction.
b. Firepower – concentrate firepower at the right time for
the target and exploit the weakest point and pierce through his defense.
c. Violence – attack aggressively and destruction.
d. Swift withdrawal – withdraw as fast as possible.

4. Considerations for Planning a Raid

a. Sound Intelligence
b. Planning, reconnaissance and rehearsals
c. Security
d. Concealment
 e. Good Control
f. Simple Planning
g. Maximum use of Firepower
h. Battle Discipline
i. Training

5. Organization for Raid

a. Command Group – Provides command, control and

communications necessary for the accomplishment of the mission. It starts
from planning phase up to the time the mission is accomplished.
b. Assault Element – They accomplish the purpose of the
raid by assaulting through the objective in close coordination with the
support elements.
c. Support Element – Provides the suppressive fires on the
objective to allow the assault elements to close in. Fires are shifted or lifted
in coordination with assault elements on prearranged signals.
d. Security Element – Provides early warning to the raiding
party before the raid. Once the raid commences, they seal off the objective
by not allowing any enemy reinforcement to enter the objective area. They
are the first to be emplaced and the last to withdraw.

6. Conduct and Execution

a. Preparations

The briefing for raid must be as detailed and exhaustive

as possible. Terrain sketches must be used to properly orient the members
of the raiding team.
After the briefing, maximum secrecy must be
maintained. As much as possible, all troops must be confined at the camp
after the briefing. Through rehearsals, things that can do wrong must be
identified and provided a solution.

b. Action at the Objectives

Assemble the team near the objective and establish

security, if possible make a leader’s reconnaissance taking along
subordinate leaders. Confirm plans and announce changes. Dispatch
elements to their positions. This improves the combat group capability for
decisive action if prematurely detected by the enemy.
c. Maneuver

Penetration and envelopment on the enemy flank or rear

is normally preferred over other type of maneuver. Aggressive fire and
maneuver by assaulting team are conducted to overcome enemy
resistance. As the enemy place is located, the fire and maneuver elements
of the assaulting force generally move on a single line with the fire
concentrated generally on a selected and limited area of the enemy defense
perimeter. The objective of the initial assault is to achieve penetration on
the enemy’s position. Once penetration is made, it is exploited until the
objective is taken. During the assault, supporting fires continue until lifted
or shifted by the ground commander.

d. Reorganization

Immediately after the execution of the assault, the team

consolidate and re-organize if necessary for immediate withdrawal.
Normally, the route for withdrawal is different from the route of assault.

E. AMBUSHCADES

Ambush is defined as a surprise attack from a concealed position on

a moving or temporary halted enemy.

Planning Considerations:

1. Covering the entire killing zone by fire.

2. Using existing or reinforcing obstacles (Claymores and other
mines).
3. Protecting the assault and support elements by using security
elements or teams to isolate the killing zone.
4. Timing the actions of all the elements of the ambushers to
preclude loss of surprise.

a. Ambush Formations

1) Linear – In an ambush using a linear formation,

the assault and support elements are deployed parallel to the enemy’s
route. This formation can be used in closed terrain that restricts the
enemy’s ability to maneuver against the ambusher or in open terrain that
provide a means of keeping the enemy in the killing zone.

2) L-Shaped – An ambush in which the assault

elements forms the long leg to the enemy’s direction of movement along
the killing zone while the support elements forms the short leg at one end
of and right angle to the assault elements. This formation can be used in a
sharp bend in trial, road or steam. It should not be used where the short
leg would have to cross a straight road or trail because it leaves a mark or
traces that compromise the ambush.

b. Categories of Ambush:
 1) Hasty – Is an ambush conducted when it makes
visual contact with an enemy force and there is no time to plan to establish
an ambush. The actions for a hasty ambush must be well rehearsed so
that the ambushers knows what to do on the leader’s signal of attack or
same is through when compromised.

2) Deliberate Ambush: An ambush conducted

against a specific target at a predetermined location and the commander
has enough time to plan to establish the ambush. The leader requires
detailed information in planning a deliberate ambush such as:

a) Size & composition of the targeted enemy

unit.
b) Weapon & equipment available to the
enemy.
c) Times that the targeted unit will reach or
pass specified points along the route.

c. Types of Ambush:

1) Point Ambush - In a point ambush, soldiers

deploy to attack an enemy in a single kill zone. The platoon leader should
consider the following sequence of actions when planning a deliberate
point ambush.

a) The security or surveillance team(s) should

be positioned first. The support element should be in position before the
assault element moves forward of the release point. The support element
must over watch the movement of the assault element into position.
b) The platoon leader is the leader of the
assault element. He must check each soldier once they establish the
assault position. He signals the surveillance team to rejoin the assault
element.

2) Area Ambush – In an area ambush, the elements

are deployed in two (2) or more related point ambush. The platoon leader
should consider the following sequence of actions when planning a
deliberate area ambush:

a) The platoon is the smallest unit to conduct

an area ambush. Platoons conduct area ambushes where enemy
movement is largely restricted to trails or steams.
b) The platoon leader should select one
principal ambush site around which he organizes outlying ambushes.
These secondary sites are located along the enemy’s most likely approach
to and escape from the principal ambush site. Squad-size elements are
normally responsible for each site. They establish an area ambush as
described above.
c) The platoon leader must determine the best
employment of his machine guns, he normally positions them both with the
support element of the principal site.
d) Squads are responsible for outlying
ambushes and do not initiate their ambush until the enemy escapes or
reinforced.

F. INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD TACTICS

1. ORGANIZATION:

The Rifle Squad is broken in to two (2) fire teams. Each fire
team has four (4) men composed of a team leader, grenadier, automatic
riflemen and rifleman. The two fire team leaders double as anti-armor
gunners. The rifleman is also serve as a medical aid man.

2. MISSION OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD:

To close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver, to

destroy or capture them or repel their assault by fire, close combat and
counter attack.

3. CAPABILITIES OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD

Infantry Rifle Squad can:

a. Provide a base of fire and maneuver

b. Close with the enemy to destroy and capture him
c. Repel and assault by fire, close combat and counter
attack
d. Seize and hold terrain
e. Maneuver in all types of local weather and terrain
f. Conduct combat operation under limited visibility
g. Provide light anti-tank protection
h. Participate in air assault operation
i. Participate in amphibious/waterborne operation
j. Operate in conjunction with heavy forces.

4. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

a. Rifle Squad Leader – Responsible for all that the Rifle

Squad does or fails to do. He is tactical leader and, as such, leads by
example.
 1) Control the maneuver of his squad and each rate
and contribution of fire.

2) Trains his squad on the individual and collective

tasks required to sustain combat effectiveness.
3) Manage the logistical and administrative needs of
his squad. He requests and issues ammunition, water ration, and special
equipment.
4) Maintains and accountability of his soldier and
equipment.
5) Complete casualty feeder reports and reviews the
casualty reports completed by squad member.
6) Submits reports for awards and decorations.
7) Direct the maintenance of squad weapon and
equipment.
8) Inspect the condition of soldier weapon, clothing
and equipment.
9) Ensures that supplies and materials are
distributed to the soldier in the squad.
10) Keeps the platoon sergeant/leader informed on
squad supplies status and squad requirements.
11) Ensure supplies and equipment is internally cross
level within the squad.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle

Equipment: Map and Compass, Handheld FM Radio, Binocular,
Utility Rope

b. Team Leader

There are two (2) team leaders in the squad, one (1) for
each fire team. They lead by personal example and help the squad leader.
They control the movement of their fire teams. They ensure that their
soldiers maintain the unit standards in all areas. They are the eyes and
ears of the team. Provide short range anti-armor capability for the squad
and the platoon.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle, LAW

Equipment: Map and compass, NVG, Utility rope.

c. Automatic Rifle Man

There are two (2) automatic rifle men in the squad, one
(1) for every team. He is responsible in providing sustained automatic fire
for the squad and secure the left flank area during movements and halts.
 Armaments: Squad automatic (SAW) Ultimax
Equipment: SAW Ammo Pouches, Utility rope

d. Grenadier

There are two (2) grenadiers in the squad, one (1) for
each fire team. He provides grenade capability to the squad and the
platoon for maximum firepower and secure the right flank area of the squad
during movement and halts.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle attach with 40 MM grenade

launcher
Equipment: 40 MM Ammo Pouches, Utility rope

e. Rifle Man

There are two (2) Rifle Man in the Squad, one (1) each
fire team. They are responsible for the food supply and medical
requirements of the team. He monitors the health and hygiene of the squad
and provides technical expertise and supervisions of the combat
lifesavers. He erased the tracks left team during operations.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle

Equipments: Medical kit, Cooking Utensils, Utility rope

5. INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD FORMATION

a. Wedge Formation (Fire Team)

The wedge is the basic formation for the fire team. The
interval between soldiers and wedge formation normally is ten (10) meters.
The wedge expands and contracts depending on the terrain. When rough
terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make control of the wedge difficult,
fire team modifies the wedge.

TEAM LEADER TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER AUTOMATIC GRENADIER AUTOMATIC

RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN
 FIGURE 1. Fire Team Wedge
(Squad leader may choose his position depending on the terrain and
enemy position, and or, where he thinks he can best command his men)

b. Squad Column

The squad column is the most common formation. It

provides good dispersion laterally and depth without sacrificing, control
and facilitates maneuver. The leader fire team is the base fire team. When
the squad moves independently or as the rare elements of the platoon, the
rifleman in the tail fire team provides rear security.

TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

SQUAD LEADER

TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLE MAN

RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 2. (Squad Column with Fire team in Column)

c. Squad Line
 The squad line provides maximum firepower to the
front. When a squad is acting as the base squad, the fire team on the right
is base fire team.

TEAM LEADER TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN GRENADIER

RIFLEMAN SQUAD LEADER RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 3: SQUAD LINE

d. Squad File

When not traveling in a column or line, squad travels in

file. The squad file has the same characteristics as the fire team file, if the
squad leader of desire increase his control over the formation, exert
greater moral presence by leading from the front, and be immediately
available to make key decisions. He will move forward to the first or
second position. Moving the team leader to the last position can provide
additional control over the rear of the formation.

TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER

AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

SQUAD LEADER (OPTIONAL)

TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER

AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 4. Squad File

 6. MOVEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

A movement technique is the manner a squad uses to traverse

terrain. The selection of a movement technique is based on the likelihood
of enemy contact and the need for speed factors to consider each
technique are controls, dispersion, speed and security.

Three types of movement techniques:

a. Traveling - is used when contact with the enemy is not

likely an speed is needed

b. Traveling over watch - is used when contact is possible.

Attached weapons move near the squad leader and his command so he
can employ them quickly.

c. Bounding Over watch – is used when enemy contact is

expected. It is most secured, but the slowest movement technique.

CHAPTER 3

INDIVIDUAL/UNIT TRAINING

A. VISUAL TRACKING
 Visual tracking is very important to detect sign of enemy’s presence
or activity. Such signs can often alert us to an enemy’s presence and give
our unit time to prepare for contact.

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

a. Tracking – is the technique of locating and enemy with

the aid of markings and traces left as he moves through and out of the
area.
b. Visual Tracking – is following the path of men or
animals by the signs they leave, primarily on the ground or vegetation.
c. Scent Tracking – is following men or animals by their
smell.

2. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACKING

a. Displacement – takes place when something is moved

from its original position to another place.
b. Staining – roots, stones and vines may be stained by
crushed leaves or berries when walked on. Yellow stains may be urine
mark left by personnel in the area.
c. Weathering – weather may either aid or hinder tracking.
It affects the signs or marks but wind, rain and sunlight can also obliterate
signs completely.

1) Footprints are greatly affected by weather. When

a foot displaces soft, moist soil to form print, the moisture holds the edges
of the prints intact and sharp. A sunlight and air dry the edges of the
prints, small particles that were held in place by the moisture fall into a
print. If particles are just beginning to fall into a print, making the edges
appears rounded.
2) Wind affects sound and odors. If the wind is
blowing from the direction of a trail you are following, sounds and odors
are carried to you. If the wind is blowing in the same direction as the trail
you are following, you must be cautious as the wind will carry your sounds
toward the enemy. To find the wind direction, drop a handful of dry dirt or
grass from shoulder height and watch its direction as it fall.
` 3) Sun – you must also consider the effects of the
sun. The vision is affected when the tracker is directly facing the sun.

d. Littering – poorly trained units may leave trails of litter

as they move. Gum or candy wrappers, ration cans, cigarette butts,
remains of fire, or human feces are unmistakable sign of recent movement.
 Weather affects litter – rain may flatten or wash litter
away, or turn paper into pulp. Winds may blow litter away from its original
location. Ration can exposed to weather will rust. They first rust at the
exposed edges where they were opened. Rust then moves toward the
center. Use your memory to determine the age of litter. The last rain or
strong wind can be the basis of a time frame.
e. Camouflaging – Camouflage is used to conceal
movement and to slow down and confuse the tracker. Walking backward,
brushing out trails and moving over rocky ground are examples of
camouflaging.
f. Interpretation/Immediate use of intelligence – report
facts, not the interpretation of facts. Report what you have seen only.
g. Tracking Teams – A typical tracking team has three
trackers, three security men and a team leader with the radiotelephone
operator (RATELO).
h. When a team is moving, the best tracker should be in
the lead, followed by his security. The two other trackers should be on the
flanks over watched by his security. The leader should be where he can
best control the team. The RATELO should be with the leader.
i. Tracker dogs may be used to help track an enemy.
Tracker dogs are trained and used by their handlers. A dog track human
scent and the scent of disturbed vegetation caused by man’s passing.
Tracker dogs should be used with tracker teams. The team can track
visually, and the dog and handler can follow. If the team loses the signs,
then the dog can take over. A dog can track faster than man tracks, and the
dog can track at night.
j. Counter Tracking – in addition to knowing how to track,
you must know how to counter an enemy tracker effort to track you.

1) While moving from close terrain to open terrain,

walk fast a big tree (30cm [12 in]) in diameter or larger toward the open area
for three to five paces. Then walk backward to the forward side of the tree
and make a 90 degree change of direction passing the tree on its forward
side. Step carefully and leave a little sign as possible. If this is not the
direction that you want to go, change direction again about 50 meters away
using the same technique. The purpose of this is to draw the enemy tracker
into the open area where it is harder for him to track. That also exposes
him and causes him to search the wrong area.
2) When approaching a trail (about 100 meters from
it). Change your direction of movement and approach it at a 45 degree
angle. When arriving at the trail, move along it for about 20 to 30 meters.
Leave several signs of your presence. Then walk backward along the trail
to point, cross the trail and leaved no sign of your leaving it. Then move
about 100 meters at an angle of 45 degrees, but this time on the other side
of the trail an in the reverse of your approach. When changing direction
back to your original line of march, the big tree technique can be used. The
purpose of the technique is to draw the enemy tracker along the easier
trail. You have, by changing direction before reaching the trail, indicated
that the trail is your new line of march.
3) To leave a false trail and to get an enemy tracker
to look in the wrong direction, walk backward over soft ground. Continue
this deception for about 20 to 30 meters or until you are on hard ground.
Use the technique when leaving a stream. To further confuse the enemy
tracker, use the technique several times before actually leaving the stream.
4) When moving toward a stream, change direction
about 100 meters before reaching the stream and approach it at a 45 –
degree angle. Enter the stream and proceed downwards for at least 20 to 30
meters. Then move back up-trail and leave the stream in your initial
direction. Changing direction before entering the stream may confuse the
enemy tracker. When the enemy tracker enters the stream, he may follow
the false trail until the trail is lost. That will put him well way from you.
5) When your direction of movement parallels a
stream, use the stream to deceive an enemy tracker. Some techniques that
help elude a tracker are as follow:

a) Stay in the stream for 100 to 200 meters.

b) Stay in the center of the stream and in deep
water.
c) Watch for rocks or roots near the banks
that are not covered with moss or vegetation and leave the stream at that
point.
d) Walkout backward on soft ground.
e) Look for a small vegetation/covered tributary
and exit from it.
f) When being tracked by an enemy tracker, the
best bet is to either try to out distance him or to back track and ambush him.
3. TRACKER QUALITIES

a. Be Patient
b. Be able to move slowly and quietly, yet steadily, while
detecting and interpreting signs.
c. Avoid fast movement that may cause you to overlook
sign, lose the trail, or blunder into an enemy unit.

d. Be persistent and have the skill and desire to continue

the mission even though signs are scare or weather or terrain is
unfavorable.
e. Be determined and persistent when trying to find a trail
you have lost.
f. Be observant and try to see things that are not obvious
at first glance.
 g. Use your sense of smell and hearing to supplement your
sight.
h. Develop a feel for things that do not look right. It may
help you regain a lost trail or discover additional signs.
i. Know the enemy, his habits, equipment and capability.

B. MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING

ROPE MANAGEMENT AND KNOTS

The rope is a vital piece of equipment to the mountaineer. When

climbing, rappelling, or building various installations, the mountaineer
must know how to properly utilize and maintain this piece of equipment. If
the rope is not managed or maintained properly, serious injury may occur.
This section discusses common rope terminology, management
techniques, care and maintenance procedures, and knots. Practical
application shall be demonstrated by qualified personnel.

1. PREPARATION, CARE AND MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION,

TERMINOLOGY

The service life of a rope depends on the frequency of use,

applications (rappelling, climbing, rope installations), speed of descent,
surface abrasion, terrain, climate, and quality of maintenance. Any rope
may fail under extreme conditions (shock load, sharp edges, misuse).

a. PREPARATION

The mountaineer must select the proper rope for the

task to be accomplished according to type, diameter, length, and tensile
strength. It is important to prepare all ropes before departing on a mission.
Avoid rope preparation in the field.

1) Packaging. New rope comes from the

manufacturer in different configurations – boxed on a spool in various
lengths, or coiled and bound in some manner. Precut ropes are usually
packaged in a protective cover such as plastic or burlap. Do not remove
the protective cover until the rope is ready for use.
2) Securing the Ends of the Rope. If still on a spool,
the rope must be cut to the desired length. All ropes will fray at the ends
unless they are bound or seared. Both static and dynamic rope ends are
secured in the same manner. The ends must be heated to the melting point
so as to attach the inner core strands to the outer sheath. By fusing the
two together, the sheath cannot slide backward or forward. Ensure that
this is only done to the ends of the rope. If the rope is exposed to extreme
temperatures, the sheath could be weakened, along with the inner core,
reducing overall tensile strength. The ends may also be dipped in enamel
or lacquer for further protection.

b. CARE AND MAINTENANCE

The rope is a climber’s lifeline. It must be cared for and

used properly. These general guidelines should be used when handling
ropes.

1) Do not step on or drag ropes on the ground

unnecessarily. Small particles of dirt will be ground between the inner
strands and will slowly cut them.
2) While in use, do not allow the rope to come into
contact with sharp edges. Nylon rope is easily cut, particularly when under
tension. If the rope must be used over a sharp edge, pad the edge for
protection.
3) Always keep the rope as dry as possible. Should
the rope become wet, hang it in large loops off the ground and allow it to
dry. Never dry a rope with high heat or in direct sunlight.
4) Never leave a rope knotted or tightly stretched for
longer than necessary. Over time it will reduce the strength and life of the
rope.
5) Never allow one rope to continuously rub over or
against another. Allowing rope-on-rope contact with nylon rope is
extremely dangerous because the heat produced by the friction will cause
the nylon to melt.
6) Inspect the rope before each use for frayed or cut
spots, mildew or rot, or defects in construction (new rope).
7) The ends of the rope should be whipped or melted
to prevent unraveling.
8) Do not splice ropes for use in mountaineering.
9) Do not mark ropes with paints or allow them to
come in contact with oils Petroleum products. Some of these will weaken
or deteriorate nylon.
10) Never user a mountaineering rope for any
purpose except mountaineering.
11) Each rope should have a corresponding rope
record, which is also a safety record. It should annotate use, terrain,
weather, application, number of falls, dates, and so on, and should be
annotated each time the rope is used.

12) Never subject the rope to high heat or flame. This

will significantly weaken it.
13) All ropes should be washed periodically to
remove dirt and grit, and rinsed thoroughly. Commercial rope washers are
made from short pieces of modified pipe that connect to any faucet.
Pinholes within the rope force water to circulate around and scrub the rope
as you slowly feed it through the washer. Another method is to machine
wash, on a gentle cycle, in cold water with a nylon safe soap, never bleach
or harsh cleansers. Ensure that only front loading washing machines are
used to wash ropes.
14) Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) tends to deteriorate
nylon over long periods of time. This becomes important if rope
installations are left in place over a number of months.
15) When not in use, ropes should be loosely coiled
and hung on wooden pegs rather than nails or other metal objects.
Storage areas should be relatively cool with low humidity levels to prevent
mildew or rotting. Rope may also be loosely stacked and placed in a rope
bag and stored on a shelf. Avoid storage in direct sunlight, as the
ultraviolet radiation will deteriorate the nylon over long periods.

c. INSPECTION

Ropes should be inspected before and after each use

especially when working around loose rock or sharp edges.

1) Although the core of the kernmantle rope cannot

be seen, it is possible to damage the core without damaging the sheath.
Check a kernmantle rope by carefully inspecting the sheath before and
after use while the rope is being coiled. When coiling, be aware of how the
rope feels as it runs through the hands. Immediately note and tie off any
lumps or depressions felt.
2) Damage to the core of a kernmantle rope usually
consists of filaments or yarn breakage that results in a slight retraction. If
enough strands rupture, a localized reduction in the diameter of the rope
results in a depression that can be felt or ever seen.
3) Check any other suspected areas further by
putting them under tension (the weight of one person standing on a Prusik
tensioning system is about maximum). This procedure will emphasize the
lump or depression by separating the broken strands and enlarging the
dip. If a noticeable difference in diameter is obvious, retire the rope
immediately.
` 4) Many dynamic kernmantle ropes are quite soft.
They may retain an indention occasionally after an impact or under normal
use without any trauma to the core. When damage is suspected, patiently
inspect the sheath for abnormalities. Damage to the sheath does not
always mean damage to the core. Inspect carefully.

d. TERMINOLOGY
 When using ropes, understanding basic terminology is
important. The terms explained in this section are the most commonly
used in military mountaineering.

1) Bight. A bight of rope is a simple bend of rope in

which the rope does not cross itself.
2) Loop. A loop is a bend of a rope in which the
rope does cross itself.
3) Half Hitch. A half hitch is a loop that runs around
an object in such manner as to lock or secure itself.
4) Turn. A turn wrap around an object, providing
360-degree contact.
5) Round Turn. A round turn wraps around an
object one and one-half times. A round turn is used to distribute the load
over a small diameter anchor (3 inches or less). It may also be used
around larger diameter anchors to reduce the tension on the knot, or
provide added friction.
6) Running End. A running end is the loose or
working end of the rope.
7) Standing Part. The standing part is the static,
stationary, or nonworking end of the rope.
8) Lay. The lay is the direction of twist used in
construction of the rope.
9) Pigtail. The pigtail (tail) is the portion of the
running end of the rope between the safety knot and the end of the rope.
10) Dress. Dress is the proper arrangement of all the
knot parts, removing unnecessary kinks, twists, and slack so that all rope
parts of the knot make contact.

2. COILING, CARRYING, THROWING

Use the butterfly or mountain coil to coil and carry the rope.
Each is easy to accomplish and results in a minimum amount of kinks,
twists, and knots later during deployment.

a. Mountain Coil. To start a mountain coil, grasp the rope

approximately 1 meter from the end with one hand. Run the other hand
along the rope until both arms are outstretched. Grasping the rope firmly,
bring the hands together forming a loop, which is laid in the hand closest
to the end of the rope. This is repeated, forming uniform loops that run in a
clockwise direction, until the rope is completely coiled. The rope may be
given a ¼ twist as each loop is formed to overcome any tendency for the
rope to twist or form figure-eights.

1) In finishing the mountain coil, form a bight

approximately 30 centimeters long with the starting end of the rope and lay
it along the top of the coil. Uncoil the last loop and, using this length of the
rope, begin making wraps around the coil and the bight, wrapping toward
the closed end of the bight and making the first wrap bind across itself so
as to lock it into place. Make six to eight wraps to adequately secure the
coil, and then route the end of the rope through the closed end of the bight.
Pull the running end of the bight tight, securing the coil.
2) The mountain coil may be carried either in the
pack (by forming a figure eight), doubling it and placing it under the flap, or
by placing it over the shoulder and under the opposite arm sling across the
chest.
b. Butterfly Coil. The butterfly coil is the quickest and
easiest technique for coiling.

c. Coiling Smaller Diameter Rope. Ropes of smaller

diameters may be coiled using the butterfly or mountain coil depending on
the length of the rope. Pieces 25 feet and shorter (also known as cordage,
sling rope utility cord) may be coiled so that they can be hung from the
harness. Bring the two ends of the rope together, ensuring no kinks are in
the rope. Place the ends of the rope in the left hand with the two ends
facing the body. Coil the doubled rope in a clockwise direction forming 6
to 8 inch bight is left. Wrap that bight around the coil, ensuring that the
first wrap locks on itself. Make three or more wraps. Feed the bight up
through the bights formed at the top of the coil. Dress it down tightly. Now
the piece of rope may be hung from a cabinet on the harness.

d. Uncoiling, Back-feeding and Stacking. When the rope is

needed for use, it must be uncoiled and staked on the ground properly to
avoid kinks and snarls.

e. Throwing the Rope

Before throwing the rope, it must be properly managed

to prevent it from tangling during deployment. The rope should first be
anchored to prevent complete loss of the rope over the edge when it is
thrown. Several techniques can be used when throwing a rope. Personal
preference and situational and environmental conditions should be taken
into consideration when determining which technique is best.

3. KNOTS

All knots used by a mountaineer are divided into four classes:

Class 1 – joining knots, Class II – Anchor knots, Class III – middle rope
knots, and Class IV – special knots. The variety of knots, bends, bights,
and hitches is almost endless. These classes of knots are intended only as
a general guide since some of the knots discussed may be appropriate in
more than one class. The skill of knot tying can perish if not used and
practiced. With experience and practice, knot tying becomes instinctive
and helps the mountaineer in many situations.

a. SQUARE KNOT. The square knot is used to tie the ends

of two ropes of equal diameter. It is a joining knot.
b. FISHERMAN’S KNOT. The fisherman’s knot is used to
tie two ropes of the same or approximately the same diameter. It is a
joining knot.
c. DOUBLE FISHERMAN’S KNOT. The double fisherman’s
knot (also called double English or grapevine) is used to tie two ropes of
the same or approximately the same diameter. It is a joining knot.
d. FIGURE-EIGHT BEND. The figure eight bend is used to
join the ends of two ropes of equal or unequal diameter within 5-mm
difference.
e. WATER KNOT. The water knot is used to attach two
webbing ends. It is also called a ring bend, overhand retrace, or tape knot.
It is used in runner and harnesses and is a joining knot.
f. BOWLINE. The bowline is used to tie the end of a rope
around an anchor. It may be used to tie a single fixed loop in the end of a
rope. It is an anchor knot.
g. ROUND TURN AND TWO HALF HITCHES. This knot is
used to tie the end of a rope to an anchor, and it must have constant
tension. (Figure 4-12). It is an anchor knot.
h. FIGURE-EIGHT RETRACE (REROUTED FIGURE-EIGHT)
The figure retrace knot produces the same result as a figure-eight lop.
However, by tying the knot in a retrace, it can be used to fasten the rope to
trees or to places where the loop cannot be used. It is also called a
rerouted figure-eight and is an anchor knot.
i. CLOVE HITCH. The clove hitch is an anchor knot that
can be used in the middle of the rope as well as at the end. The knot must
have constant tension on it once tied to prevent slipping. It can be used as
either an anchor or middle of the rope knot, depending on how it is tied.
j. WIREMAN’S KNOT. The wireman’s knot forms a single,
fixed loop in the middle of the rope. It is a middle rope knot.
k. DIRECTIONAL FIGURE-EIGHT. The directional figure-
eight knot forms a single, fixed loop in the middle of the rope that lays back
along the standing part of the rope. It is a middle rope knot.
l. BOWLINE-ON-A-BIGHT (TWO-L0OP BOWLINE). The
bowline-on-a-bight is used to form two fixed loops in the middle of a rope.
It is a middle rope knot.
m. TWO-LOOP FIGURE-EIGHT. The two-loop figure-eight is
used to form two fixed loops in the middle of a rope. It is a middle rope
knot.
n. FIGURE-EIGHT LOOP (FIGURE-EIGHT-ON-A-BIGHT).
The figure-eight loop, also called the figure-eight-on-a-bight, is used to
form a fixed loop in a rope. It is a middle of the rope knot.
 o. PRUSIK KNOT. The Prusik knot is used to put a
moveable rope on a fixed rope such as a Prusik ascent or a tightening
system. This knot can be tied as a middle or end of the rope Prusik. It is a
specially knot.
p. BACHMAN KNOT. The Bachman knot provides a means
of using a makeshift mechanized ascender. It is a specialty knot.
q. BOWLINE-ON-A-COIL. The bowline-on-a-coil is an
expedient tie-in used by climbers when a climbing harness is not available.
It is a specialty knot.
r. THREE-LOOP BOWLINE. The three-loop bowline is
used to form three fixed loops in the middle of a rope. It is used in a self-
equalizing anchor system. It is a specialty knot.
s. FIGURE-EIGHT SLIP KNOT. The figure eight slip knot
forms an adjustable bight in a rope. It is a specialty knot.
t. TRANSPORT KNOT (OVERHAND SLIP KNOT/MULE
KNOT). The transport knot is used to secure the transport tightening
system. It is simply an overhand slip knot.
u. KLEIMHIEST KNOT. The Kleimhiest knot provides a
moveable, easily adjustable, high-tension knot capable of holding
extremely heavy loads while being pulled tight. It is a special-purpose knot.
v. FROST KNOT. The frost knot is used when working with
webbing. It is used to create the top loop of an etrier. It is a special-
purpose knot.
w. GIRTH HITCH. The girth hitch is used to attach a runner
to an anchor or piece of equipment. It is a special-purpose knot.
x. MUNTER HITCH. The munter hitch, when used in
conjunction with a pear-shaped locking carabiner, is used to form a
mechanical belay.
y. RAPPEL SEAT. The rappel seat is an improvised seat
rappel harness made of rope. It is usually requires a sling rope 14 feet or
longer.
z. GUARDE KNOT. The guarde knot (ratchet knot, alpine
clutch) is a special purpose knot primarily used for hauling systems or
rescue. The knot works on only one direction and cannot be reversed while
under load.

C. JUNGLE BASE OPERATIONS

Jungle Operations – are characterized by restricted maneuver, slow

tempo of operations, close combat under conditions of extremely limited
visibility and difficulty in providing logistical support. Special operations,
such as patrolling, operations from forward positions, ambush, and other
forms of close combat are common in jungle areas.

1. Factors Affecting the Use of Jungle Operations

 a. Mission - Because of the difficulties of command,
control and communications, jungle operations requires centralized
planning and decentralized execution. Commanders must use mission –
type orders that give maximum latitude to subordinates. It is essential that
all personnel understand the mission.

b. Enemy - The commander will require timely and

accurate information on enemy location, strength, disposition, composition
and activities so that he may make a continuing estimate of enemy
capabilities and vulnerabilities. Commanders and intelligence officers
must be cautious not to conclude that the enemy cannot attack through
supposedly impenetrable areas or that he cannot reinforce in time to affect
the mission.
c. Terrain and Weather

Terrain

1) Key terrain - Key terrain in jungle areas includes

trails, roads, bridges, streambeds, and communication centers. High
ground is still selected as key terrain but for varying reasons. A hill may be
the only feature in the area, which affords a suitable area for defense. A
river through and otherwise impenetrable forest may be a key terrain
feature.
2) Observation and Fields of Fire – In the jungle,
observation and fields of the fire are limited by the undergrowth. In the rain
forests, however, although good observation into the forest from the
outside or above may be non-existent, it is possible to have fair
observation and good fields of fire for a reasonable distance at ground
level.
3) Cover and concealment – Dense foliage affords
excellent concealment from the ground and air observation. Cover is
provided by surface irregularities such as ravines and gullies. In certain
jungle areas the presence of extensive ground level roots will make digging
very difficult, requiring the construction of positions above ground level.
4) Obstacles – Many natural obstacles exist within
the various types of jungle areas. In the older forests, there is generally no
obstacle to foot movement other than incidental swampy areas, occasional
fallen trees, vines and extensive ground level roots. However, the trees
themselves depending on their spacing and the moist ground, act as
obstacles to vehicular movement. Man made obstacles are often more
effective in jungle areas than in normal terrain, due to limited
communication routes.
5) Avenues of Approach – Suitable routes,
considering the aspects of good observations, field of fire, use of key
terrain, cover and avoiding obstacles, maybe virtually impossible to find
them. Cutting of new trails and repair of those already in existence are
constant tasks. In selection of avenues of approach available to the enemy,
the commander and the intelligence officer should not consider any portion
of the jungle area to be impassable, no matter how difficult or thick.

Weather

1) Weather forecasts will be generally reliable in

jungle areas due to the more apparent divisions between the two
predominant seasons – dry and rainy- except in certain areas where there
is no dry season. During rainy season, rainfall can be predicted with
reasonable accuracy.
2) Visibility maybe greatly restricted during rainy
seasons due not only to the rainfall itself, but also to heavy ground fogs
which may linger for several hours after sunrise.
3) Absence of wind in areas of dense jungle or
undergrowth will have a marked effect on the employment of smoke. High
winds may not be felt in heavily vegetated areas since they tend to pass
above the jungle canopy.
4) Temperature changes in mountainous jungle
areas will sometimes range 40 to 50 degrees over a period of 12 hours. In
other jungle areas the deviation from day to night will be constant and have
very little change.
5) Trafficability varies with the location of the jungle
area. Near large bodies of water, low ground maybe constantly soft, even in
the dry season and may therefore, be passable without improvement only
to foot troops. Conversely, at higher elevations, trafficability will remain
excellent throughout most of the year, becoming poor only during the
worst part of the rainy season.

d. Availability of Troops

1) No realistic plans can be made or actions taken

that do not consider the capabilities of the forces available.

2) The capabilities of a force are dependent on:

a) Number of units
b) Type of units
c) State of Training.
d) Morale
e) Strength in men and equipment.
f) Previous, present and contemplated
employment
g) Location and Disposition
h) State of maintenance and supply
 i) Adequacy of combat support and combat
service support.
j) Experience of commanders

2. Operational Limitations

In jungle warfare, forces may have to move rapidly from

primary jungle through secondary growth or cultivated areas. This require
great flexibility in thought, planning, organization, equipment, and tactics;
it may require decentralization of command and control for at times a unit
may be located where control is easy.

The effects of the restriction imposed by jungle operations

are:

a. Forces should move on different axes

b. The amount of heavy equipment and supporting
weapons that can be used is severely limited.
c. Control is difficult and must be decentralized
d. Frontages must be shortened and intervals must be
lessened in movement.
e. Numerous limited objectives must be assigned in an
attack

f. Maintaining direction of movement is difficult

g. Silence and security measures increase in importance

3. Preparation for Combat

For jungle operation, a detailed standing operating procedures

(SOP) and rehearsed battle drills should be prepared by all units down to
and including fire teams. This SOP may include organization for combat,
supply procedures, bivouac and shelter preparation, march rate, and
formations. The battle drills should provide for action to be taken in the
event of sudden enemy contact, occupation of patrol bases, defensive
positions, and communications.

4. Survival Techniques

Survival – is the art of living into a new state of things but

adapted to an environment as a result of natural selection.

a. The following cause survival situations:

1) Air crashes
2) Crash landing
 3) Ship wreck
4) Lost patrol
5) Unit cut-off main body

b. Psychological conditions to overcome in order to

survive

1) Fear of the unknown – your fear of the unknown

will be eliminated by proper training and briefing. Perhaps you will learn
something of the geography, topography and the climate of the area which
you will operate. All it take is to recall them.
2) Fear of discomfort – fear of discomfort will be
eliminated when you know how to get water, food and proper ways to travel
thru the terrain. Knowledge of medicines and construction of shelter will
also help you to overcome this condition. Remember that rest is valuable
than speed and you will be more comfortable if you make your way with
careful planning.
3) Fear of people – Fear of certain races of people
within the territory can be relieved by previous knowledge and some
common sense. Unless they have been allied with the enemy, you will have
little trouble from the native and possibly get a lot of assistance.
4) Fear of your weakness – considerable outdoor
experience, or previous experience in environment similar to that which
you find yourself; you should have confidence in you ability to live-off then
land if not, take advantage of any opportunity to go any survival school.

d. Deciding factors for survival

1) Determination to Live – You can remain alive

anywhere in the world when you keep your wits, you may suffer all the
hardship and obstacles yet you will still be alive because of your strong
determination and your will to survive.

2) Ability to make nature work for you – Remember

that nature and elements are actually interested on your welfare. If you
know how to use it in your own advantage, it will always be your friend.

e. Key words in survival

1) Size up the situation by considering:

a) Yourself – Hope for the best but prepare for

the worst. Recall survival training, expect it to work. Be confident that you
can survive. Get to safe comfortable place as quickly as possible. Once
there, look things over, think and forge a plan. Your fear will lessen and
your confidence increases. Be calm. Take It easy until you know where you
and where you are heading for.
b) The area – Part of your fear may come from
being in a strange country. Therefore, try to determine where you are by
landmarks, compass direction or by recalling intelligence passed to you by
leaders.
c) The Enemy – put your self in the enemy’s
shoes. What would you do? Watch the enemy habits & routines. Base your
plans in your observations. Remember you know where the enemy is but
he does not know where you are.

2) Undue haste makes waste

a) Don’t be to eager to move. It will make you

careless and impatient.
b) Don’t loose your temper. It causes you to
stop thinking when something initiating happens, stop, take a breath and
relax, start over.
c) Face the fact, danger does exist.

3) Remember where you are.

You may give yourself away because you are top

acting in a certain way. Do things naturally.

4) Vanquish fear and panic

a) To fear is normal and necessary but it has

to be controlled.
b) When you are injured and in pain, it is
difficult to control fear. Pain sometimes turn fear into panic and causes
person to act without thinking.
c) Panic can also cause loneliness. It can lead
to hopelessness, suicide and carelessness, even capture or surrender.
Recognizing this signs help to overcome panic.
d) Planning your escape will keep your mind
busy. Find things to do and watch. Remember that miracle work best for
those who prepare carefully and they can do so to save themselves.

5) Improvise

a) You can always do something to improve

the situation. Figure out of what you have, then, improvise.
b) Learn to put up with new and unpleasant
conditions. Keeping your mind on survival will help. Don’t be afraid to try
strange food.
 6) Value living

a) A hope for escape reduces your fear and

makes chance of survival.
b) Conserve your health and strength. Injury
will greatly reduce your chance of survival and escape.
c) Hunger, cold and fatigue lower your
efficiency and stamina make you careless and increases the possibility of
getting caught. Knowing this will make you especially careful because you
will realize that your low spirit is the result of your physical condition and
not of danger.
d) Remember your goal – Getting out alive,
concentrating on the time after you get out alive, will help you value living
now.

7) Act like a native

Accept the true customs of the native. When you

are in the situation, accept and adapt native behavior.

8) Learn basic skills

f. Survival rules on edibility

1) Generally:

a) Anything that swims, flies, creeps and

crawls are edible.
b) All four-legged animals edible
c) Anything that birds and monkeys eat is
edible
d) All eggs are edible
e) All larvae are edible
f) Almost all sea leaves are edible
g) All reptiles are edible
h) All crustaceans and mollusk are edible
i) Most fish you can catch in an open sea and
sight of land are good to eat
j) Eel are good to eat than sea snakes
k) All snakes except sea snake are edible
l) Cook animals as soon after killing as
possible
m) Frogs, turtles, lizards, alligators and
crocodiles are edibles. Toads are not edible
 n) Always remove in-trails (intestines) and sex
glands before cooking.

2) Water – will be a primary requirement. Start

looking for it immediately. An individual can get along without food for a
week, but he can’t live along without water, especially in hot or in arctic
areas where he will lose large quantities of water thru sweating or
dehydration.

Purification – purify all water before drinking,

either (1) by boiling for at least one minute; (2) by using water purification
tablets; (3) by adding eight drops of 2 ½ percent solution of iodine to a
quart (canteen full) of water and letting it stand for ten minutes before
drinking.
Rainwater collected directly in the clean
containers or in plants is generally safe to drink without purifying. Don’t
drink urine or sea water – the salt content is to high.

3) Plants - Never eat large quantities of strange food

without first tasting it. Prepare a cooked sample then take a mouthful, chew
and hold it in your mouth for five minutes. If it still taste good, go ahead
and eat it. If the taste is disagreeable, don’t eat it. A Burning of bitter taste
is a warning of danger.

a) Plants eaten by birds and animals are safe.

b) Don’t eat unknown plants with milky juice
or let silk contact your body skin.
c) Don’t eat unknown plants that have a
disagreeable odor.
d) Non-poisonous mushroom are edible.
Poisonous mushroom are very dangerous. Cooking will not destroy the
poison. Poisonous mushroom have a frill or ring around the upper part of
the stem and cup that the base into which the stem fits.
e) Don’t eat unknown plants that taste
disagreeable, bitterness is a guide for danger.

4) Most roots are edible, but must be boiled

thoroughly.

D. MARCHES AND BIVOUACS AND LAND NAVIGATION

1. Marches and Bivouacs

Moving the troops however, is not enough. The men must

arrive at the appointed place at the appointed time, with the units well
organized. Likewise, the individual soldiers with their weapons and
equipment should remain in good condition. In brief, soldiers should reach
their march destination ready to fight and perform their assigned mission
immediately.

Movement of troops requires thorough planning, efficient

execution, aggressive leadership and intelligent supervision. As a leader
who may be involved in the planning actual conduct of troop movements, it
is necessary that you must know the basic principle of foot marches and
the proper occupation of bivouac area.

Troop mobility is an important element of combat power. A

military commander must be able to efficiently move his troops from one
location to another for tactical advantage. In the advent of mechanization,
troop movements in our Armed Forces may be done by land, water and air
transport or by any combination of these means. However, these
mechanical means of movement may not always be available, particularly
in the field where troop must often move of foot. Every soldier must have
the capability to march reasonably long distances in order to achieve
decisive results in combat.

2. DEFINITIONS

a. MARCH UNIT – is a unit which moves and halts at the

command of a single commander, unit is normally a platoon, but it may be
a company.
b. SERIAL – Is a group of march units under a single
commander, it is given a letter designation, usually from higher
headquarters, to aid in planning and control. A battalion is normally
designated as a march column
c. VEHICLE DISTANCE – is the space between two
consecutive vehicles of an organized element of column.
d. COLUMN GAP – is a space between two organized
elements following each other on the same route. It can be calculated in
units of length or in unit of time as measured from the rear of one element
to the front of the following element.
e. TRAFFIC DENSITY – is the average number of vehicle
that occupy 1mile of 1 km of road space, expressed in vehicles per mile
(vpm) or vehicles per kilometer
f. LENGTH OF COLUMN – is the length of roadway
occupied by a column, including gaps in the column measured from front
to rear, inclusive.
g. ROAD GAP – is the distance between two march
elements.
h. SPEED – indicates actual rate of speed of a vehicle or a
foot column at a given moment as shown on the speedometer (kmph, mph).
 i. PACE – is regulated speed of a column or element, set
by the lead vehicle or an individual in the lead element, to maintain the
prescribed average speed.
j. RATE OF MARCH – is average number of miles or
kilometer traveled in any given period of time, including short periodic
halts and other short delays.
k. ARRIVAL TIME – is when the head of the column arrives
at a designated point or line (explain and show illustration)
l. CLEARANCE TIME – is when the tail of a column passes
a designated point or line.
m. COMPLETION TIME – is when the tail of the column
passes a designated point or line
n. PASS TIME (PST) of a column – is actual time between
the moment the first element passes a given point and the moment the last
element passes the same point (show illustration).
o. ROAD CLEARANCE TIME – is a total time a column
requires to travel time over and a section of road. Road time is equals time
distance plus column pass time.
p. TIME DISTANCE (TDIS) – is time required to move from
one point to another at a given rate of march. It normally represents the
movement of the head of the column from the start point to the release
point.
q. TIME GAP – is time measured between front and rear of
successive elements as they move past any given point.
r. CRITICAL POINT – are those points on a route used for
reference in providing instruction or places where timing might be a critical
factor. (Give examples such as conduct of passage lane, road crossing,
passing an obstacles etc..)
s. START POINT (SP) – a common point for starting their
movement. When units use more than one rout, each route has a start point
t. RELEASE POINT (RP) – a release point provides all
units of the march column a common point for reverting to control of their
parent unit

u. BIVOUAC – a temporary camp that is set and used for a

short stay usually overnight, often with minimum equipment.

v. FOOT MARCHES – are the movement of troops and

equipment mainly by foot with limited support of vehicles. Foot marches
do not depend on the existence of roads.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF GROUND TROOP MOVEMENTS

All movements of group forces may be classified into two (2)

types; the administrative and tactical movement.
 a. The Administrative Movement – it is the troop movement
wherein no enemy activity or interference is anticipated. The primary
consideration in the conduct of this type of movement and in the
arrangement of troops are the comfort and convenience of the personnel
and their rapid transit.

b. The Tactical Movement – is the movement when the unit

will be employed against the enemy, when making contact or when
interference from the enemy is a possibility. The mission of the unit, the
approximately of hostile ground forces, the terrain over which the unit will
travel, the type of enemy resistance expected must all be considered in
determining the organization and composition of the unit for tactical
movement. In this type of movement, the unit must be so organized that it
can fight once.

3. FOOT MARCHES

Foot marches as a method of moving ground troop is resorted

to when sufficient transportation is available and when the distance to be
covered is relatively short. Troops may also move by foot when tactical
situation or the terrain prohibits the use of motor transport or when it is
desired to march by foot for training or physical conditioning.

a. Preparatory Training for Foot Marches – proper training

in the conduct of foot marches involve the indoctrination of Officers and
NCOs of their roles and responsibility before and during the march.

1) Physical conditioning – the conditioning process

for foot marches must be systematic and progressive. Initially troops must
be made to march on short distances without equipment, followed by
frequent practice marches increasing in length and in the amount of
equipment carried, until troops are able to march 25 miles in eight hours
with full field equipment and personal weapons. Calisthenics, organized
athletics and periods of lectures on the subject may also be included in the
conditioning process to provide physical and mental relaxation.
2) March Hygiene – in the conduct of practice
marches, attention must be given to the care of the feet, proper fitting and
wearing of shoes and socks, proper fitting and cleanliness of clothing and
adjustment of equipment. Men must be taught to drink take in sparingly
during the duration of the hike. Likewise, they must also be taught to get
water only from approved sources. As an Officer or NCO you must closely
supervise your men during all marches to safeguard their health.

b. Conduct of marches. Following are the control

measures used to insure proper conduct of foot marches.
 1) The March Warning Order. When possible, a
warning is issued to give participating unit advance information the march.
A warning is issued to the companies and attached units as soon as the
decision to move the troops is made. This 30 yards between platoons, 50
yards between alert gives the troops the maximum time to prepare. The
warning is usually brief, but contained the essential information who, what,
where, how and why.

2) The Advance Group. An advance group is usually

dispatched ahead of the body of troops of perform specific tasks. This
group is usually composed of the route reconnaissance party and the
quartering party;

a) The route reconnaissance party. This

group of personnel is tasked to make detailed reconnaissance elements, a
traffic control representative and an engineer or a pioneer representative.
The reconnaissance party obtained detailed information of the route,
determines the number of guards and guides required and determine the
amount of engineer work necessary.
b) The Quartering Party. This group is sent
forward to select the exact bivouac area and to make administrative
arrangements. The Quartering party is usually composed of the
headquarters commandant or unit adjutant, an officer from each attached
unit, a representative from each of the organic unit and a medical officer.
Its primary task is to select the bivouac site, divided the area among the
subordinate units, make sanitary inspection and preparations and guide
each unit it its area upon arrival.
c) The Initial Point (IP). It is the starting point
of the march. The initial point is designated to be long the route of march
so that the marching will have to countermarch from its unit area to reach
it.

4) The Release Point (RP). It is the point at the end

of the march where the elements of the marching unit are broken up and
led to their respective areas within the bivouac by the members of the
Quartering Party.

5) Inspection before the March. As part of the

preparation for the march, an inspection of the troops must be conducted
to check their physical condition and to adjust improperly harnessed
equipment.

6) March Formation and Distances.

 a) The usual use formation is column of twos
with one file on its side of the road.
b) The daytime distance is about companies
and 100 yards between battalions.
c) Company commanders usually march at
the head of their unit with the platoon commanders and non-
commissioned officer rated where they can best enforce march discipline
to their men.
d) At night, distances between men and units
are decreased for better control.

g. Rates of March (Approximate).

Average Rate of March Foot Troops

On Roads Cross Country

Day 4 kph 2.4 kph
Night 3.2 kph 1.6 kph

h. Halts.

1) A 15 minutes halt is always given at the end of the

first 45 minutes of march. This is necessary because the human body
experience the most discomfort on the first part of an extraneous activity.
During this first rest, the men can check the proper tightness of their shoes
and adjust the fitting of their weapons and equipment.
2) After the first rest, 10 - minute rest are given at the
end of the every 50 minutes of march.
3) Usually a 60 minutes halt is given during
noontime to allow the men to eat their meals or to attend to their personal
necessities. This advisable because marching at noontime is usually very
exhausting and the men need some time to partially digest their meals
before resuming movement.
4) During halts, troops will move off the road, use
available cover and concealment, take maximum rest, loosen and adjust
equipment or relieve themselves if possible. Security will always be
established during halts to protect the resting troops.

i. Guides and Traffic Control. Guides will be stationed at

key points to indicate the route of march. Each company should send
forward to control traffic at cross roads and road junctions. Troops will not
be permit vehicular traffic to cross the marching column.

j. Security measures. It embraces all measures taken a

unit to protect itself against surprise and observation by the enemy and to
obtain freedom of action when there is a need for maneuver. Thus, security
aims to prevent attempts by the enemy to harass, surprise, ambush or
reconnoiter the positions of elements of the marching unit. Security is a
continuous requirement of a successful foot march and in the conduct of
bivouacs. Individual security consist mostly in common sense. Its
principles include the proper use of cover, concealment and individual
camouflage.

E. BIVOUACS

Bivouac areas are established at the end of marches to allow the

elements of the marching unit to rest. Several bivouac or harbor areas may
be established along the route of a long march. Following are guidelines in
selection and occupation of bivouacs:

1. Tactical consideration.

a. Nearness to the route of march

b. Good road nets.
c. Large enough to permit desperation of entire unit.
d. Adequate cover and concealment
e. Elevated and well-drained site.
f. Sandy, loam or gravel soil, favorable to waste disposal.
g. Accessibility to good source of water and fuel.
h. Defensible in case of enemy attack.

2. Undesirable sites for bivouacs.

a. Dry river or stream bed.

b. Ravines
c. Adjacent to swampy ground
d. Steep slopes
e. Clay or dusty soil.
f. Does not allow for adequate desperation of units.

3. Occupation of Bivouac Area.

a. Members of the quartering party will meet the elements

of the marching unit at the release point (RP) and lead them to their
respective assigned areas. This prevents confusion and congestion at the
entrance to the bivouac area.

b. Troops, when they reach their assigned areas, will

select site for pitching tent. They will link up their defensive position to that
of the adjacent units. Prior to pitching tents, individual foxholes must be
dug. Cover and concealment, wide this operation and drainage must be
governing factors in selecting tent sites. While the troops are preparing
their positions, all around security must be maintained.

4. Sanitation in the Bivouac Area. Sanitation in the bivouac area

must strictly enforced to safeguard the health of the members of the unit.

E. CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOT MARCH

- Combat ready
- Easy to control
- Adaptability to terrain
- Slow rate of movement
- Increase personnel fatigue

F. LAND NAVIGATION

Definition of Map

A Map is a graphical representation of the earth’s surface drawn to

scale as seen from above. Manmade and natural features are depicted by
symbols; lines, colors, and forms.

When used correctly, a map can give accurate information on such

factors as distance, locations, heights, best routes, key terrain features,
concealment and cover. With combat elements widely dispersed in an
area, it becomes more necessary to rely upon maps. Combat operation in
modern warfare must be concerned not only with our own familiar areas
but also the far-flung places. Vast amounts of materiel must be procured,
transported, stored and placed into the proper place. By necessity, much
of this planning is done on maps. The finest maps made are worthless
unless the user knows how to read them.

1. How to orient map?

Map is oriented in horizontal position with each north and

south directions corresponding to the north and south on the ground.

2. How to read Map?

In map reading, the cardinal rule is “ READ RIGHT UP”. The

numbers of the vertical lines are the first one to be read and then the
number of the horizontal lines.

a. Grid Square – the north – south and east – west grid

lines intersect at 90 degrees forming grid square normally the size of one
of these squares on large scale is 1,000 meters (1 kilometer).
 07

06

g GS 1305
05

12 13 14 15

b. Grid Coordinate scales - the primary tool for plotting

grid coordinates is the grid coordinate scale map.

c. Determining grids - based on the military principles for

reading maps (right and up) location on the map can be determined by grid
coordinates. The number of digits represents the degree of precision to
which a point has been located and measured on a map

9
8
7
6
5
4 GC 137056
3
2
1 UP
05
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
13
RIGHT

d. Precision. The precision of a point reference is shown

by the number of digits in the coordinates; the more digits, the more
precise the location.
Four Digits GS1828 = 1,000 meters
Six Digits GC187285 = 100 meters
Eight Digits GC18782853 = 10 meters

3. Colors used in Military Map

To identify feature on the map, it is being represented by

different colors. These colors may vary from map to map. On a standard
large-scale topographic map, the colors used and the features each are
represented by;
 a) Black. Indicates cultural (man made) features, such as
buildings and roads.
b) Reddish-Brown. The colors red and brown are combined
to identify cultural features, all relief features, and elevation, such as contour
lines on red-light readable maps.
c) Blue. Identify hydrograph or water features such as lake,
swamps, rivers and drainage.
d) Green. Identifies vegetation with military significance
such as woods, orchards and vineyards.
e) Brown. Identifies all relief features and elevations such as
contours on older edition maps.
f) Red. Classifies cultural feature such as populated areas,
main roads, and boundaries, on older map.
g) Others. Occasionally other colors may be used to show
special information. These are indicated in the marginal information as a
rule.

4. Scale and Distance

A map is scaled graphic representation of a portion of the

earth’s surface. The scale of the map permits the user to convert distance on
the map to the distance on the ground or vice versa. The ability to determine
distance on a map, as well as on the earth’s surface, is an important factor in
planning and executing military missions.

Graphic (Bar) Scales

A graphic scale is a ruler printed on the map and is used to

convert distances on the map to actual ground distances. The graphic
scale is divided into two parts. To the right of the zero, the scale is marked
in full units to measure and is called the primary scale. To the left of the
zero, the scale is divided into tenths and is called the extension scale. Most
map have three or more graphic scales, each using a different unit of
measurement. When using the graphic scale, be sure to use the correct
scale for the unit of measure desired.

5. Direction

Directions are expressed as units of angular measurement.

a. Degree. The most common unit of measurement is the

degree (*) with its subdivision of minutes (‘) and seconds (“).

1 degree – 60 minutes
1 minutes – 60 seconds
 b. Mil. Another unit of measurement, the mil (abbreviated
m), is mainly used in artillery, tank, and mortar gunnery. The mil express the
size of an angle formed when a circle is divided into 6,400 angles with the
vertex of the angles at the center of the circle. A relationship can be
established between degrees and mils. A circle equals 6,400 mils is divided
by 360 degrees or 17.78 mils. To convert degrees to mils, multiply degrees
by 17.78.
c. Grad. The grad is a metric unit of measurement found on
some foreign maps. There are 400 grads in a circle (a 90 degree right angle
equals 100 grad). The grad is divided into 100 centesimal minutes
(centigrade) and the minute into 100 centesimal seconds (milligrads).

6. Base lines

There are three base lines – true north, magnetic north and
grid north. Magnetic and grid north are commonly used.

a. True North. It is a line from any point on the North Pole. It

is usually represented by a star.

b. Magnetic North. The direction to the north indicated by

the north seeking needle of a Magnetic North is usually symbolized by an
arrow head.

c. Grid North. The north that is established on the grid lines

of the map. The grid north may be a GN or the letter y

7. Azimuth

An azimuth is defined as the horizontal angle measured from a

north base line. This north base line could be true north or grid north. The
azimuth is the most common direction. When using an azimuth, the point
from which it originates is the center of an imaginary circle and it is divided
into 360 degrees.

a. Back azimuth is the reverse direction of an azimuth. To

obtain a back azimuth from an azimuth, take note of the following:

ADD 180 DEGREES IF THE AZIMUTH IS 180 DEGREES OR LESS.

SUBTRACT 180 DEGREES IF THE AZIMUTH IS 180 DEGREES OR MORE.

b. Magnetic azimuth. The magnetic azimuth is determined

by using magnetic instruments, such as lensatic and M-2 compasses.

c. Grid Azimuth

When an azimuth is plotted on a map between two points,

A (starting point) and point B (ending point), the points are joined together
by a straight line. A protractor is used to measure the angle between grid
north and the drawn line, and this measured azimuth is the grid azimuth.

Protractor

There are several types of protractors – full circle, half

circle, square and rectangular. All of them are divided into units of angular
measures, and each has scale around the outer edge and an index mark. The
index mark is the center of the protractor circle from which all direction are
measured

8. Ways of Locating Points

a. Intersection

Intersection is the location of an unknown point by

successively occupying at least two (preferably three) known positions on
the ground and then map sighting on the unknown locations. It is used to
locate distant or inaccessible points or objects, such as enemy targets,
danger areas, and so forth. There are two methods of intersection:

1) Map and compass method.

a) Orient the map using the compass

b) Locate and mark using the compass
c) Determine the magnetic azimuth to the
unknown position using the compass.
d) Convert the magnetic azimuth to grid
azimuth.
e) Draw a line on the map from your position on
this grid azimuth.
f) Move to a second known point and repeat
steps 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
g) The location of the unknown position is
where the lines cross on the map. Determine eight digit-digit grid
coordinates to the desired accuracy.

2) Straightedge Method. (when compass is not

available).
(1) Orient the map on a flat surface by the
terrain association method
(2) Locate and mark your position on the map.
(3) Lay a straightedge on the map with one end
at user’s position (A) as a pivot point; rotate the straightedge until the
unknown point is sighted along the edge.
(4) Draw a line along a straightedge.
 (5) Repeat the above steps at position (B) and
check for accuracy.
(6) The intersection of the lines on the map is
the location of the unknown point ©. Determine the grid coordinates to the
desired accuracy.

b Resection

Resection is the method of locating one’s position on a

map by determining the grid azimuth to at least two well-defined locations
that can be pinpointed on the map. For greater accuracy, the desired method
of resection would be to use three well-defined locations.

1) Map and Compass Method

a) Orient the map using the compass.

b) Identify two or three distant location on the
ground and mark them on the map.
c) Measure the magnetic azimuth to the known
position from your location using a compass.
d) Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid
azimuth.
e) Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth.
f) Using a protractor scale the back azimuth
on the map from the known position and a third position if desired.
g) The intersection of the lines is your location.
h) Determine the grid coordinates to the
desired accuracy.

2) Straightedge method

a) Orient the map on a flat surface by the

terrain appreciation method.
b) Locate at least two known distant location or
prominent features on the ground and mark them on the map
c) Lay a straightedge on the map using a
known position as a pivot point. Rotate the straightedge until the known
position on the map is aligned with the known position on the ground.
d) Draw a line along a straightedge away from
the known position on the ground toward your position.
e) Repeat 3 and 4 using a second known
position.
f) The intersection of the lines on the map is
your location. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.

c. Modified Resection
 Modified resection is the method of locating one’s
position on the map when the person is located on a linear feature on the
ground, such as road, canal, stream, etc. The steps are as follows:

1) Orient the map using a compass or by terrain

appreciation
2) Find a distant point that can be identified on the
ground and on the map.
3) Determine the magnetic azimuth from your location
to the distant known point.
4) Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth.
5) Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. Using
protractor, scale the back azimuth on the map from the position back toward
your unknown position.
6) The location of the user is where the line crosses
the linear features. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.

d Polar Plot

A method of locating or plotting an unknown position

from a known point by giving a direction and a distance along that direction
line is called a polar plot or polar coordinates. Three elements must be
present when using polar coordinates.

a) Present known location on the map.

b) Azimuth (grid or magnetic)
c) Distance (normally in yards or meters).

9. Land Navigation Equipment and Methods

a. Compasses are the primary navigation tools to find

directions. Familiarity with the compass and its use is very essential for
land navigation.

Types of Compasses

1) Lensatic. The lensatic compass is the most

common and simplest instrument for finding direction.
2) Artillery. The artillery M-2 compass is a special-
purpose instrument designed for accuracy.
3) Wrist/Pocket. This is a small magnetic compass
that can be attached to a wristwatch band. It contains a north-seeking arrow
and a dial in degrees.
4) Protractor. This can be used to determine azimuth
when a compass is not available. However, it should be noted that when
using the protractor on a map, only grid azimuth are obtained.
 b. Field Expedient Methods

When a compass is not available, different techniques

should be used to determine the four cardinal directions.

1) Shadow-Tip method. – a simple and accurate

method of finding direction by the use of a stick and a shadow created by
the sun.
2) Star Method – Navigators’ use less than 60 of
approximately 5,000 stars visible to the eye.

North Star – less than 1 degree off true north and

does not move from its place because the axis of the earth is pointed toward
it. The North Star is in the group of star called the little dipper. It is the last
star in the handle of the dipper. Two stars in the big dipper are help in
finding the North Star.

CHAPTER 4

MARKMANSHIP TRAINING

A. MARKMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS

Preparatory marksmanship lectures were already presented on your

MS - 1 training and were also included in the MS 1 Workbook. However, a
review of some important fundamentals will help you undergo the
marksmanship training, and later, the actual familiarization firing.

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. Preparatory Marksmanship Training (MPT) – all

marksmanship training that takes place before live fire.
b. Marksmanship – it is a skillful art of shooting and hitting
the target at a given or known distance.
 c. Cross-Dominance – a soldier with a dominant hand and
dominant eye that are not the same.
d. Zero Target – a scaled silhouette target with a
superimposed grid for use at 25 meters.
e. Alibi Fire – a condition during qualification firing when
soldier is allowed to complete a record fire scenario which was halted
temporarily due to circumstances beyond his control, ex: target
mechanism, weapon or ammo malfunction.
f. Follow-through – maintaining the position after the
weapon has been fired.
g. Immediate Action – a procedure applied to rapidly
reduce any rifle stoppage without determining it’s cause.
h. Remedial Action – is the continuing effort to determine
the cause for a stoppage or malfunction and to try to clear the stoppage or
malfunction once it has been identified.
i. Aiming point – a place on a target in which the rifle
sights are aligned, normally the target center of mass.
j. KDR – known Distance Range.

2. THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKSMANSHIP

a. Establish a Steady Position - refers to the

establishments of a position that allows the weapon to be held still while it
is being fired.

Steady Position Elements:

1) Non-firing Hand Grip – the rifle hand grid rest on

the heel of the hand in the form by the thumb and fingers. Grip is light
rearward pressure exerted.
2) Rifle-butt position – the butt of the stock is placed
in the pocket of the firing shoulder this reduced the effect of recoil and
helps ensure a steady position.
3) Firing Hand Grip – the firing hand grasps the
pistol grip so that it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger. This is
placed on the trigger so that the lay of the rifles is not disturbed when
trigger is squeezed.
4) Firing Elbow Placement – the location of the firing
elbow is important in providing balance.
5) Non-firing Elbow – position firmly under the rifle
for comfortable and stable position.
6) Stock Weld – should provide for a natural line of
sight through the center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight post
and to the target, fire’s neck should be relaxed, cheek fall into the stock.
 b. Aiming – refers to the precise alignment of the rifle
sights with the target.

Things to remember in aiming:

1) Correct sight alignment – placing the center tip of

the front sight post in the exact center of the sight aperture.
2) Correct sight picture – has the target, front sight
post and rear sight aligned. The sight picture include two basic elements:
sight alignment and placement of the aiming point.

c. Breath Control – the third marksmanship fundamental

refers to the control of breathing to help keep the rifle steady.

Two (2) types of breath control techniques

1) The first is the technique used during zeroing

(and when time is available to fire a shot). Breathing should stop after most
of the air has been exhaled during the normal breathing cycle. The shot
must be fired before the firer feel any discomfort.
2) The second is employed during rapid firs (short
exposure targets). Using this techniques the soldier hold his breath when
he is about to squeeze the trigger, therefore the firer must detect, acquire
and engage the target before the exposure ends.

d. Trigger Control – The fourth marksmanship fundamental

is trigger control. It is the independent action of the forefinger on the
trigger pulling it straight to the rear with uniformly increasing pressure
until the weapon is fired.

Guideline for Proper Trigger Squeeze:

The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed on

the trigger between the first join and the tip of the finger (not the extreme)
and is adjusted depending on hand size and grip. Squeeze should start
with a slight figure straight to the rear avoiding the left or right twisting
movement while observing the slack. To apply the remaining pressure
continuously and the rifle is fired without disturbing its lay.

3. FIRING POSITIONS COMMONLY USED

a. Prone Position – provides the most stable platform for

engaging targets and presents a low silhouette and easily adapted with the
use of cover and support.
b. Standing Position - is used in the assault, to engage
surprise target and when no other position can be used.
 c. Kneeling Position – is suitable for ground that
slopes gently upward and when there are obstacles that hinders good
target acquisition.

4. DRY FIRE

A technique used to simulate the firing of live round with an

empty weapon. Any application of the four (4) fundamentals of
marksmanship without live ammunition may be refereed to as dry fire.

Two examples of Dry Fire

a. Target Box Exercise – rifle holding device checks

consistency of aiming three round shot groups in a dry fire environment.
The target man triangulates the three shots and labels it shot group
number one. 1 cm is the standard requirement and may be compared to
obtain a 4-cm shot group on 25 meter live firing range.
b. Dime (washer) Exercise – dry fire technique used to
teach or evaluate the skill of trigger squeeze and is effective when
conducted from an unsupported position.

5. PEER COACHING

a. Benefits – can enhance learning of both of them.

b. Duties

1) Peer coach assists the firer to obtain a good firing

position and adjusting sand bags or any available support.
2) Watches the firer and sees to it that the firer
maintains a proper relax steady position, holds his breath before the final
trigger squeeze, and applies initial pressure to the trigger with no
noticeable trigger jerks, filches eye blink or other reaction in anticipating
the rifle firing. If the firer is tensed and nervous, the coach advises the firer
to breath deeply several times and relax.

6. GROUPING – is a live fire exercise shooting tight shot group in

a consistent location. (4 cm or smaller diameter) When the firer can
consistently place three rounds within 4 cm radius circle at 25 meters
regardless of a group location, he is ready to zero his rifle M16A1.

Step in Marking a shot Groups;

a. Locate the bullet holes.

b. Connect three bullet holes on the target with a straight
line.
c. Number the shot group.
 d. Mark the approximate center of the shot group with an
“x”.

Purpose of Marking an “X” – “X” represent the center of

the three 93) shots. “X” is placed closer to the two near shots. This is not a
precise marking that requires measurement but it is a procedure to help
shot group analysis. The three rounds shot group confirm the variation
inherent in the rifle, ammunition and firer.

Locating Center of Shot Groups – the central point of all

nine (9) bullets fired can be found treating the “X” as a single bullet.

7. RIFLE SIGHTS AND SIGHT ADJUSTMENT

The sights are adjustable for both elevation and wind age.

a. Windage Adjustment - are made on the rear sight and

elevation adjustment on the front sight.

1) Rear Sight – consist of a two (2) aperture and a

wind age drum with a spring loaded detent. The aperture mark L is used for
ranges beyond 300 meter
2) Front sight – consist of a round rotating sight
post with a five – position spring loaded detent.

b. Sight Changes – to make sight changes, the firer first

locate the center of his three rounds shot group and then determine the
distance between it and the desired location. An error in elevation is
measure horizontally.

Elevation Adjustment – to raise the strike of the bullet,

rotate the front sight post the desired number of clicks (in the direction of
the arrow marked R) reverse the direction of the arrow marked R reverse
the direction of the rotation to move the strike of the bullet to the left.

8. ZEROING

Adjusting rifle to bullet hits to the aiming point at a given

range.

Conduct of Zeroing on a 25-Meters Range

a. The best possible zero is obtained by zeroing at actual

range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at 250 meters,
most zeroing is conducted at 25 meters by pushing the rear sight forward
so that LRS is exposed. Using the L-sight firer consistently aims target
center of mass then fires three separate three-round shot groups and
numbers them. Based on the location of these groups, the firer would make
the sight adjustments. After the sight changes are made, three more three-
round shot groups are fired. Using the same produced to confirm the zero.
The shot groups must be centered with in the zero circle.
b. Mechanical zero/initial sight setting – to mechanically
zero the weapon, the firer adjust the front sight post up or down until the
base of the front sight post is flush with the wall. Then adjust the front
sight post 11 clicks in the direction of up or clockwise. This move the post
down into the well eleven (11) clicks. The soldier turns the rear sight wind
age drum until it moves all the way to the left side and locks.
c. Recording of Zero, M16A1

1) Front Sight – elevation zero. Since the center of

the shot groups was determined to be two squares high. The correction
would be two(2) clicks down. With the initial setting of 11 this would be 11
minus 2, or 9 and should be recorded as 9 up.
2) Rear Sight – wind age zero. Since the center of
the shot groups was determined to be seven (7) clicks squares to the right,
the correction would be seven (7) clicks left. This would be 17 minus 7 or
10 and should be recorded as R10. The data record for the firer in this
example.

RECORDING OF DATA

MSG TEDDY R ZAMORA (OS) PA

01 Jun 07
FS 9 ----10
SN # ----671926
Note: These data are not transferable.

d. Battle Sight Zero – to battle sight zero the rifle, the

soldier must understand sight adjustment procedure. The objective of the
battle sight zero is to find a zero range that allows for target engagement
out to the maximum possible range while requiring minimum adjustments
to the aiming point.

1) LRS – setting the sight to LRS to hit at 25 meters

where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides and
again at 375 meters.
2) SRS – flipping back to SRS to hit at 42 meters
where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides and
again at 250 meters. Most combat target are expected to be engaged in the
ranges from 0 to 300 meters, therefore, the 250 meter battle sight zero is
the setting that reaming on the fire. All target can be hit out to a range of
300 meters without major adjustment to the aiming point.
 Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all
targets of all out to 300 meters.

Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all

targets from 325 meters to maximum effective range.

9. ELEMENTS OF CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE

a. Sight Alignment – The sight is aligned when the top of

the front sight is exactly on the center of the rear sight aperture.
b. Aiming Point – is the target where the sights are aligned
with.
10. MARKSMANSHIP QUALIFICATION

RATING OLD NEW ACROE OLD

(New)
Expert 28-40 36-40 180-200 140-200
Sharpshooter 24-27 30-35 155-1179 120-135
Marksman 17-23 23-29 120-154 85-115
Unqualified 16-below 22-below 119-below 80-below

B. RANGE SAFETY PROCEDURES

1. RANGE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

a. The bolt of all rifles must be opened always

b. All loading and unloading is executed on the firing line
with the muzzle of the rifle pointing towards the target. Strictly no loading
behind the firing line.
c. No weapon is loaded until the command load is given.
d. All firing must be controlled by signals, commands will
be given by the designated range officer/NCO. Do not fire until the
command fire is given.
e. At the command “CEASE FIRING” all trigger finger must
be automatically removed from the trigger and shift to safe.
f. No weapon is to be removed from the firing line until it
has been expected to see to it that it is clear with ammo and safety lever at
safe, bolt must be opened always.
g. No person is allowed beyond the firing line for any
reason or purpose. No weapon is carried in front of the firing line.
h. After firing, place the selector lever at safe, remove
magazine and always keep the bolt open.
 i. In case of malfunction or alibi, do immediate actions or
remedial actions which make the barrel pointing to the target. If failed, raise
hand, but alibi to be assisted by the DI or COACH.
j. Anyone observing an unsafe act will immediately call
CEASEFIRE.
k. Consider the rifle loaded at all times, even in the break
areas. Never point the rifle to anyone you not want to hurt .

CHAPTER 5

INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

A. PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

Personal Hygiene and Sanitation is every soldier’s responsibility.

The command is the mirror-image of its Commander. The state of the
health of men and the condition they work-in reflect the leadership,
discipline and supervision in the unit. If one or several members of an
operating unit become sick due to bad sanitation, the effective strength of
the unit is reduced thus diminishing its fighting capability and efficiency.

Rules of hygiene and sanitation are simple and easy to follow but
some carelessly disregard them. It is therefore necessary to constantly
remind the members of the unit on the importance of observing proper
hygiene and sanitation.

1. Individual Hygiene

The following are the basic health guidelines:

 a. Always keep your body clean. Take a bath once
everyday. As a minimum, bathe your feet, hands and private parts. If
possible, change your underwear and socks after bathing. When water is
scarce, you may bathe at least twice a week. If water availability is worst,
scrub your body regularly with clean wet cloth.
b. Change your underclothing daily if possible, If not, at
least twice a week. Inspect them for lice, fleas or other bug that may keep
you itchy.
c. Change clothing, shoes or socks immediately after they
are get wet to avoid getting colds, athletes foot and other illnesses.
d. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after
waking up and before going to bed. Brush your teeth on the inside and
outside, away from the gums and towards the cutting surface of the teeth.
e. Always wash your hands with soap and water after
doing fatigue duty, after engaging in strenuous exercise, before eating and
after coming out of the comfort room.
f. Use only your own eating and drinking utensils if
possible. You may contact disease from infected mess gear or personal
articles of others. For the same reason, avoid borrowing and lending your
own pipes, towels, shoes, etc.
g. When mosquito’s and other flying insects are present in
you area, be sure to use your mosquito net. Tuck it well around your
bedding and ensure that there are no holes before sleeping. Take your anti-
malaria tablets regularly, many soldiers became fatal casualties due to their
indifference to this tiny but effective anti-malaria tablets.
h. Never drink water from any untreated source until has
been declared safe for drinking by your medical officer. When purification
tablets (such as halazone) are available, use them to threat your drinking
water. If there are none, you may consider boiling your water at least fifteen
minutes to kill the harmful bacteria’s germs that may be present.
i. Relieve yourself on an area which is designated as the
head area for your unit.
j. Exercise your muscles and joints regularly. Inactivity
may do equal damage to your health as extreme exertion or fatigue.
k. Avoid venereal diseases. Do not associate with infected
woman who may be carries of these diseases. If you think you have caught
any of these sexually transmitted diseases report to your medical officer at
once. Any venereal disease can be cured much easier and quickly on its
early stage. Untreated VD may result to death or permanent damage to your
body.
l. As a leader, you must set an example of personal
cleanliness and sanitation. Bathe, shave and wear clean clothes daily.
Observe all the precautions mentioned above and require everybody to do
the same.

2. Camp Sanitation
 Camp Sanitation refers to the rules of cleanliness and
sanitation which soldiers should follow to keep and maintain camps.

a. When putting up camps and bivouacs, build them

around a sanitary plan. Make provision for sanitation requirements, such
as the location of the galley, the head and the billeting areas of the men.
b. Control your water supply. Purify drinking water in a
manner approved by the medical officer. When water source is a stream or
a river, mark separate water points for washing, cooking and human
consumption. Washing and bathing points must always be downstream
from points used for human consumption. Of course, in the case of tactical
camps, these watering points must be well secured against enemy
harassment.
c. Locate and construct heads and urinals away from the
galley, mess hall, and water supply but not too far from the living areas. As
much as possible, heads and urinals should be situated downwind of
above mentioned areas. In the construction of heads, follow the prescribed
design. When situation allows a straddle type head trench may be
constructed easily. The trench should be dug one foot wide, two and half
feet deep and four feet long or longer depending on the number of men
who will use it. The earth removed in digging is piled at the end of the
trench with a can or shovel so that each men can cover his waste with soil
after using the trench. Wooden plants may be used to improve the stepping
area of this type of head. When leaving the camp be sure to cover the
trench completely. A simple field urinal may as easily be constructed.
d. Maintain the sanitary conditions in the galley. Food
must be stored in clean receptacles. Garbage, leftovers and other refuse
must be disposed of at designated dumping areas or garbage pits, where
they may be covered with soil or burned. When improperly disposed and
left uncovered, insects, especially flies, feed on these garbage, pick up the
germs and later transfer them to your food. Dysentery and other illness
may then result.
e. Carry out a continuous campaign against insect,
rodents and other pests may include flies, mosquitoes, lice, ticks, mites,
cockroaches and rats. The simplest way to control the increase of these
pests is to cut-off their nourishment by screening heads, galleys and
messes and by disposing waste properly. You must also drain or soil
stagnant pools of water to kill the larvae of insects when in the field. Bury
empty ration cans and turns split coconut husks upside down to prevent
disease carrying insects and rodents to breed or feed on them.

B. FIRST AID (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)

FIRST AID – immediate treatment administered to a victim of injury

or illness before the services of a doctor or corpsman can be obtained.
 1. Four Life Savings Steps:

a. Stop the bleeding – by elevating, direct pressure and by

applying tourniquet.
b. Protect the Wound – by applying first aid dressing.
c. Prevent or Treat Shock – keep the victim lying down
with his/her hear lower than the body. Loosen any tilt clothing. Keep the
casualty’s convertible warm by wrapping with blanket. If she/he is
unconscious, place him at his/her sides, prevent checking on vomits and
other fluid. Give him fluid by mouth with warm stimulants such as coffee,
tea or cocoa, remember Alcohol is not stimulants fluid.
d. Restore Breathing – if a casualty stop breathing you
must give artificial respiration immediately. The sooner you begin artificial
respiration, the more likely you are to succeed in restoring breathing.

2. WOUNDS:

Wounds – any break in the continuity of the skin/tissue of the

body.

a. Classification of Wounds

1) Open Wound – there is a break in the skin or

mucus membrane.
2) Close Wound – involves underlying tissues
without a break in the skin or mucus membrane.

b. Types of Wounds

1) Abrasions – results from scraping (abrasing) the

skin. Bleeding is minimal and limited to ruptured small veins and
capillaries.
2) Incised Wound – cuts, commonly caused by
sharp objects the degree of bleeding depend on the deep and extent of a
cut. Deep cuts may involves blood vessels and may cause extensive
bleeding, they may also damage muscles tendons and nerves.
3) Lacerated Wound – jagged, irregular or blunt
breaks or tears in the skin. The destruction of tissues is greater in.
4) Fracture Wounds – caused by pointed objects
such as pin, ice pick, nails and splinters.

- external bleeding is usually minor, but the

fracturing object may penetrate deeply into the body and thus damage
organs and cause severe internal bleeding.
 - generally are not flushed out by external
bleeding, therefore they are more likely than other wounds to become
infected, tetanus organism grow rapidly in the absence of air.

5) Invulsions – involve forcible separation or tearing

or tissue from the victim’s body, commonly caused by animal bites and
accidents involving motor vehicles and heavy machinery.

c. Complication of Wounds

1) Bleeding - continuation of blood flowing from the

wounds.
2) Infections – the healing process is delayed by
infection.

TREATMENT:

1) Control Bleeding:

a) Direct pressure – is a place where the main

artery to the injured person or part lies neat the skin surface and over a
bone. Pressure at such a point applied with the fingers or with the hand, no
first aid materials are required. The object of the pressure is to compress
the artery against the bone, thus shutting off the flow of blood from heart to
the wounds.

The pressure point is that which is:

(1) Nearest to the wound

(2) Between the wound and the main part of
the body.

It can be seldom maintained for more than fifteen

minutes. Pressure points are recommended for use while direct pressure is
being applied to a serious wound. If bleeding continues, you may have to
apply a Tourniquet.
 2) Use of Tourniquet

Only when the direct pressure, elevation and

pressure points fail to stop the bleeding from a limb, or when blood is
gushing from a major wound such as a limb amputation, should a
tourniquet be applied. The use of a tourniquet can cause the loss of the
limb below the hand, hence it must be used as a last resort.

3) Tourniquet Application

a) Place the tourniquet around the limb and

between the wound and the heart. Never place directly over the wound or
fractured.
b) For amputation or partial amputation of the
foot, leg, hand and arm for bleeding from the upper arm or thigh, place the
tourniquet just above the wound or amputation.
c) For hemorrhage from the forearm with no
associated amputation, place the tourniquet just above the wound or
amputation.
d) When possible, place the tourniquet over
the smooth sleeve or trouser leg to prevent skin from being pinched or
twisted.
e) Once a tourniquet has been applied,
inspect it and the dressing frequently to see if the tourniquet has slipped
and if any sign or further bleeding is present. If necessary, tighten the
tourniquet but under no circumstances loosen it. It should only loosened
by medical personnel.
f) It needs to be loosened for 2 –3 seconds in
every 20-30 minutes, and piece of wood, stick, etc.

d. Fracture

Fracture - are broken bone or skull.

The two classes of fracture

1) Simple or Close Fracture – no break in the

continuity or no injury to the skin. It is free from air and infection.
2) Compound or Open Fracture – one in which, there
is wound communicating with the broken ends of the bone is broken into
more than two (2) pieces.

Complicated when there are also injuries in the

adjoining vessels, nerves or muscles.
 Treatment for fracture

1) Determine the full extent of injuries and dress the

wound.
2) Immobilize (Splint) the fracture to prevent further
damage.

Treatment for the neck and back fracture:

1) Lay the patient on his back.

2) Place a small pad under his back and under the
hollow of his neck.
3) Prepare improvised liter.

e. Artificial respiration

The standard method of artificial respiration are the

mouth-to-mouth, the chest pressure and back pressure arm lift methods.

1) Mouth to Mouth Method

The mouth-to-mouth (also mouth to nose) method

is considered to be more effective and reliable. In resorting to this method,
a first aider should follow certain steps or procedures:

Step 1 – place the victim on her/his back immediately. Loosen her/his

clothing to allow free circulation of air in the body of the victim.
Step 2 – Clean the victim’s mouth and throat. Free the victim’s mouth
and throat of dentures, food and obstructions.
Step 3 – Move the victim’s head backward at chin-up position with
the neck stretched to ensure free passage of air.

Step 4 – Lift the lower jaw forward. Hold the jaw by grasping (with
thumb) the corner of the victim’s mouth.
Step 5 – Press the victim’s nose or seal her/his mouth to prevent air
leakage.
Step 6 – Blow air forcefully with your mouth into the victim’s mouth
or nose until the victim’s chest rises. (This step is not advisable for
babies).
Step 7 – When the victim’s chest has risen, listen to any sign of
respiration. Repeat this step 15 to 20 times per minutes or until breathing is
observed.
Step 8 – Periodically between breathing, remove the air blown into
the victim’s stomach by pressing her/his stomach gently.
 Mouth to Nose Methods – The same procedure was made or
should be done. But instead of mouth, close his nose with your thumb and
fore finger.

If the casualty’s Jaw are so tightly closed:

a) Thumb-jaw-Lift – is the best method to

open the mouth.
b) Two-Hand-Jaw-Lift

2) Chest Pressure Method

The second method of artificial respiration is the

chest pressure method. In all manual methods of administering first aid,
the first thing to do is to observe the proper positioning of the head to
avoid obstruction of air passage. Observe the steps for the chest pressure
method.

Step 1 – Position the victim’s face upward and place something

under her/his shoulder to raise and allow the head to drop backward.
Step 2 – Kneel near the victim’s head, then grasp her/his arms at
her/his wrists. Cross both arms, then press them over the lower chest. This
allows the air to flow out.
Step 3 – Immediately release pressure and pull the arms outward and
upward over the victim’s head and backward as far as possible. This
causes the air to rush in.

Repeat this cycle at 20 times per minute, checking the mouth

frequently for obstructions. Take note that the head should be a little lower
than the trunk. Keep the mouth as clean as possible.

3) Back Pressure Arm Lift Method

For the back pressure arm lift, the steps to follow are:

Step 1 – With the victim’s face positioned downward, bend her/his

elbows and place her/his hands on the top of the other. Turn her/his head
slightly and extend it as far as possible. See to it that the chin juts out.
Step 2 – Kneel near the head of the victim. Place your hands on the
flat of her/his back with palm just below the victim’s armpits.
Step 3 – Rock the patient forward until the arms are approximately
vertical. Allow the weight on the upper part of the body to exert steady and
even pressure downward.
Step 4 – Draw the victim’s arms upward and towards you. Apply
enough lift to feel resistance and tension at her/his shoulder. Then lower
her/his arms to the ground. Repeat this cycle about 20 times per minute.
 3. SNAKE BITE

a. Poisonous Snake Bite – has elliptical eyes and leave two

(2) fang marked.
b. No Poisonous Snake Bite – has around eyes and single
fang marked.

Signs and symptoms of snake bite:

1) General discoloration on the skin due to

destruction, RBC
2) Marked pain and swelling
3) General weakness and paralysis
4) Shortness of vision
5) Dimness of vision
6) Dropping of eyelids
7) Slurring of speech
8) Nausea and Vomiting
9) Shock
10) Increase salvation and sweating

First aid for snake bite:

1) Keep the victim from not moving around.

2) Keep the victim calm as possible, preferably lying
down.
3) Immobilize the bitten area and keep it at or below
head level.
4) Apply tourniquet 2-4 inches above the bitten area,
but not around the joint and around the head, neck or trunk.

5) Cut should be 1/8 inch deep and1/4 wide directly

over each fang marked or bite.
6) Transport the victim immediately to the nearest
hospital as soon as possible.

4. BANDAGING AND SPLINTING FRACTURE:

a. Prepare an improvised splitting.

b. Strips or rolls gauze or other materials that are use or
wrapping or binding any part of the body to hold compress in place.
c. Prepare an improvised litter.

5. DROWNING
 Drowning is the aspiration of fluids or obstruction of the
airway caused by spasm of the larynx in the water.

CAUSE:

a. Cramps – muscles undergo marked spasm and would

totally incapacitate a swimmer because of severe pain.
b. Hyperventilation – excessive deep breathing of the
lungs before swimming under water, the carbon dioxide concentration of
the blood is lowered by the forced exhaling of air during deep breathing.
The circulation of the blood to the brain and normal functioning of the
brain may be greatly altered. There is lung congestion in salt water
drowning and lung collapse in fresh water submission.

6. POISONING

Poisoning is the introduction of any substance, solid, liquid or

gas, into the body that tends to impair health or may cause death.

TREATMENT:

a. Induce Vomiting – insert the blunt end of a spoon or

your finger in the back of a victim mouth.
b. Neutralize and dilate the poison – by giving a pure milk
or water with charcoal.
c. Transport the victim to the nearest hospital.

7. BURNS

Burns is an injury that result from heat, chemical agents or

radiation.

Classification

a. First Degree Burns – involve the superficial layer of the

skin, healing occurs rapidly. It is redness, swelling and pain.
b. Second Degree Burns – deeper than first degree burns,
blister formation, considerable swelling, more painful because the nerve
ending are destroyed in 3rd degree burns.
c. Third Degree Burns – involve complete loss of all layers
of the skin.

Treatment

a. 1st Degree Burns - this can be immerse immediately in

cold water or place ice wrapped.
 b. 2nd Degree Burns – causing skin blister, cover the skin
with sterile dressing but don’t open the blister.
c. 3rd Degree Burns – don’t pull stock clothing from burns,
cut clothing away from burned area. Scrub hands with alcohol or similar
collation before applying dressing to prevent contamination.

8. EVACUATION OF THE SICK AND WOUNDED

a. From battle area to casualty collection point

1) By means of improvised liter

a) Materials, Jacket, pole or strong pole.

b) Rolled blanket.
c) Empty sack of rice.

2) By means of two (2) man carry

a) Arm carry
b) Supporting carry
c) Chair
d) Etc.

3) Responsibility

Organic medical personnel and members of the

unit.

b. From casualty collection point to field hospital

1) by land using ambulances or other vehicles

2) by air using helicopters
3) by water transport
4) Responsibility

Field hospital and designated service support unit

c. From field hospital to rear areas (Station or General

Hospitals)
1) Military and commercial modes of transportation
2) Responsibility

Army Support Command

 CHAPTER 6

DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

A. CEREMONIES

1. PARADE

a. Definition. A parade is a military ceremony wherein a

body of troops is formed before its Commanding Officer or other high-
ranking officer for the display of its condition, members, equipment and
proficiency. It includes exercise in the manual of arms, the report on the
members of the various units present or accounted for, the publication of
orders, etc. and ends with a pass in review.
 b. Distinctive Features. The preparation and organization
of troops for a parade are similar to those for a review. However, in a
parade, since the commander is also the reviewing officer, the distance
between the troops and the commander is greater than that for a review.
Other features are: the band conducts sound off; the inspection is omitted;
reports are rendered; orders are published; and the officers and guidons
are marched forward and centered on the commander. If retreat is
scheduled, it is conducted in lieu of Honors To The Nation. This means that
the Retreat is already the HONORS TO THE NATION.

c. Types of Parades and Their Sequence

1) Ceremonial Battalion Parade

a) Formation of Troops
(1) Units are moved to their position on
the ready line in the most convenient manner. The commander prescribes
the assembly area, the routes, sequence, and time of arrival on the line. He
and his staff take their post prior to Adjutant’s call.
(2) The procedure for moving from the
ready line to the final line is the same as that for a review.

b) Sound Off

(1) After the battalion has been formed,

aligned, and given parade rest on the final line, the Adjutant directs:
IHUDYAT and assumes the position of parade rest. He remains facing the
formation.
(2) At the directive IHUDYAT, the band
plays three sounds off chords. At the conclusion of the third chord, the
band moves forward playing a march in quick time. The band executes a
left turn to march across the front of the troops. At the left of the line of the
troops, the band countermarches and returns over the same ground to the
right of the line. After passing beyond the right of the line of troops, the
band executes a right turn, countermarches again, and halts in its original
position. When the band has halted, it ceases playing at the next
convenient place in the music and will again play three sound-off chords.
(Trooping the line by the band may be eliminated when ceremonies are
conducted indoors during inclement weather and when space is limited).

Note: Retreat, when scheduled, is integrated at this point. Upon

completion of the IHUDYAT chords, the Adjutant directs: IHUDYAT ANG
PAGSILONG and goes back to parade rest. The band plays Retreat (by the
trumpet section). Upon completion of Retreat, the Adjutant comes to
Attention and directs, MGA BALANGAY HUMANDA, then TANGHAL
SANDATA. The Adjutant faces about and salutes. The band plays TO THE
COLOR or THE NATIONAL ANTHEM. At the conclusion of To the Color or
the National Anthem, the Adjutant comes to order and faces about and
directs: BABA SANDATA. After the last unit comes to order arms, the
Adjutant faces front. The commander and his staff assume PARADE REST,
ATTENTION, PRESENT ARMS, and ORDER ARMS with the Adjutant. The
Adjutant’s salute is the signal for the band to play TO THE COLOR or THE
NATIONAL ANTHEM.

d. Honors to the Nation

1) If Retreat is not conducted, the Adjutant (after the

band has completed sound off) assumes the position of attention and
directs: MGA BALANGAY HUMANDA at TANGHAL SANDATA.
2) Unit commanders assume the position of
attention, face about, and command in succession: BALANGAY, DA then
TANGHAL, TA. They face front and salute.
3) When all units are in TANGHAL TA, the Adjutant
faces front and salutes. Band plays the NATIONAL ANTHEM.
4) The Battalion Commander and his staff execute
on his command: PUGAY KAMAY, NA on the first note of the music.
5) Military spectators rise and execute hand salute
and its equivalent for the civilians.

e. Presentation

1) Upon completion of the National Anthem, the

Battalion Commander and his staff execute on his command: BABA
KAMAY, NA. The Adjutant terminates his salute, faces about, and directs:
BABA SANDATA.
2) Unit commanders terminate their salute, face
about, and command: BABA, TA, and then face front.

3) When all units are at Order Arms, the Adjutant

faces about, salutes and reports: ”Ginoo, handa na po ang patikas”.
4) The Battalion Commander returns the salute and
commands: SUMALUNAN KA. The Adjutant trots forward, passes by the
Battalion Commander’s right, and takes his post as the right flank member
of the staff.

f. Manual of Arms

1) After the Adjutant has joined the staff, the

Battalion Commander commands such movements in the manual of arms,
as he may desire.
2) The commander directs: ”HUMANDA SA
PAGSASANAY SA PAGHAWAK NG SANDATA”. He then in sequence,
commands: SA KANANG BALIKAT, TA; KALIWANG BALIKAT, TA; AGAP,
TA; BABA, TA; SIYASAT, TA; and BABA, TA.

g. Report

1) When the manual of arms has been completed,

the Battalion Commander then directs: TANGGAPIN ANG ULAT.
2) The Adjutant trots forward, halts to his position
at the center of the command and directs: MAG-ULAT. Unit commanders in
succession, from right to left, salute and report: “Ginoo __________
balangay, narito na po lahat o napag-alaman”. The Adjutant returns each
commander’s salute.
3) After receiving the reports, the Adjutant faces
front, salutes, and reports: “Ginoo, narito po lahat o napag-alaman”.

h. Publishing of Orders

1) The Battalion Commander returns the salute and

directs: IPAHAYAG ANG KAUTUSAN.
2) The Adjutant faces about and gives the orders:
MAKINIG SA KAUTUSAN, ANG MGA NAKATALAGA NGAYON, PUNONG
PANLARANGAN (NAME OF OFFICER), PUNONG TAGAPANGALAGA
(NAME OF OFFICER), SA UTOS NI (NAME OF OFFICER), MGA PINUNO,
HUMARAP AT PUMAGITNA, KAD.

h. Officers Center March

1) At the last note of PUMAGITNA, all officers from

the Company Commanders to Platoon Leaders including Guidon Bearers
execute Center Face. After the command of execution of KAD is given, the
Officers and Guidon Bearers march off to the center and halt at
predetermined number of steps upon reaching their designated markers.
The senior Company Commander then commands: MGA PINUNO, RAP,
KAD. At the last note of RAP, the Officers and Guidon Bearers face toward
the Battalion Commander’s position and shoves off at the command KAD.
2) When they are approximately 12 paces in front of
the Battalion Commander, the senior Company Commander commands:
MGA PINUNO, TO. At TO, they count silently. At the count of four, they
execute the salute and bring there hands down at seven (Guidon Bearers
start to execute the equivalent salute at the count of three and return same
starting at the count of six). The Battalion Commander acknowledges the
salute, then commands: MGA PINUNO, SUMALUNAN, KAD.
3) The group of officers executes about face and
shoves off towards the center of the troops. As they approach the line of
their respective positions, the senior Company Commander commands:
MGA PINUNO, TO, RAP, KAD. At the command TO, they halt, and almost
 simultaneous with RAP, they face their respective positions and shove off
with the command KAD. At a predetermined number of steps, they halt to
occupy their respective positions and face front at the same time.

i. Pass in Review

1) When all officers have returned to their posts and

the band has stopped playing, the Battalion Commander directs:
PASAMASID.
2) The battalion passes in review in the same
manner as prescribed for a review except that the units render honors
when they are six steps to the left of the Troop Commander and staff, and
terminate honors when the units are six steps to the right of the
commander of troops and staff. The Troop Commander and staff then
assume the role of the reviewing party at their location on the field.
3) When the last elements of troops have passed the
reviewing stand and executed ready front, the band stops playing.
4) Spectators may rise and applause after the parade
is completed.

2. Ceremonial Brigade Parade

a. The brigade is ordinarily formed in line with battalions in

mass formations. The parade is the same as the ceremonial battalion
parade with the following exceptions:

1) The Brigade Commander is substituted for

Battalion Commander, and brigade for battalion, in the description.
2) Across the front of the brigade, the band passes
in front of the line of Battalion Commanders during the sound off.

b. The battalions execute present arms, order arms, parade

rest, and come to attention on the command of execution of their
respective commanders. Report is rendered by the Battalion Commander
instead of the Company Commanders.
c. At the command of execution KAD, of MGA PINUNO,
PUMAGITNA, KAD the Battalion Commanders, their staff, and Colors close
on the line of Battalion Commanders and staffs. The Company
Commanders face to the half right or half left in marching and close on a
line four steps to the rear of the battalion color. The Guidon Bearers face
half right of half left in marching and close on a line four steps to the back
of the Company Commanders. The other officers face the Guidon Bearers.
d. When the officers, Guidon Bearers, and Colors have
closed and faced to the front, the senior battalion commander commands
PASULONG, KAD. The center officer of the leading rank is the guide. On
the command of the senior Battalion Commander, the officers, Guidon
 Bearers, and Colors halt with the leading ranks six steps from the Brigade
Commander. The commands TANGHAL, TA and HANDA, RAP are given
by the senior Battalion Commander.
e. The Brigade Commander commands MGA PINUNO,
SUMALUNAN (pause), KAD. On the command SUMALUNAN, the Colors
execute reverse march. All others execute about face. On the command of
execution KAD, the officers, Colors, and Guidon Bearers march forward.
The senior battalion commander commands MGA PINUNO, TO so that the
rank of Battalion Commanders is on line with its original position. The
senior Battalion Commander then commands SUMALUNAN (pause), KAD.
On the command SUMALUNAN, the Battalion Commanders and staff face
outward, the battalion Color guard executes wheeling movements, and on
the command of execution KAD the color guard marches back to its
original position. The Company Commanders, Guidon Bearers, and other
officers face to the half right or half left in marching and move back to their
original positions.

3. Street Parade

a. For street parade, troops are formed and marched in the

most convenient manner. Street parade may include military vehicles.
Towed or transported weapons add to the drama of a street parade. Cargo
vehicles are included only when it is desired to increase the size of the
display.
b. Practical formations for street parades are:

1) Columns of threes and fours.

2) Two or more columns of threes and fours abreast.
3) Mass formation.

c. The vehicles move in single column of twos, threes, or

fours abreast, as the width of the street permits.
d. In order to keep military units in the same cadence,
units should not march between two bands.

4. Evening Parade

a. Organization. The Ceremonial elements shall be

composed of the following:

1) One brigade of two battalions (two companies of

two platoons each).
2) Band of not less than 30 members with a band
conductor.
3) Two color bearers for the National and unit colors,
and two color guards.
B. MILITARY HONORS

1. General

a. In the Continental Army, honor guards were used as

protective measures and as a means of showing the improvement in
discipline in the newly formed army. They were probably selected
specifically for their sizes and strengths and maybe their proven prowess
in combat. Today, the honor guard formation is considered to be a special
courtesy to visiting dignitaries.
b. Members of the guard are selected for their soldierly
appearance and superior discipline. An Honor Guard consists of a band,
Colors, salute battery (when available and appropriate) and a formation of
troops. Honor guards render personal honors to persons with high military
or civilian rank or position upon arrival or departure from a military
command. Honor guards are not a substitute for those ceremonies
appropriate in a review or parade.
c. An Honor Guard should not be so large so as to
compromise the exceptional standards required of honor guards. The
minimum size of the company honor guard should be two (2) platoons and
the battalion honor guard should be two (2) companies. Uniforms will be
those prescribed by the Commander of the receiving unit.
d. There shall be a designated military host who will take
part in the ceremony. He briefs the honoree of the sequence of events and
advises him of actions that will take place during the conduct of honors.
e. Prior to the arrival of the person(s) to be honored, the
honor guard commander positions the band, the troops, and salute battery
from right to left, in that order. The troops are formed in line of companies
or platoons with the Colors positioned at the center. When conditions
dictate, the salute battery may be located separately but its control and
purpose must not be impaired.

2. Definition of Terms

a. Cordon Honors – a type of honors rendered to a guest in

lieu of or in addition to full military honors. This may be in the form of
foyer, ramp/plane side, concourse and side boy’s honors.
b. Dais – an elevated platform where the honoree and the
military host stand to give distinction and prominence.
c. Honoree – A high-ranking local/foreign military officer or
civilian to whom honors are accorded.
d. Honor Guard – consists of a band, Colors, salute battery
(when available and appropriate) and a formation of troops tasked to
render personal honors to persons entitled upon arrival/departure from a
military command or saluting base/station.
e. Honors – ceremonies rendered to local/foreign military
officers and civilian dignitaries as a gesture of courtesy and a tribute to his
rank and/or position.
f. Inspection – the close examination or observance of
honor guard by honoree.
g. Military Host – an officer designated to escort and
receive the honoree and advises him of actions that will take place during
the conduct of honors.
h. Ruffle and Flourish – a ruffling drumbeat and funfair
played in honor of a high official at a ceremonial reception.
i. Saluting Station – camps, posts, stations, national
shrines and other places where firing of gun salute is authorized.
 j. Two-man Guard - a type of honors consisting of two
soldiers and an officer given to civilian or military dignitaries for practical
purposes.

3. Policies

a. Personal Honors

1) Military Officers

a) Only AFP general or flag rank officers in the

active service are entitled to military honors unless otherwise directed by
the CSAFP.
b) A retired general/flag officer making an
official visit shall likewise be accorded with appropriate honors.

c) Newly-promoted generals will only be

rendered with full military honors at GHQ, their respective Major Service
camps and their own headquarters.
d) Full military honors will no longer be given
to commanders going to another place/unit located within their
headquarters in the same camp/station. Instead, cordon honors will be
appropriate for the occasion.
e) Civilian dignitaries making official visits
shall be accorded appropriate honors during arrival and departure from
military installation/station.
f) When two or more persons entitled to
honors arrive at or depart from military installation/station at the same
time, each in turn shall be honored if they arrived successively. However,
in cases when the most senior guest has been accorded honors, no honors
shall be accorded to newly arrived junior guests.
g) Should a person entitled to honors arrive at
a military installation / station at the time when honors have already begun,
the ceremony shall continue but the senior officer shall receive departure
honors.
h) If the honoree has a personal flag with him,
the flag bearer shall be positioned three steps behind the honoree and
shall follow the honoree during the inspection of troops and return to his
original position thereafter.
i) If the honoree is a President or a Head of
State, the honoree must be positioned at least six inches right forward of
the host dais.
j) No honors shall be rendered by troops in
trenches.
 k) Honors shall not be rendered by troops
directly engaged in war campaigns, exercises and disaster relief
operations.
l) During personal honors at the same place
and in compliment to the same person, whether civilian or military, guns
shall never be fired more than once in a calendar year, except for a
President or Head of State or when International Protocol requires.
m) In all cases, the national flag must be at full
staff when honors are being accorded.
n) No military honors will be accorded during
a national holiday except for a President or Head of State or when
International Protocol requires.
o) No honors will be accorded after the flag
retreat and before flag raising except honors for the President or his
designated representative.
p) Philippine National Police and Philippine
Coast Guard are not entitled to military honors.

4. Unit Honors

a. Local Deployment

1) A ceremony shall be conducted to

welcome/send off unit’s arriving/departing for deployment outside unit
AOR for a period of not less than six months.

2) The Commander or his representative (at

least two-levels up) shall be responsible in welcoming/sending off units
under his jurisdiction.

b. Foreign Deployment

1) Major Service concerned shall be responsible for

the ceremony in honor of units arriving/departing from/for overseas
deployment.
2) The Major Service Commander shall
welcome/send off arriving/departing units of his command.
3) Spouses/parents of deployed personnel shall be
invited to send off or present leis to the officers and men of the departing /
arriving unit.
4) The Chief of Staff, AFP or a civilian dignitary may
be invited to welcome/send off unit’s arriving/departing from/for overseas
duty.

5. Gun Salute
 a. Gun salute shall be under the direction of a
commissioned officer.
b. The National Flag shall always be at full staff at the time
the salute is rendered.
c. Gun salute shall only be fired during the conduct of
arrival / departure honors at the following saluting stations / bases:

1) Military Camps / Bases

(a) Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo - GHQ, AFP

(b) Fort Andres Bonifacio - HPA
(c) AFP Unified Command Headquarters
(d) National Shrines
 Rizal Park
 Libingan ng mga Bayani
 Aguinaldo Shrine
 Corrigidor National Shrine
 Dambana ng Kagitingan
 Capas National Shrine
 Los Veteranos National Shrine
(e) Other Places
 Malacañang Palace
 Philippine International Airports\ as
directed by CSAFP.
d. The national salute is done by firing 21 guns
successively. This salute is rendered in honor of: the National Flag; the
President of the Philippines; Heads of State; and Former Presidents.
During National Heroes Day, the National Flag shall be displayed at half-
staff from reveille to midday at all posts, camps, bases and stations. Prior
to the rendering of honors the band of field music will be played.

6. How Honors Are Rendered

a. The President

1) The President shall be received at the salute base

or at the building where he shall be entertained.
2) A 21–gun salute shall be fired during the
arrival/departure honors.
3) In a situation wherein honors will be rendered to
the President outside of military camps and without military units present
in the area, a two-man Honor Guard shall be present at the bottom steps of
the aircraft to render honors. The most senior military commander in the
area shall lead them. When the President steps down from the plane, the
honor guards are positioned facing each other and welcome the President
by a salute. The left man commands PUGAY KAMAY, NA (if without arms)
or TANGHAL, TA (if with arms) as the President approaches and
commands BABA KAMAY, NA (if without arms) or BABA, TA (if with arms)
after the President passed by them.
4) In case the President was already given full
military honors at the point of disembarkation, the President shall no
longer be given full military honors at the area where the President will be
going.
5) In case the President will be rendered full military
honors in the place of engagement, the President will be given cordon
honors at the point of disembarkation.

Arrival Honor

6) In case the President arrived in front of the troops

already massed and assembled for parade and review in honor of the
President, the full military honors shall be waived to avoid redundancy in
rendering honors. Instead, cordon honors will be appropriate. If the parade
and review is to be rendered in another place of engagement, military
honors will be given.
7) Unless otherwise military honors or cordon
honors will be given to the President, a two-man honor guard will always
be present at the bottom of the aircraft and render salute as the President
steps down or boards the plane.
8) During the presidential official visit in both
Houses of Congress like in the State of the Nation Address, the President
will be accorded cordon honors before entering the house.
9) During Independence Day celebration, the
President will be accorded full military honors in front of the grandstand.
10) In case the President or Head of State arrives
from the aircraft and exits by the tube of the terminal, a cordon honors will
be positioned to render honor to the President or Head of State.

b. To certain dignitaries – A president of a foreign republic

or a foreign sovereign shall be rendered the honors prescribed in
paragraph (a) above except that the national anthem of his country shall be
played first to be followed by the Philippine National Anthem.
c. To Ex-Presidents and Vice Presidents – The Ex-
President and Vice President of the Philippines shall be rendered the
honors prescribed for the President, except that the flourishes shall be
followed by a march in lieu of the National Anthem and the Vice President
shall receive a salute of 19 guns. If no band is present, the bugles shall
sound To the Colors after the ruffles and flourishes.
d. To Ambassadors – Foreign Ambassadors will be given
one military honors during their stay in the country. This will be done
during their presentation of credentials at the Malacañang Palace.
 e. Civilian and military dignitaries hereunder shall be
rendered salutes and honors with music (which is considered an
inseparable part of the salute and will immediately follow the ruffles and
flourishes without pause):
Civilian Dignitaries.
RFLS
RANK GUN SALUTE & MUSIC SIZE
FLRS
ARR DEP
President 21 21 4 Nat’l Anthem Bn
President-elect 21 21 4 Nat’l Anthem Bn
Ex-President 21 21 4 March Bn
A sovereign or 21 21 4 Nat’l anthem Bn
head of state of a
foreign country
Head of Gov’t 19 19 4 March Bn
Vice President 19 19 4 March Bn
Chief Justice 19 19 4 March Bn
Senate Pres 19 19 4 March Bn
Speaker of the 19 19 4 March Bn
House of Reps
SND 19 19 4 March Bn
USND 17 17 4 March Coy

Note: Provincial governor/municipal mayor hosting military camps

will no longer be given arrival/departure honors during his visit to the
camp/base by the unit concerned.
Military Officers.
RFLS &
GUN SALUTE FLRS MUSIC SIZE
ARR DEP
Chief of Staff 19 19 4 Gen March Bn
Vice Chief of Staff 19 19 4 Gen March Bn
General 17 17 4 Gen March Bn
Lt General 15 15 3 Gen March Bn
Major Svc Comdr 15 15 3 Gen March Bn
Major General 13 - 2 Gen March Coy
Brigadier General 11 - 1 Gen March Coy
7. Procedures

a. Arrival and Departure Honors (Individual)

1) Full Military Honors. Initially, the honor guard

battalion shall be at parade rest. The Honor Guard Commander (HGC)
brings the unit to attention as soon as the honoree arrives. The military
host, who escorts him in front of the honor guard battalion and leads him
to the dais, meets the honoree.

a) The HGC faces about and commands

TANGHAL, TA then faces about and presents sword together with his staff,
while the honoree and military host execute hand salute.
b) Appropriate number of ruffles and
flourishes shall be played by the band to be followed by an appropriate
music, General’s March or National Anthem as the case maybe. Gun salute,
if any, shall commence with the first note of the ruffles and shall be evenly
distributed until the last note of the music.
c) After the last note of the music, the HGC
carries sword with the staff then faces about and commands BABA, TA. He
faces about and salutes the honoree, saying “Handa na po and tanod
pandangal upang libutin”.
d) The honoree acknowledges the salute and
the HGC carries his sword and escorts him and the military host for the
inspection of the honor guards. As they approach the Colors, six paces
before it, the HGC commands TANGHAL, TA. The HGC presents sword
while honoree and military host execute hand salute for the Colors. Three
steps after the Colors, HGC commands BABA, TA. The HGC executes carry
sword while the honoree and the military host drop their hand salute. They
continue marching toward the last elements. The HGC continues marching
with the honoree and host up to the point where he reels off from the two
personages and proceeds to his position in front of his staff. The honoree
and military host march directly back to their original positions at the dais.
e) At this point, the HGC faces the honor
guard battalion and commands TANGHAL, TA. He then faces about and
executes present sword together with his staff. The honoree acknowledges
the salute and HGC and staff execute carry sword. The HGC faces about
and commands BABA, TA. The HGC executes about face and salutes the
honoree, saying “Tapos na po ang parangal”.
f) In case the honoree is more than one, the
most senior honoree will be the one at the dais. In case all are of the same
rank or category, one will occupy the dais and the rest will align beside the
honoree to be bestowed with honors. During the inspection they can join
the inspection of the troops. They will follow at the back of the main
honoree for the period of the inspection.
g) During inclement weather, arrival and
departure honors will be waived, except honors to be accorded for the
President and Head of State. They will be accorded with cordon honors, if
practicable.

b. Cordon Honors /Honor Guard

 1) In addition to a scheduled honor guard ceremony,
a honor cordon ceremonies will be used during the arrival or departure of
the President and certain dignitaries: welcoming or bidding farewell to
distinguished visitors and visiting military camps. The ceremony consists
of a select group of soldiers with characteristics associated with honor
guards, designated to honor and provide security at the immediate arrival
and departure site. This type of honors may also be used for other
government and military officials, and foreign dignitaries, if practicable.
2) The honor cordon normally consists of two
squads, a cordon commander and a host. The size of the squad is equal to
the number of gun salute the honoree is entitled to. When deemed
appropriate, the commander may designate a band, colors and
distinguishing flags.

Honor Cordon (ARRIVAL AND DEPATURE FORMATION).

POINT OF ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE

BAND IS OPTIONAL AND ITS

LOCATION WILL BE DICTATED
BY SPACE
 8. Honor Cordon Formations.

a. Arrival Honors (Honor Cordon)

1) Arrival. Upon arrival of the craft or vehicle, the

cordon is marched at a position near the exit (ramp) in two columns,
centered to the exit, faced to the center and dressed with about three steps
distance between the ranks. As the honored guest and greeting party
depart the immediate vicinity of the exit, and approach within three steps of
the host, the cordon commander commands TANGHAL, TA (if with arms) or
PUGAY KAMAY, NA (if with arms) and the cordon members salute
simultaneously. After the honored guest and all greeting party members
have cleared the formation, the cordon commander commands BABA, TA
(if with arms) or BABA KAMAY, NA (if without arms) and the cordon
members come to order arms simultaneously.
2) Departure. The formation for the honor cordon
upon departure is basically the same as that described during arrival. At
the approach (about three steps) of the honored guest and host, the cordon
commander commands TANGHAL, TA and the cordon executes present
arms. When the honored guest has entered the conveyance, the cordon
commander commands BABA, TA and remains in place until the
conveyance has departed. If it is an aircraft, the honor cordon exits as soon
as the honoree has boarded the aircraft.
3) When a band and Colors are part of the arrival or
departure ceremonies, they are positioned accordingly. The band plays
appropriate music during the ceremony. The organizational color is dipped
in salute when the honored guest approaches to within six steps. After he
passes, it is returned to the carry positions. As soon as the guest enters
the conveyance ceremony, the colors and distinguishing flags depart the
area with the honor cordon.

9. Arrival and Departure Honors (Unit). Initially, the unit is formed

in mass in front of the grandstand. When the Guest of Honor / Speaker
(GOH) or his designated representative arrives at the grandstand, the Unit
Commander (UC) brings his troops to attention. When the GOH has taken
his seat, the UC brings his troops to present arms and present his troops
to the GOH. The GOH acknowledges the presentation. At this point, the
band plays appropriate march music (everybody in the grandstand should
likewise stand). After the last note of the March music, the UC brings back
his troops to attention. The Chaplain proceeds to the lectern to lead the
invocation, afterwards, he returns to his position (everybody takes his seat
after the invocation).

a. Awarding. The emcee formally announces the start of

the awarding. The UC and unit colors move forward at a predetermined
point and halt while the GOH goes down the grandstand assisted by the
host to present the award. The adjutant reads the citation of the award
before it is presented to the UC. The GOH and the host return to the
grandstand after the presentation of award. The UC and unit color proceed
back to their former positions.
b. Speeches. The host introduces the GOH before he
proceeds to the lectern to deliver a welcome address. If previously ordered
to bring his troop to parade rest, the UC brings his unit to attention after
the address of the GOH.
c. Recessional. The UC and his troops sing Pilipinas Kong
Mahal. The band thereafter for the recessional shall play appropriate music.
At this juncture, the spouses/parents proceed toward the troops to present
leis to the officers and enlisted men of the unit. Parent/spouses join their
respective relatives for the dismissal.

Note: Procedures for the send-off ceremony of unit departing for

overseas deployment/duty shall be the same as the welcome ceremony
except that the awarding and presentation of leis are omitted in the
program. Likewise, the band instead of March music plays the National
Anthem during the presentation of troops.
 CHAPTER 7

MANDATORY READINGS

A. INTRODUCTION TO FIELD ARTILLERY OPERATIONS

Mission of Field Artillery (FA)

The mission of filed artillery is to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the

enemy with timely and accurate field artillery fires in support of the ground
forces and to assist in the integration of all fire support assets into
combined arms operations.

Capabilities and Limitations

Capabilities - Maneuver and FA commanders must capitalize on the

following FA capabilities in order to optimize its employment and combat
power:

1. FA can provide fires under all conditions of weather and in all

types of terrain. The field artillery can provide fires in support of maneuver
forces during the most adverse weather conditions and in all types of
terrain: during day, night, and periods of extremely thick fog; in jungles;
behind hill masses; and in mountains.
2. FA can shift and mass fires rapidly without requirement to
displace. The greatest effect of FA is achieved by maneuvering (shifting)
the fires of widely dispersed FA units onto a target in a surprise attack
(massing). Successive volleys from the same weapon or unit give the
enemy time to react and seek protection, but the simultaneous impact of a
heavy volume of fires from several FA units is devastating. Maneuver and
FA commanders must consider employing massed fires by multiple units
of field artillery to generate maximum combat power.
 3. FA can add depth to the battle. The extended ranges of FA
provide the maneuver commander the ability to influence battles with
firepower without moving the maneuver forces to the area of contact. It
also provides the necessary deep harassment and interdiction of the
enemy second echelons and supply routes.
4. FA can fire a variety of shell and /or fuze combinations. One of
the greatest capabilities of FA is its flexibility in providing a variety of
munitions. The FA illuminating shell is one of the primary means of
battlefield illumination. Smoke rounds can be employed to suppress hostile
observers that require line of sight and weapons, such as tanks and anti-
tank guided missiles (ATGM’s). External fuel containers on enemy tanks
can be punctured with airbursts of high explosive (HE) and set fire by white
phosphorous, improved conventional munitions (ICM) are particularly
effective against personnel. The anti-personnel (Flachette) munitions can
provide excellent close-in defense. Dual purpose improved conventional
munitions (DPICM) are effective against lightly armored vehicles and
personnel targets. SADARM or copperhead is for armored targets.
5. FA can deliver chemical fires.
6. FA can provide continuous support by judicious displacement.

Limitations - The FA has limitations that must be recognized and

considered when planning for its use.

1. FA has limited self-defense capability against ground or air

attack. A field artillery battery lacks the weapons and personnel to
adequately defend itself. FA units are particularly vulnerable to enemy
mechanized units. This can be offset by concealment and the ability of the
artillery to displace rapidly.
2. FA has limited capability to destroy point targets without
considerable ammunition expenditure. FA weapons generally are area fire
weapons. The inherent probable error and large number of uncontrollable
variables ( such as weather, propellant temperature, projectile, etc)
preclude FA weapons from being able to hit a specified point repeatedly.
3. FA has a firing signature that makes it vulnerable to detection
by enemy target acquisition assets. FA firing units are extremely lucrative
targets, and their distinctly audible, visible, and electromagnetic signatures
makes them highly vulnerable to enemy detection and attack. To offset this
vulnerability and ensure their survival, friendly FA units must employ
active and passive defense measures.

B. FORWARD OBSERVER

1. Definition of Terms

a. Target Acquisition - involves detecting suitable targets

and determine their ground location.
 b. Adjustment of Fires - Necessary to obtain effective fire
on the target when the accuracy of the battle or target location data is
questionable.
c. Surveillance of the Fire Effect - Since the observer can
see the target, he can direct fire and report its effect to the Fire Direction
Center.
d. Battlefield Surveillance - is a very important by product
of artillery observation. Observation must report all information about the
enemy activity and must use the following acronym; SALUTE

S-ize A-ctivity L-ocation U-nit T-ime E-quipment

2. Observed Fire Procedure

It is the method of requesting and adjusting observed indirect

fires such that it will hit the target.

3. The Fire Support Gunnery Team

The fire support gunnery team consists of three sub-teams

which are of equal importance:

a. The Forward Observer. This team may be composed of

trained forward observers or the subordinate leaders themselves. It serves
as the eyes and ears of the gunnery team.

1) He locates the target.

2) He makes the call for fire to the FDC.
3) He adjusts fire, if necessary.
4) He conducts surveillance of fire for effect.

b. The Fire Direction Center. This sub-team serves as the

nerve and brain of the gunnery team. They receive the fire request, make
necessary computations and give orders to the firing element.
c. The Firing Element. This acts as the muscles, the arms
and legs of the gunnery team. The firing elements receive orders from the
fire direction center and carry out necessary corrections on the support
weapons as directed.

4. Methods of Locating Targets

a. Grid Coordinates Method - The Observer gives the grid

coordinate location of the target to the nearest ten meters (eight digits) and
the direction (azimuth) of the target as viewed from his position.

Example: Grid TT 13452879

 Direction 1500 mils

** Mil - A unit of angular measurement that divides a circle into

6,400 units. A unit of mil subtends a width of one meter at a distance of
1,000 meters.

1 degree = 17.77777 mils

b. Polar Plot Method - is used when the observer and the

target are on different elevation. The observer in locating the target gives
the three elements of distance (from his position to the target), direction
(azimuth of the target as viewed from his position) and the vertical interval
(difference in elevation between his position and that of the target)

Example: Distance - 1000 meters

Direction - 2000 mils
Vertical Interval - Down 150

c. Shift from a Known Point - In this method, the observer

gives the location of the target based from a known point. This could be a
prominent terrain feature, previous targets or anything identifiable both on
the man and ground. This method involves the following elements:
direction (azimuth of the target from his position), lateral shift ( linear shift
as whether left or right), range shift ( whether add or drop) and vertical
interval ( difference in the elevation between the known point and the target
whether up or down.

Example: From Hill 148

Direction - 2900 mils
Right 400
Add 200
Down 40

5. Accuracies and Announcement of Data:

The observer will normally round off and announce his data as
follows:

a. Direction - to the nearest 10 mils

b. Deviation - to the nearest 10 meters
c. Vertical Change - to the nearest 5 meters
d. Grid Coordinates - to the nearest 10 meters

6. Determination of Distance:

a. Estimate of distance:
 1) Ranging rounds method
2) Flash and sound method

b. Computation of distance Mil Relation Formula:

M = angle of mils
W = lateral distance
R = range

7. Measurement of Angle

a. Use of angle - measuring devices

b. Aiming circle
c. BS's Scope
d. Use of hand and fingers.

1) One finger (pointer) - 30m

2) Two fingers (pointer & middle) - 70m
3) Three fingers (pointer, middle & ring) - 100m
4) Four fingers (excluding thumb) - 125m
5) Close fist - 180m

8. Call for Fire

Call for fire is a clear, concise, formatted message sent by the

observer to the FDC that includes all of the information the FDC needs to
engage the target. It is a request not an order. It must be understood,
recorded and read back without error by the FDC. The normal call for fire
has six elements and is transmitted in maximum of three parts with a break
and a read back after each part.

a. Identification - This is the most important element in a

request for fire. This establishes first contact with the Fire direction Center.
b. Warning - This gives notice that all transmission should
be given priority. It is preliminary order send by the observer to alert the
FDC that he is requesting for Artillery fires.
c. Target Location - Location of the target in any manner
described earlier.
d. Target Description - Nature of the Target.
e. Type of Engagement- This may or may not be omitted.
This includes the fuse setting desired, type of projectile to be used and the
special way to engage the target.
f. Method of Fire and Control - In this last element, the
observer must decide whether to Adjust Fire of Fire for Effect.
 Example of Call for Fire:

Blaster this is Capricorn

Fire Mission, Battery Over
Direction 1300 mils
Distance 800 meters
Up 100, Over
Enemy Machine Gun Nest
HE, Fuze Quick Adjust Fire, Fire when Ready, Over

Adjustment phase:

First Correction: Correction, Left 90, Drop 400, Over

2nd Correction: Correction, Right 45, Up 200,Over
3rd Correction: Correction, Right 10, Down 100, Over
4th Correction: Correction, Up 50, Battery 10 rounds, FFE, Over

End of Fire Mission, Enemy Position Completely destroyed, Out.

C. INTRODUCTION TO ARMOR OPERATIONS

1. Definition of Armor

Armor is combined arms force designed to conduct mounted

combat employing armor-protected vehicles as principal means of
accomplishing a ground combat mission. Armor operates normally within a
force structure that may include tanks, mechanized infantry, artillery,
engineers, armored cavalry and army aviation, support on the battlefield by
a flexible and rapid communication system and a mobile logistics system.

2. The Role of Armor

Armor conducts decisive highly mobile, ground environment

warfare, primarily offensive in nature and characterized by a predominance
of mounted combat through the use of both ground and air vehicles.

Armor units fight normally as combined arms forces of two or

more arms, each complimenting the other and aiding the forward
movement of the force by employing its own special capabilities. The
organization of these combined arms forces is tailored by cross-
attachment to use favorable characteristics of each type unit to compliment
the strength and compensate for the weakness of other units.
Commensurate with its intended employment, the resulting force varies in
degree of armor protection, mobility and ability to deliver fire.
 3. Definition of Terms

a. Armored Vehicle – any vehicle, wheeled or tracked,

designed especially for use in combat, integrating mobility, firepower and
armor protection.
b. Armor Commander – the most senior officer or Non-
commissioned officer (NCO) of an armor unit, detachment platoon or
section.
c. Force Element Commander – the most senior officer or
NCO of an operating unit. A force may include elements of other units
under or OPCON to it.
d. Unit Commander – designated commander of a PA unit,
either infantry battalion, rifle company or light armored company.
e. Ambush Site – any portion of a route that affords
advantages to a waiting enemy such as, a concealment or cover, fields of
fire, observation and avenues of approach and withdrawals.
f. Critical Area – any area where there is a majority of
enemy influenced barangays or where the NPA is actively present.

4. Characteristics of the Armor

a. Armor Protection – Armor is the tank reason for being,

not mobility or big gun, although both are desirable and will compete with
armor or a tank design. Armor is designed to keep the crew, and the
weapons capable of inflicting punishment upon the enemy safe.

Three (3) ingredients determine just how effective a

tank’s armor protection system or package will be. They are:

1) The thickness of the armor package.

2) The material and composition of the armor
package.
3) The slope/angle of the armor package relative to
an incoming weapon.

b. Firepower – Armor units contains machine-guns,

mortars, howitzers and tank guns. These are particularly suited for:

1) Destructive fire against hard and pinpoint targets

2) Quick fire at particular target
3) Firing on fixed line during darkness

c. Mobility – Tracked vehicles enable armor units to move

at high speed on roads and trail and have excellent cross country mobility.
However, obstacles can restrict their mobility. With engineer assistance,
some of these restrictions can be overcome.
d. Flexibility – It is complimented by mobility which
enables a commander to concentrate and to switch fire power on the
battlefield. It results from the ability to reach immediately to orders passed
by ratio.
e. Intensive and Flexible Communications – The entire
communication structure is designed to facilitate command and control.
f. Shock Action – Shock action is provided by the tanks.
The shock effect of the tanks depends upon surprise achieved by speed
and mobility, upon use of tank guns at effective ranges, and upon closing
with the enemy.

5. Types of Armor Units and Mission

a. Tank Units – To close with and destroy enemy forces by

means of fire, maneuver and shock effect in coordination with other arms.
b. Mechanized Infantry – To close with the enemy using
fire maneuver, to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by close
combat fire or counter attack.
c. Cavalry / Light Armor Units – To provide security,
perform reconnaissance and to engage in offensive defensive and delay
operations as an economy of force unit.

6. Capabilities and Limitations

a. Capabilities:

1) Conduct operations requiring a high degree of

firepower, mobility armor protection and shock effect.
2) Attack or depend under hostile fire and during
limited visibility conditions.
3) Destroy enemy mounted or dismounted.
4) Command and control attached mechanized
infantry.
5) Participate in amphibious operations.

b. Limitations:

1) Limited maneuverability in built-up areas, wooded

and rugged terrain.
2) Vulnerable to anti-tank weapons
3) Slow speed in crossing water obstacles
4) Difficulty identifying enemy infantry and AT
gunners in close terrain
5) Limited fuel supply in extended operations
7. Armored Vehicles of the Philippine Army

a. ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER (APC)

GENERAL DATA:

Crew: 1 - Commander
1 - Driver
11 - Passengers

ARMAMENTS:

Primary 1 Cal. 50 M2 Mounted

(Range 1,830 Meters)
Secondary Two (2) 7.62 mm M60 Mounted
(at Cargo Hatch)
Max. Eff Range - 1,100 Meters
Max. Range - 3,725 Meters

COMMUNICATION: (Anyone)

AN / VRC Series 25 Miles

UK / VRQ 301 9.7 ML (LOW), 13 ML (HIGH)

PERFORMANCE:

Speed Forward 42.5 MPH

Speed Reverse 9.2 MPH
Cruising Range 300 Miles
Fuel Consumption 3.2 MPG
Max. Grade Ascending 60% Slope
Speed in Water 3 MPH

OTHER SPECIFICATIONS:

Weight (Cbt Load) 24,238 Lbs

NET Weight 21,027 Lbs
Fuel Capacity 420 L ADF2
Engine 191 ½ inch
Length 191 ½ inch
Width 106 inch
Height 98 ¼ inch.
Ground Clearance 16 inch.
 b. COMBAT VEHICLE RECONNAISSANCE TRACKS
SCORPION TANK (CVR (T) Scorpion Tank)

GENERAL DATA :

Crew - Three (3) :

1 - Commander, 1 - Gunner / Radio Operator, 1 - Driver

ARMAMENTS :

Main gun 76mm cannon

Eff Range (Direct fire) 2,200 Meters
Max. Range (Semi direct fire) 5,000 Meters
Co- Axial gun 7.62 mm MG
Max. Eff Range 1,100 Meters
Max. Range 3,725 Meters
6 – Smoke Greande Discharger

COMMUNICATION:

PERFORMANCE:

Road Speed Forward / Reverse

(Max. Allowed) 72.4 KPH (45 MPH)
Cruising Range (Approx.) 640 Km (400 Miles)
Fuel Consumption Road (Approx.) 1.6 Km / Lit
Max Grade Ascending 60% Slope
Speed in Water 6 MPH

OTHER SPECIFICATIONS:

Battle Weight (Max.) 17,500 Lbs.

Fuel Capacity 423 Lit (V-95)
Engine Jaguar XK 4.2 Reien OHC
Length Overall (Gun Frwrd) 4.55 Mtr (14 ft – 11 in)
Width Overall 2.18 Mtr (7 ft 2 in)
Height 2.10 Mtr (6 ft 11 in)
Ground Clearance 0.35 cm (1 ft 2 in)

c. COMMANDO V-150S

GENERAL DATA:

Crew - Five (5)

 1 - Commander
1 - Driver
` 1 - Gunner
1 - Rear gunner
1 - Radio operator

ARMAMENTS:

1 Cal 50 MG
Eff Range 1,830 Mtrs
Max. Range 6,800 Mtrs
2 – 7,62 mm MG (Co-axial)
12 – 12.76 mm tubes – Smokes

COMMUNICATION:

UK/VRC - 64 9.7 ML (Low), 1.3 ML (HIGH)

PERFORMANCE:

Max. Speed 56 MPH

Max. Gradient Climbable 60%
Cruising Tange (Road) 500 Miles
Fuel Consumption 2.5 km/lit
Fule Consumption (cross-country) 2.1 km/lit

OTHER SPECIFICATION:

Battle Weight 24,000 lbs

Length Overall 6.15 Mtrs (242 in)
Width Overall 2.26 Mtrs (89 in)
Height Overall 1.98 Mtrs (78 in)
Ground Clearance 64.7 cm (25.5 in)
Fuel Tank Capacity (2) 300 Ltrs ADF2
Engine Cummins 4 cycle Diesel V-8

d. SIMBA ARMORED FIGHTING VEHICLE (AFV)

GENERAL DATA;

2 - Crew
1 - Commander / Gunner
1 - Driver
8/10 - Riders

ARMAMENTS:
 1 - Browning M@ QCB 0.50 inch MG
2 - Twin Barrel 6 mm Grenade Launchers

COMMUNICATION:

AN / VRC - 64 - 5 miles

PERFORMANCE:

Road Speed Max. 100 km/hr

Vertical Obstacle Climb 0.45 m
Tilt Angle 35 Degrees
Max. Gradient 60%
Hill Climb (33%)- 9 kph
Range (On roads) 660 km (412.5 miles)
Approach Angle (Hill) 45 Degrees

OTHER SPECIFICATION:

Length 5.35 m
Widht 2.50 m
Height 2.57 m
Ground Clearance (Hill) 0.45 m
Ground Clearance (Axle) 0.33 m
Payload 1600 kg.
Engine - Perkins Phaser TV
Turbocharger TV8 540
Fuel Tank (Max.) 296 Ltrs Diesel ADF2

D. INTRODUCTION TO UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE

1. Definition of Terms:

a. Unconventional Warfare (UW) – a quasi-military activity

describe by commonly used but seldom defined terms such as economic,
political, psychological, guerilla warfare, underground escape/evasion
activities.
b. Guerilla Warfare – comprises combat operations in
enemy controlled or hostile territory by irregular predominantly indigenous
forces of a military or paramilitary nature to achieve limited activities.
c. Escape and Evasion – is the part of unconventional
warfare whereby friendly military personnel and other selected individuals
are enable to emerged from enemy held or hostile areas to areas under
friendly control.
 d. Subversion – consist of covert and clandestine action
by resistance group to reduce the military economic, psychological and
political potential of the enemy.

2. General Classification

a. UW includes the three (3) interrelated fields of guerilla

warfare, escape & evasion, and subversion.
b. UW maybe either strategic or tactical in nature are
normally under a unified command for the purpose of assisting and
supporting conventional military effort.

3. Conduct of Operation

a. UW is conducted by organizations trained and equip to

operate directly against enemy target in hostile areas.
b. UW must closely be coordinated to civilian agencies
that have responsibilities in economic, political and psychological
operation.

4. Coordination of Operations

a. UW are planned and coordinated at a national level and

may require the participation of several agencies of the government.
b. To discharge this responsibility, the theater commander
develop, organize, plan and support UW operation.

1. Related Activities

a. To produce the desired effect, UW operation must be

supported by psychological operation designed to influence the target
population and by civil affairs operation designed to reinforce government
capabilities.
b. UW produces intelligence to support conventional
forces.

6. UW in Support to Conventional Operations

a. Commanders in the field should ensure that UW

operations support conventional military operations.
b. The nature of a particular operation in a target area will
be influenced by many factors such as ideological matters and the
effectiveness of mass media communication.
c. UW is particularly useful when application of force is
limited or discrete or when a commitment of a conventional force is not
practical.
 7. Psychological, Political & Economic Influence

a. Psychological, political and economic influence effect of

other military operation may have immediate or long term impact on UW
operation.
b. Close coordination of conventional, psychological, civil
affairs and UW operations is required to obtain the necessary support of
the local population.
c. The political consequences of sponsoring guerilla and
other resistance forces must be carefully considered, support of political
groups that are unpopular with the local population or incompatible with
friendly national interest maybe detrimental to long term objective
d. Guerilla forces may developed diverse political
objective, rivalries among leaders may result from personal ambition.

9. Influence of Conventional Operations

a. Conventional operations may affect the attitudes of the

local population in a manner that influences the effectiveness of UW
operations, for example destruction of religious facilities.
b. PSYOPS directed at the enemy civilian population can
contribute to popular acceptance and influence the people to cooperate
with the military operations in the area.

10. Effect of Conventional Operations

a. UW forces can directly support conventional military

operation in destroying enemy rear facilities and desolation of his strength
and resources.
b. Enemy of UW operations must be countered. Counter
measures include the use of consolidated psyops in conjunction with civil
affairs and the use of combat troops or irregular para-military units in
counter guerilla role.

11. Guerilla Warfare

a. Guerilla warfare comprises combat operations in enemy

controlled or hostile territory by irregular predominantly indigenous forces
of a military or paramilitary nature to achieved limited objectives
b. Normally, the primary mission of guerilla forces is to
penetrate enemy lines of communication and conduct attacks against
critical enemy installation as prescribed by commander.
c. Guerilla warfare is characterized by offensive action
carried out by relatively small unit with emphasis on mobility, elusiveness
and surprise.
 d. Tactical guerilla operation is closely coordinated with
and can support the tactical operation of conventional military.
e. In nuclear war, the fluidity of operation, the disruption of
communication, the dispersion of units and the mass movement of people
would lead the opportunities for the development of guerilla forces.

12. Guerilla Missions

a. Guerilla forces provide maximum assistance in support

of advancing ground forces by attacking targets in enemy rear areas at
decisive times or over a prolonged area.
b. Guerilla operation should be coordinated with the
overall interdiction program.
c. Mission assigned guerilla forces must be within their
capabilities.
d. Guerilla forces maybe used to assist airborne and
airmobile operation by occupying key terrain such as drop and landing
zone.
e. Guerilla forces can furnish target information and
exploit the effect of nuclear and other fire.

13. Reinforcement of Guerilla Forces

Maybe reinforced by fire support, aircraft and other combat

support element.

14. Communication

Special Forces operating in enemy controlled areas must be

provided with communication equipment, those which are normally non
electronics such as messenger a visual signs.

15. Combat Service Support Considerations

a. Guerilla forces make maximum use of supplies obtained

from civilian sources and those acquired from enemy in the area.
b. Combat support for the guerilla is usually provided
through the special forces units.
c. Initial combat service support consists of minimum
essential supplies and equipment commensurate with the size of guerilla
forces and its intended for operations.
d. Normally air transport is the most effective method of
delivering supplies to the guerilla forces.

16. Demobilization
 As friendly conventional forces uncover the areas of guerilla
operations, the ability of guerilla force to support operation effectively
diminished, guerilla units retained beyond their period of usefulness may
become a liability.

17. Evasion and Escape (E&E)

a. E&E is the part of unconventional warfare where by

friendly military personnel and other selected individuals are able to
emerged from enemy held or hostile areas to areas under friendly control.
b. The objectives of E&E are to provide allied military
forces personnel and other selected individual means to avoid capture, to
escape or be removed from enemy held or hostile territory.
c. E&E system move independently as guerilla forces.
d. Provide detail guidance concerning the principles and
techniques of E&E..

18. SUBVERSION

Subversion consists of covert and clandestine action by

resistance group to reduce the military economic, psychological and
political potential of the enemy. It includes such activities as infiltration,
espionage, propaganda, sabotage or terrorism.

Employment of Subversion

a. Subversion is used to determine confidence and disrupt

social institution to achieve a desired political objective.
b. Subversion is designed to exploit such potential
vulnerabilities as widespread popular grievances and dissatisfaction
corrupt, oppressive, premature, nationalistic ambition of the people or their
leader.

19. 7 PHASES OF UNCONVENTIONAL OPERATIONS

a. Phase I – Psychological Operations

Prepare how the resistance movement and the local
population will accept the presence of forces.
b. Phase II – Initial Contact
Some form of contact prior to infiltration to somehow
have an accurate assessment of the resistance and arrange for the
reception.
c. Phase III - Infiltration
Movement to Guerilla base is accomplished and area
assessment begins.
 d. Phase IV - Organization
Rapport is established with the resistance force; the
command structure and command and control relationships are defined.
e. Phase V – Build-Up
Characterized by a expansion of the resistance elements
and their activities including supplies and armaments.
f. Phase VI – Combat operation
Numerous and wide scale operations are executed
accompanied by continues psychological operations and expansions.
g. Phase VII - Demobilization
It comes once the overall mission has been
accomplished. Arms and ammunitions are brought under control and
resistance forces are assisted by the government to achieve their
economic stability.

E. THE INFANTRY PLATOON TACTICS

1. Definition of Terms

a) Platoon – is a tactical infantry unit normally composed

of three squads and under the command of a lieutenant.
b) Squad – is small number of men organized to act
together in work or in a military maneuver and under the command of a
corporal.
c) Tactics – is the science and art of using a fighting force
to the best advantage having regard to the immediate situation of combat.

2. Characteristics

The rifle platoon fights as a part of a light infantry battalion. It

is consisted with three rifle squads with a platoon leader and a platoon
sergeant. Each rifle squad is composed of nine men per squad leader. The
platoon can operate as a single unit under the platoon leader. The squad is
also designed and trained to conduct decentralized independent operation
when required.

3. Tactics

PLATOON OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Units undertake offensive operations to destroy the enemy

and his will to fight; to seize terrain; to learn the enemy strength and
disposition, divert, or fix the enemy. Infantry platoons and squads normally
conduct offensive operations independently. The company commander’s
application of combat power at the decisive point determines the outcome
of the battle. Offensive operations include movements to contact, raids,
reconnaissance and security operations and ambushes.

a. Movement to Contact. A movement to contact is an

offensive action that seeks to gain or regain contact with the enemy.
Usually a unit moving to contact lacks detailed information about the
enemy. Upon making contact, a unit identifies the enemy strengths and
weaknesses as it develops the situation.

1) Make enemy contact with the smallest element

possible.
2) Prevent detection of element not in contact until
they are in the assault.
3) Maintain 360 degree security at all time.
4) Report all information quickly and accurately.
5) Generate combat power rapidly upon contact.
6) Fight though at all lowest level possible.

b. Infiltration – Infiltration is a form of maneuver in the

offense. It is a means of reaching the enemy’s rear without fighting through
prepared defense. Infantry platoons infiltrate to move into or through an
area without being seen or heard. An infiltration is not an end in itself but a
means to an end. Its purposes are:

1) To gather information
2) To attack the enemy position from the rear areas.
3) To conduct raids or ambush in enemy rear areas.
4) To captured prisoners.
5) To seize the terrain in support of the operations.
6) To aid a main attack.

An infiltration has five phases:

1) Patrol – Find gaps, weak areas in enemy defense

and enemy positions.
2) Prepare – Make plans, give orders, coordinate
with order and flanks unit, and rehearse.
3) Infiltrate – Use the specified infiltration method. A
void contact and ignore ineffective enemy fire. Three methods of
infiltrations are:

a) Multiple Lane – When many gaps exist and

the terrain can support a large number of lanes, each squad uses its own
lane.
 b) Single Lane – Staggered squad, unit move
along a single lane at staggered times. This method can be used when
gaps exist or when the ground restricts the number of lanes.
c) Single Lane One Squad – A single gap exist
on which the whole squad can move at the same time.

4) Consolidate – Done in enemy rear or along final

linkup point, then, move to an assault position or an objective rally point to
continue mission.
5) Execute – Carry out the assign mission. The
mission can be to destroy enemy forces or equipment, seize key terrain or
an area, capture prisoners or gather information.

c. Types of Attack. An attack is an offensive action

characterized by movement supported by fire. There are two types of
attack: hasty and deliberate. They are distinguished chiefly by the time
available for preparation. Additionally, special – purpose attacks include
raids and ambushes. Successful attacks depend on concentrating the
maximum possible shock and violence with surprise. The objective is to
shatter the enemy’s nerve, ruin his synchronization, unravel his plan, and
destroy his units, cohesion and the willingness of his soldiers to fight. A
successful attack combines scheme of maneuver with a coordinated plan
of direct and indirect fire support. The focus of an attacking platoons fire
and maneuver is the weak point, vulnerable flank, or rear of an enemy.
Once he has identified the point attack, the leader establishes a base of fire
to kill, fix, and suppress the enemy at the point. He then maneuvers the rest
of his force to a position from which it can assault.

1) Hasty Attack. A hasty attack is conducted with the

forces immediately available to maintain momentum or to take advantage
of the enemy situation. It does not normally allow for extensive preparation.
2) Deliberate Attack. A deliberate attack is carefully
planned and coordinated. More time is available to perform through
reconnaissance evaluation of all available intelligence and relative combat
strength, analysis of various courses of action, and other factors affecting
the situation. It is generally conducted against a well organized defense
when a hasty attack is not possible or has been conducted and failed.
3) Raid. A raid is an operation involving a swift
penetration of hostile territory to secure information, to confuse the enemy,
or to destroy his installations. It ends with a planned withdrawal after
completion of the assigned mission.
4) Ambush. An ambush is a surprise attack by fire
from concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy unit. It
combines the advantages and characteristics of the offensive with those of
the defense.
 d. Initiative in the attack. Seizing and retaining the initiative
involves more that just achieving tactical surprise ,it involves a process of
planning and preparing for combat operations, finding the enemy first,
avoiding detection, fixing the enemy, locating of creating a weakness, and
maneuvering to exploit that weakness with a quick and violent assault.

1) Plan and Prepare. Leaders used the troop-leading

procedure to make sure that all necessary steps are taken to prepare an
operation, Leaders use the estimate of the situation to analyze the factors
of METT-T and to determine the best course of action and to ensure that
leaders, soldiers, and their equipment can perform the task necessary to
accomplish the mission.
2) Find the Enemy. Platoon leaders find the enemy
by knowing he fights, by analyzing the terrain in light of his knowledge, and
by actively reconnoitering to locate him.
3) Avoid detection. Platoons avoid detection by
moving along the least expected, generally the most difficult, route. They
use the terrain to mask their movements. They use proper camouflage
techniques and move with stealth. This allows the platoon to capitalize on
surprise.
4) Fix the Enemy. Platoons and squads fix enemy
forces by employing suppressive fires that kill exposed enemy soldiers and
destroy their weapons. As a minimum, they render the volume and
accuracy of the enemies’ fire ineffective.
5) Find and create a weakness. Leaders look for
vulnerable flanks, gaps in lines, or lulls in enemy fire. When they cannot
readily find a weakness, they create one with suppressive fire and the
surprise effect of its suddenly coming from an unexpected direction.
6) Maneuver to exploit the weakness. Leaders must
exploit this weakness by moving to the best covered and concealed
position and then assaulting to destroy, defeat, or capture the enemy.
7) Consolidate and reorganize. Finally, platoons and
squads must quickly consolidate the position to defend it against an
enemy counter attack. Units then reorganize themselves and prepare to
continue the mission.

e. Control Measures. Leaders utilize control measures to

regulate or direct the platoons movement, position, and fire.

1) Control Measures are not intended to restrict the

exercise of initiative (the function of command). Leaders use control
measures to clarify their intent, focus the platoon or squad effort and
ensure synchronization. Each control measure should have a specific
purpose that contributes to mission accomplishment.
2) Control measures can be drawn on a map,
overlay, sketch, or terrain model. Control measures should be easily
identifiable and simple. Graphic control measures in the offense include
assembly area, attack position, line departures boundaries, route, release
point, start point, axis of advance, direction of attack, phase line,
checkpoint, assault position, objective, contact point, linkup point,
infiltration lane probable line of deployment and limit of advance.

f. Attack During Limited Visibility. Attacks during limited

visibility achieve surprise, avoid heavy loses, cause panic in a weak and
disorganized enemy, exploit success, maintain momentum, and keep
pressure on the enemy. Platoons and squads attack whenever possible
during limited visibility. Darkness, fog, heavy rains, falling snow, and the
smoke and dust of combat create limited visibility conditions that allow
infantry platoons and squad to move undetected.

1) Fundamentals. The fundamentals of the daylight

attack apply to limited visibility attacks. Limited visibility attacks require:

a) Well-trained squads.
b) Natural light sufficient to employ night
vision devices.
c) A simple concept with sufficient control
measures.
d) Detailed, successful reconnaissance on the
objective, routes, points support-by-fire positions and other key locations.

2) Considerations. Leaders must consider the

increase difficulty during limited visibility operations in performing the
following:

a) Controlling the movement of individuals

and squad.
b) Identifying targets and controlling direct
and indirect fires.
c) Navigating and moving.
d) Identifying friendly and enemy soldiers.
e) Locating, treating, and evacuating
casualties.
f) Locating and bypassing enemy obstacles.

PLATOON DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

The immediate purpose of defensive operation is to cause an

enemy attack to fail. However, a defense may be conducted for any of the
following reasons.

a. To cause an enemy attack to fail

 b. To gain time
c. To concentrate forces elsewhere
d. To control essential terrain
e. To wear down enemy forces as a prelude to offensive
operations
f. To retain tactical, strategic, or political objective

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DEFENSE

Regardless of why the defense is undertaken or how it is

described, several fundamentals govern its conduct. The following are five
(5) fundamentals of the defense;

a. Understands the enemy – The defenders must be

thoroughly familiar with the capabilities and limitations of the enemy,
including the enemy’s weapon systems and equipment. He must know the
organization of the enemy units and how they are deployed to the attacks.
It is normally the responsibility of the battalion S2 to provide this
information.

b. See the Battle – Before the enemy attacks the

commander’s familiarity with how the enemy fights and with the terrain on
which the battle will be fought allows him to visualize these things. The
commander must clearly communicate to his subordinates how he “sees
the battle”. His visualization of the battle is the basis of his concept of
operation. As the battle begins, the Commander positions himself where
he can best observe his sector for the most critical part of his sector. He
uses all available surveillance measures.

c. Fight as a Combined Arms Team – Field artillery,

engineers,
Infantry, air defense, artillery, tank, tactical aircraft, attack/assault
helicopters, and electronic warfare elements all contribute to mission
success. The commander integrates available assets so that their
combined effect on the enemy is far greater than the sum of their individual
effects. Each asset in given circumstances can be the arm most critical to
the defense. The commander must insure that each member arm is
integrated So that the strengths of each are maximized and their
vulnerabilities reduced.

d. Exploit The Advantages Of The Defender – The defender

has a
number of advantages that allow him to defeat an attacking force much
larger than his own. The defender can analyze the terrain in detail and note
every feature that increases his chances of success. The attacker, on the
other hand, must feel his way over the terrain, seeing each new
compartment for the first time. The defender can prepare positions,
construct obstacles, and conceal his efforts advance. The attacker must
guess where the defender is located or spend considerable effort finding
his exact positions. The defender can initiate the fight from stationary
positions, which are difficult to detect and which provide cover from enemy
fire. The attacker must react to the defender and must either fire while
moving or loss momentum by seeing covered positions. The defender can
develop flexible plans for control of fire, movement, communication, and
logistics to fit any predictable situation. The attacker must adhere to a
more rigid scheme that risks destruction, or he must alter his plan and risk,
an uncoordinated effort. The attacker also may have to re-supply his units
while they are on the move. The defender can use his hardened positions
to shield himself from the effects of nuclear weapons.

e. Concentrate Combat Power At Critical Times and Places

– in developing his defense, the commander may identify a sector that is
critical to the overall success of his defense. To maintain the integrity of
his defense, the commander may identify that sector for his main effort and
give it additional combat power.

DEFENSIVE FRAMEWORK

In the defense, the battlefield is organized into four areas,

namely;

a. The Deep Battle – The deep battle is normally the

primary concern of corps, and division commanders. However, battalions
may participate in the deep battle as maneuver elements of a larger force.
Initially, the deep battle includes all the defenders actions to destroy or
disrupt the enemy’s attack beyond the CFA in the corps and division areas
of influence. Normally, this includes action against enemy forces within 72
hours of the corps FLOT. For example, it includes such actions as
battlefield air interdiction, tactical air reconnaissance, electronic warfare,
tactical nuclear fires, chemical fires, long range field and missile artillery
fires, and deep spoiling attacks by maneuver units. These deep attacks
may initially be directed at the threat’s first echelon forces. However, as
the advancing first echelon’s attack forces confront the covering force
(CF), the deep battle will continue against second echelon elements. The
idea is to fight the enemy throughout the depth of his formations and
destroy his ability to concentrate his combat power against forces in the
MBA.

b. Covering Force Area (CFA) – The CFA begins forward of

the Main Battle Area (MBA) at the line of contact or the Forward Line of
Own Troops (FLOI) and ends at the Forward Edge of the Battle Area
(FEBA). The objective of a covering force is to provide security, delay the
enemy’s attack while engaging him, and force the enemy to reveal the
location and direction of movement of his man thrust. CF Commander is
charged with gaining and maintaining contact with the enemy, slowing the
enemy’s advance, reducing the enemy’s strength and reporting the
enemy’s movements. This must be done far enough forward to allow time
for forces in the MBA to concentrate and prepare positions. The CF strips
away enemy reconnaissance units, forces the enemy to maneuver to
bypass, and defeats the enemy when he launches hasty attacks. As he
moves, brings up artillery and masses for a deliberate attack, the enemy
will reveal his composition, strength, and intended direction of attack.. As
the enemy deploys, the defending commander should be alert to
developing opportunities to seize the initiative. CF also seeks to deceive
the enemy as to the actual location of the MBA. The CF battle is normally
fought by the most mobile units available. When infantry elements fight in
the CFA, they should be augmented with more firepower and mobility
assets if the threat is motorized or armored. Infantry may contribute
significantly to the CF battle in restrictive terrain where it can fight or more
without being exposed to the full firepower and mobility of armored
elements. When operating as part of the CF, the infantry battalion may be
ordered to defend, delay or counterattack. It must be able to withdraw from
its initial positions when ordered to do so.

c. Main Battle Area – The decisive battle for main effort is

fought in the MBA. Here, forces will be positioned to stop enemy attacks.
Counterattacks will be launched to destroy or capture the attacking forces,
and the defender will seize the initiative from the attacker. The bulk of the
division’s combat and combat support forces will be in the MBA. For
example, a division may have most of its battalions in the MBA, but some
battalions may initially be under operational control of a corps covering
force. The division or brigade MBA is bounded by lateral sector
boundaries, the FEBA, and the rear area.

d. `Rear Area – The division controls the area behind

brigade rear Boundaries. Division command control, and support activities
are located there. Battalions retained as division reserve may also be in
the rear area. The rear area must be protected since the facilities there are
critical to the overall defense and are vulnerable to armor thrusts and to
airborne and airmobile attacks. Therefore, a battalion in the rear area may
be given the role of providing security in the rear area.

TYPES OF DEFENSE

Army doctrine prescribes many techniques for defense. These

techniques range from a static defense designed to retain terrain to a
dynamic defense focused only on the destruction of the enemy. Defenses
are predominantly static or dynamic, based upon the mission, the enemy,
the terrain and the troops available. There are three types of defensive
missions; defend in sector, defend from a battle position and defend in
strongpoint.

a. Defend in Sector

The most frequent and least restrictive defensive

mission eceive is to defend in sector. It requires the defense of an area
defined by two lateral boundaries, a rear boundary and the forward edge of
the battle area. Coordination is made to insure that overlapping fields of
observation and fire exist and that there are no gaps in the defense.

b. Defend in Battle Position

This requires the defense of an area on the ground. The

symbol that designates the size of the force that is to occupy that battle
position also indicates the orientation of the force on the ground.

c. Defend in a Strongpoint

The defense in a strong point is essentially an antitank

battle position which physically cannot be overrun or bypassed by tanks
and can be reduced by infantry only with the expenditure of much time and
overwhelming forces. It requires considerable time, engineer effort, and
barrier material to construct. The terrain on the flanks of the strongpoint
must restrict the advance of the attacker, or else the battalion faces an
increased risk of isolation and destruction.

TYPES OF FORMATION:

a. Squad in Line -- This formation has the following

characteristics:

1) Cover maximum frontage

2) Provides little security to the flanks and rear
3) Allows for speed amount of immediate fire
forward.
.

b. Squad in Column -- This is the traveling formation. It

has the following characteristics;

1) Easy to control
 2) Provide good all around security
3) Make the best used of the movement techniques

c. Squad in File -- Where not traveling in column or line,

squads travel in file, it has the following characteristics;

1) Easy to control
2) Facilitate speed of movement
3) Provide maximum frontage
4) Flexible in nature

F. CREW SERVED WEAPONS TRAINING

1. 60MM MORTAR
 60mm M2 Mortar
For mobile platoon and company level action, an easily portable
weapon for use between the effective ranges of hand grenades and the
81mm mortar was needed. Hence, the 60mm M2. The bipod was often left
attached to the tube for speed in bringing the mortar into action, and the
combination was readily carried by two men, with ammunition in complete
rounds being carried by supporting troops.

Infantry mortars are normally employed in defiladed positions, such

as the reverse slope of a hill or ridge, so as not to be vulnerable to enemy
direct fire positions. Hence direction and altitude settings are normally
controlled indirectly by a forward observer, or an aiming stake about 10-25
yards forward of the gunner, and the rounds are normally dropped down
the barrel. The 60mm M19 could be used as a direct fire weapon by
attaching the small M1 base plate to the barrel. This reduced the mortar
weight substantially, and greatly lowered the weapon profile in the open
during fluid engagements where targets were close and in direct view. In
such situations, however, the recoilless rifle or bazooka were usually more
effective.

Comparing weight of material to destruction delivered at the target,

mortars are very efficient. "The infantry's artillery", they provide small
infantry units artillery-like fire support when artillery either was not
available, or could not be moved forward fast enough. The initial Chinese
Communist assaults of November and December 1950, did not bring
artillery, but they did bring mortars, and used them with great
effectiveness.

General Data

a. Weight: 42 lbs assembled; barrel 12.8 lbs;

bipod 16.4 lbs; base
plate 12.8 lbs.

b. Length: 28.6 in.

c. Muzzle Velocity (HE): 535 fps

d. Max Range (HE): 1000 yds effective (1985 yds max)

e. Rate of Fire: 18 rpm normal; 30-35 rpm max

f. Sight: 4 collimator

Ammunition

a. M49A2 HE: most widely used, 3.07 lbs, range max 2,000
yds; effective range up to about 1,000 yds due to dispersion, produces over
200 fragments, with an effective bursting radius of 17 yards.

b. M302 WP: weight : 4.02 lbs, muzzle velocity 439 fps,

both a smoke producer and a casualty-inducing weapon.

c. M83 illuminating round: weight 3.7 lbs; length 14.28 in;

range max 1,000 yards; height about 800 feet; parachute attached, falling
about 10 feet/sec; illuminate burned about 25 seconds, producing 110,000
candlepower, illuminating an area of about 100 yards diameter.

Propelling charges for mortar ammunition:

Consist of square powder increments and an ignition charge.

The full charge consists of an ignition cartridge and four equal propellant
increments (bundles of sheet powder, in waterproof cellophane bags)
assembled to the base of the round as issued. The increments are fitted
into slots of the fin blades. To prepare the charge for firing, it is only
necessary to remove any increments not required for the range desired.
 The mortar is then fired by removing the safety wire and
inserting a complete round in the muzzle. The elevation of the barrel allows
the round to slide towards the base, where the ignition cartridge strikes the
firing pin located inside the base cap. The flame from the exploding
cartridge ignites the propelling charge, the gas pressure drives the round
up and out, arming the fuze. (The M19 may be set either to DROP fire, as
just described, or to LEVER fire, where the ignition cartridge is actuated
manually by triggering a lever.)

2. 81MM MORTAR

a. CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS:

 1) Smooth Bore
2) Muzzle loading
3) High angle - of - fire
4) Single Shot - drop fire

b. TABULATED DATA:

1) Weight of barrel or cannon - 28 lbs

2) Weight of base plate (M3) - 25 lbs
3) Weight of base plate (M23A1) - 48 lbs
4) Weight of bipod or amount - 40 lbs
5) Elevation (Approx) - 800 mils to 1500 mils
6) Per turn of elevating crank (approx) - 10 mils
7) Traverse:

Right or left from center (approx) 95 mils (9½ turns)

Total turns of hand wheel for full traverse (approx 190 mils ( 19
turns)
8) Bursting radius - 34 meters
9) Rate of fire:

Rds/ min. Period

Sustained 3 (charge 8) indefinitely

5 (charge 6) indefinitely
Maximum 12 (charge 8) 2 minutes
12 (charge 6) 5 minutes

10) Range (approx) 4,737 meters

14, 803.12 ft
4,934.376 yards

c. PARTS OF MORTARS:

1) Barrel
2) Bipod
3) Base Plate:

d. POSITION AND DUTIES OF MORTAR CREW:

1) Squad Leader - behind the mortar, where he can

command and control the squad
2) Gunner No. 1 - On the left side of the mortar,
where he can manipulate the sight and elevation and the traversing assy.
3) Assistant Gunner No. 2 - on the right side of the
mortar and ready to load.
 4) First Ammo Handler No. 3 - to the right rear of the
mortar, prepares the ammo and pass it to the assistant gunner.
5) Second ammo handler No. 4 - behind the mortar,
maintaining ammo for firing. Provide security of the mortar position.

e. MISFIRE:

Misfire - occurs when a cartridge is loaded into the

barrel but fails to fire, usually, the cartridge strike the primer but fails to
function.

f. CAUSES OF MISFIRE

1) Defective primer or ignition cartridge

2) Defective or damage firing or other parts of firing
mechanism.
3) Loose firing pin bushing
4) Firing pin fouled or obstructed by remnants from
previous cartridge.
5) Excess oil or water in bore.
6) Cartridge not fully inserted in fin assembly
7) Mis-aligned stabilizing fin
8) Foreign matter or excess paint on the gas check
band.

g. TYPES OF AMMUNITION USED

1) High Explosive, HE - for use against personnel

and light materials.
2) White Phosphorous, WP - for screening,
producing casualty, incendiary action and signaling.
3) Illumination, Ill - for battle field illumination and
signaling.
4) Target Practice, TP - for training.

h. COLOR OF CARTRIDGE:

1) HE - olive drab (marking in yellow)

2) WP - smoke, gray with yellow hand (marking in
yellow)
3) ILL - gray (marking in yellow)
4) TP - blue (marking in white)
C. CAL .50 MACHINE GUN
 M2 .50 Caliber [12.7mm] Machine "Ma Duce"Gun

The Browning M2 .50 caliber (12.7mm) Machine Gun, is a

World War II era automatic, belt-fed, recoil
operated, air-cooled, crew-operated
machine gun. The M2 is crew transportable
with limited amounts of ammunition over
short distances. This gun has a back plate
with spade grips, trigger, and bolt latch
release. The gun is equipped with leaf-type
rear sight, flash suppressor and a spare
barrel assembly. By repositioning some of
the component parts, ammunition may be fed from either the left or right
side. A disintegrating metallic link-belt is used to feed the ammunition into
the weapon. The gun is capable of single-shot (ground M2), as well as
automatic fire.

John Moses Browning (1855-1926) of Ogden, Utah, is considered by

many to be the greatest firearms designer ever to live. He invented many innovative and
popular sporting and military weapons produced by his own company, as well as
Winchester, Colt, and other domestic and foreign manufacturers. His military arms are
credited-even by the enemy-with giving the United States and its allies weapons
superiority in every conflict of the 20th century. Of the .50-caliber machine gun, German
Field Marshal Herman Göring said, "If the German Air Force had had the Browning .50-
caliber, the Battle of Britain would have turned out differently
TECHNICAL DATA

  M2HB

Country of Origin USA – (Saco Defense)

Date Of Introduction 1938

1-4 (crew leader, gunner, assistant gunner,

Crew
ammunition bearer)

Caliber 0.50 in (12.7 mm)

Cartridge .50 Caliber Browning (12.7 x 99 mm)

System of Operation Recoil

Cooling Air

Weight 84 lb (38.1 kg)

 Length 65.13 in (1,654.3 mm)

Barrel Weight 24 lb (10.9 kg)

Barrel Length 45 in (1,143.0 mm)

R.H., eight grooves, pitch 1 in 15 inches (381

Barrel Rifling
mm)

Basic Load (vehicle mount) 400 rounds

Ammunition Weight 100 rounds in ammo can: 35 lb (16 kg)

Performance

Single shot
Sustained: Less than 40 rds/min, in bursts of
five to seven rounds
Rate of Fire
Rapid: More than 40 rds/min, fired in bursts of
five to seven rounds
Cyclic: 450-550 rds/min

Maximum Range 7,440 yd (6,800 m)

Area Target: 2,000 yd (1,830 m)

Maximum Effective Range
Point Target (single shot): 1,640 yd (1,500 m)

M3 Tripod

Weight With T&E Mechanism

44 lb (20 kg)
and Pintle

Height of M2 on Tripod 12 in (304 mm)

M63 Anti-aircraft Mount

Weight 144 lb (65 kg)

Height 42 in (1,067 mm)

Maximum Elevation 85°

Maximum Depression 29°

Maximum Traverse 360°

a. DESCRIPTION

The M2 .50 caliber machine gun is an automatic, belt-

fed, recoil-operated, air-cooled, crew-operated machine gun. This gun may
be mounted on ground mounts and most vehicles as an anti-personnel and
anti-aircraft weapon. The gun is capable of single-shot (ground version
M2), as well as automatic fire and was used to a very limited degree as a
sniper weapon during the Vietnam war. The weapon provides automatic
weapon suppressive fire for offensive and defensive purposes. This
weapon can be used effectively against personnel, light armored vehicles;
low, slow flying aircraft; and small boats. The M2 machine gun uses the M3
Tripod. The principal night vision sight used with the M2 is the AN/TVS-5.

By repositioning some of the components, the M2 is

capable of alternate feed. Ammunition can be fed into the weapon from the
right or left side of the receiver; however the U.S. Army uses only left-hand
feed.

b. OPERATION

The cycle of functioning is broken down into basic

steps: feeding, chambering, locking, firing, unlocking, extracting, ejecting,
and cocking. Some of these steps may occur at the same time.

Cycle of functioning

(1) Feeding. Feeding is the act of placing a cartridge

in the receiver, approximately in back of the barrel, ready for chambering.
When the bolt is fully forward and the top is closed, the ammunition belt is
held in the feedway by the belt-holding pawl.

(a) As the bolt is moved to the rear, the belted

ammunition is moved over and then held in a stationary position by the
belt-holding pawl. At the same time, the belt-feed pawl rides up and over
the link, holding the first round in place. When the bolt is all the way to the
rear, the belt-feed slide moves out far enough to allow the belt-feed pawl
spring to force the pawl up between the first and second rounds.
 (b) As the bolt moves forward, the belt-feed
slide is moved back into the receiver, pulling with it the next linked
cartridge. When the bolt reaches the fully forward position, the belt-holding
pawl will snap into place behind the second linked cartridge, holding it in
place. The extractor will then grasp the rim of the first cartridge, preparing
to release it from the belt on the next rearward motion.

(c) As the bolt then moves to the rear, the

extractor will pull the cartridge with it, releasing it from the belt. As it
moves to the rear, the extractor is forced down by the extractor cam,
causing the cartridge to be moved into the T-slot in the bolt face, preparing
the cartridge to be chambered. It is connected under the extractor switch
on the side of the receiver until it is repositioned by the forward movement
of the bolt, and pressure of the cover extractor spring forces it over the
next round.

(2) Chambering. Chambering is placing the cartridge

into the chamber of the weapon. During this cycle, the bolt moves forward,
carrying the cartridge in the T-slot in a direct route to the chamber of the
weapon. At the same time, the extractor rides up the extractor cam and
when the bolt is fully forward, the extractor grasps the next linked cartridge
 (3) Locking. The bolt is locked to the barrel and
barrel extension.

(a) Initially, the bolt is forced forward in

counter-recoil by the energy stored in the driving spring assembly and the
compressed buffer disks. At the start of counter-recoil, the barrel buffer
body tube lock keeps the accelerator tips from bounding up too soon and
catching in the breech lock recess in the bolt. After the bolt travels forward
about 5 inches, the lower rear projection of the bolt strikes the tips of the
accelerator, turning the accelerator forward. This unlocks the barrel
extension from the barrel buffer body group and releases the barrel buffer
spring. The barrel buffer spring expands, forcing the piston rod forward.

(b) Since the cross groove in the piston rod

engages the notch on the barrel extension shank, the barrel extension and
barrel are also forced forward by the action of the barrel buffer spring.
Some of the forward motion of the bolt is transmitted to the barrel
extension through the accelerator. As the accelerator rotates forward, the
front of the accelerator speeds up the barrel extension; at the same time,
the accelerator tips slow down the bolt.

(c) Locking begins 1 1/8 inches before the

recoiling groups (bolt, barrel extension, and barrel) are fully forward. The
breech lock in the barrel extension rides up the breech lock cam in the
bottom of the receiver into the breech lock recess in the bottom of the bolt,
locking the recoiling groups together. The recoiling groups are completely
locked together three-fourths of an inch before the groups are fully forward
 (4) Firing. The firing pin is released, igniting the
primer of the cartridge.

(a) As the trigger impressed down, it pivots on

the trigger pin, so that the trigger cam on the inside of the backplate
engages and raises the rear end of the trigger lever. This in turn pivots on
the trigger lever pin assembly, causing the front end of the trigger lever to
press down on the top of the sear stud. The sear is forced down until the
hooked notch of the firing pin extension is disengaged from the sear notch.
The firing pin and firing pin extension are driven forward by the firing pin
spring; the striker of the firing pin hits the primer of the cartridge, firing the
round.

(b) For automatic firing, the bolt-latch release

must be locked or held depressed, so that the bolt latch will not engage the
notches in top of the bolt, holding the bolt to the rear as in single-shot
firing. The trigger is pressed and held down. Each time the bolt travels
forward in counter-recoil, the trigger lever depresses the sear, releasing the
firing pin extension assembly and the firing pin. This automatically fires the
next round when the forward movement of the recoiling groups is nearly
completed. The gun should fire about one-sixteenth of an inch before the
recoiling groups are fully forward. Only the first round should be fired with
the parts fully forward. The gun fires automatically as long as the trigger
and bolt latch are held down and ammunition is fed into the gun.
 (5) Unlocking. The bolt is unlocked from the barrel
and barrel extension.

a) At the instant of firing, the bolt is locked to

the barrel extension and against the rear end of the barrel by the breech
lock, which is on top of the breech lock cam and in the breech lock recess
in the bottom of the bolt. When the cartridge explodes, the bullet travels
out of the barrel; the force of recoil drives the recoiling groups rearward.
During the first three-fourths of an inch, the recoiling groups are locked
together. As this movement takes place, the breech lock is moved off the
breech lock cam stop, allowing the breech lock depressors (acting on the
breech lock pin) to force the breech lock down, out of its recess from the
bottom of the bolt. At the end of the first three-fourths of an inch of recoil,
the bolt is unlocked, free to move to the rear independent of the barrel and
barrel extension.

(b) As the recoiling groups move to the rear,

the barrel extension causes the tips of the accelerator to rotate rearward.
The accelerator tips strike the lower rear projection of the bolt, accelerating
the movement of the bolt to the rear. The barrel and barrel extension
continue to travel to the rear an additional three-eighths of an inch, or an
approximate total distance of 1 1/8 inches until they are stopped by the
barrel buffer assembly.

(c) During the recoil of 1 1/8 inches, the barrel

buffer spring is compressed by the barrel extension shank, since the notch
on the shank is engaged in the cross groove in the piston rod head. The
spring is locked in the compressed position by the claws of the
accelerator, which engage the shoulders of the barrel extension shank.
After its initial travel of three-fourths of an inch, the bolt travels an
additional 6 3/8 inches to the rear, after it is unlocked from the barrel and
barrel extension, for a total of 7 1/8 inches. During this movement, the
driving springs are compressed. The rearward movement of the bolt is
stopped as the bolt strikes the buffer plate. Part of the recoil energy of the
bolt is stored by the driving spring rod assembly, and part is absorbed by
the buffer disks in the backplate.

(6) Extracting. The empty cartridge case is pulled

from the chamber.

(a) The empty case, held by the T-slot, has

been expanded by the force of the explosion; therefore, it fits snugly in the
chamber. If the case is withdrawn from the chamber too rapidly, it may be
torn. To prevent this, and to ensure slow initial extraction of the case, the
top forward edge of the breech lock and the forward edge of the lock
recess in the bolt are beveled. As the breech lock is unlocked, the initial
movement of the bolt away from the barrel and barrel extension is gradual.

(b) The slope of the locking faces facilitates

locking and unlocking and prevents sticking. The leverage of the
accelerator tips on the bolt speeds extraction after it is started by kicking
the bolt to the rear to extract the empty case from the chamber.

(7) Ejecting. The empty cartridge case is expelled

from the receiver.

(a) As the bolt starts its forward movement

(counter-recoil), the extractor lug rides below the extractor switch, forcing
the extractor assembly farther down until the round is in the center of the
T-slot of the bolt.

(b) The round, still gripped by the extractor,

ejects the empty case from the T-slot. The last empty case of an
ammunition belt is pushed out by the ejector.

(8) Cocking. The firing pin is withdrawn into the

cocked position.

(a) When the recoiling groups are fully forward,

the top of the cocking lever rests on the rear half of the V-slot in the top
plate bracket. As the bolt moves to the rear, the top of the cocking lever is
forced forward. The lower end pivots to the rear on the cocking lever pin.
The rounded nose of the cocking lever, which fits through the slot in the
firing pin extension, forces the extension to the rear, compressing the
firing pin spring against the sear stop pin (accelerator stop). As the firing
pin extension is pressed to the rear, the hooked notch of the extension
rides over the sear notch, forcing the sear down. The sear spring forces the
sear back up after the hooked notch of the firing pin extension has entered
the sear notch.

(b) The pressure of the sear and firing pin

springs holds the two notches locked together. There is a slight overtravel
of the firing pin extension in its movement to the rear to ensure proper
engagement with the sear. As the bolt starts forward, the overtravel is
taken up and completed when the cocking lever enters the V-slot of the top
plate bracket, and is caromed toward the rear; pressure on the cocking
lever is relieved as the bolt starts forward.

c. AMMUNITION

Ammunition is issued in a disintegrating metallic split-

linked belt (M2 or M9 links). The preferred combat ammunition mix for the
M2 machine gun is four API (M8) to one API-T (M20) with M9 link. M2
ammunition is packaged in a metal box containing 100 linked rounds. Each
box of 100 rounds weighs approximately 35 pounds (16 kg).

 M1 High Pressure Test.

 M1, M10, M17, M21 Tracer.
 M1, M23 Incendiary.
 M1A1 Blank.
 M2 Dummy.
 M2, M33 Ball.
 M2 Armor-Piercing (AP).
 M8 Armor-Piercing Incendiary (API).
 M20 Armor-Piercing Incendiary Tracer (API-T).
 M903 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator (SLAP). Lined barrel only.
 M962 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator Tracer (SLAP-T). Lined barrel
only.

d. FIRING POSITIONS

The tripod firing positions are prone, sitting, and

standing. They are assumed in the following manner:

(1) The prone position is used when firing from the

tripod that is set in a low position. It is assumed by lying on the ground
directly behind the gun. The gunner then spreads his legs a comfortable
distance apart with his toes turned outward. His left elbow rests on the
ground, and his left hand grasps the elevating handwheel of the T&E. His
right hand lightly grasps the right spade grip with his right thumb in a
position to press the trigger. The position of his body can then be adjusted
to position his firing eye in alignment with the sights of the weapon.

(2) The sitting position can be used when the tripod

is set in a high or low position. The gunner sits directly behind the gun
between the legs of the tripod. He may extend his legs under the tripod or
cross them, depending on his physique. The gunner then places both
elbows on the inside of his thighs to get the best support. He grasps the
elevating handwheel of the T&E with the left hand, and lightly grasps the
right spade grip with his right hand. He must ensure that the right thumb is
in position to press the trigger

(3) The standing position is used when the gunner is

firing from a fighting position. This position is assumed by standing
directly behind the gun with the feet spread a comfortable distance apart.
The gunner grasps the elevating handwheel of the T&E with the left hand.
He lightly grasps the right spade grip with the right hand, ensuring that the
right thumb is in a position to press the trigger. Adjustment of the body is
allowed in order to align the firing eye with the sights on the weapon

The vehicular firing position for the M2 is

standing. It is assumed by constructing a solid platform to stand on, using
sandbags or ammunition boxes; or, in the case of the M113 APC, using the
commander's seat. The gunner must then ensure that his platform is high
enough to place the spade grips of the gun about chest high. He grasps the
spade grips with both hands and places both thumbs in a position to press
the trigger. The gunner holds the gun tightly to his chest for stabilization;
his elbows should be locked tightly to his sides. He sights over the weapon
and adjusts his position by flexing his knees and leaning forward to absorb
any recoil.

The anti-aircraft firing position uses a standing

position when firing from the M63 mount. To assume the position, the
gunner stands with his feet spread comfortably apart with his shoulders
squarely behind the gun. When the gunner is engaging aerial targets, he
grasps the upper extension handles with both hands. When engaging low-
level aircraft or ground targets, he grasps the lower extension handles with
both hands.

The kneeling position may be used; it has the

advantage of presenting a lower profile of the gunner and also aligns the
gunner's eye closer to the axis of the barrel.

e. WEAPON CAPABILITIES

In the urban environment, the M2 machine gun provides

high-volume, long-range, automatic fires for the suppression or destruction
of targets. The M2 provides final protective fire along fixed lines and can be
used to penetrate light structures. Tracers are likely to start fires.

The M2 machine gun is often employed on its vehicular

mount during both offensive and defensive operations. If necessary, it can
be mounted on the M3 tripod for use in the ground role or in the upper
levels of buildings. When mounted on a tripod, the M2 machine gun can be
used as an accurate, long-range weapon and can supplement sniper fires.
 When shooting at ground targets from a stationary
position, the gun is fired in bursts of 9 to 15 rounds. When firing at aircraft,
a continuous burst is used rather than several short bursts. When firing on
the move, long bursts of fire are walked into the target. Enemy ATGM
gunners, lightly-armored vehicles, and troops can be suppressed with a
heavy volume of fire until a force can destroy or bypass the opposition.

D. 7.62MM M60 GENERAL PURPOSE MACHINE GUN

1. Roles of the Machinegun

The machinegun supports the rifleman in both the attack and

defense. The machinegun is capable of engaging distant targets with a
heavy volume of controlled and accurate fire that is beyond the capability
of individual weapons. It provides the rifleman with the heavy volume of
close and continuous fire necessary to accomplish his mission in the
attack.

2. Description

a. General. The M60 machinegun is an air cooled, belt-fed,

gas-operated automatic weapon. The weapon fires from the open-bolt
position. Ammunition is fed into the gun by a disintegrating metallic split-
link belt. Two barrels are issued with each weapon. The weapon features
fixed head space which permits rapid changing of barrels.

b. Sights. The M60 has front sight permanently affixed to

the barrel. The rear sight leaf is mounted on a spring-type dovetail base. It
can be folded forward to the horizontal when the gun is to be moved. The
range plate on the sight leaf is marked for each 100 meters, from 300
meters, to the maximum effective range of 1,100 meters. Range changes
may be made by using either the slide release or the elevating knob. The
slide release is used for making major changes in elevation. The elevating
knob is used for fine adjustments, such as during zeroing. Four clicks on
the elevating knob equal a 1-mil change of elevation. The sight is
adjustable for windage knob is located on the left side of the sight. One
click on the windage knob equals a 1-mil change of deflection.

c. Safety. A safety lever is located on the left side of the

trigger housing. It has an S (SAFE) and F (FIRE) position. On the SAFE
position the bolt cannot be pulled to the rear or released to go forward. The
cocking handle, on the right side of the gun, is used to pull the bolt to the
rear. IT MUST BE RETURNED MANUALLY TO ITS FORWARD POSITION
EACH TIME THE BOLT IS MANUALLY PULLED TO THE REAR.
 d. Flash Suppressor. A flash suppressor is affixed to the
muzzle of the barrel. The ribs of this suppressor vibrate during firing and
dissipate flash and smoke.

e. Bipod Mount. The M60 can be effectively fired from the

integral bipod mount. The hinged shoulder rest provides support for the
rear of the gun. The movable carrying handle provides a method for
carrying the gun short distances and can be positioned out the gunner's
line of sight.

f. Tripod Mount. The M122 tripod mount provides a stable

and durable mount for the M60 machinegun. Firing the gun from a tripod
permits a high degree of accuracy and control.

3. General Data.

Ammunition ......................7.62mm ball, tracer, armor piercing,

armor piercing incendiary, blank, dummy. Armor piercing and armor
piercing incendiary are not authorized for training.

Length of gun ............................ ......... 43 1/2 inches

Weight of gun ..................................... 23 pounds
Weight of tripod mount M122 with
traversing and elevating mechanism
and pintle and platform group ........ 19.5 pounds
Maximum range .......................................... 3,725 meters
Maximum effective range ........................... 1,100 meters
Height of gun on tripod
mount M122 ................................................. 16 1/2 inches
Rates of fire:
Sustained .......................................... 100 rounds per minute
(Change barrel every 10 minutes)
Rapid ...................................................... 200 rounds per minute
(Change barrel every two minutes)
Cyclic ............................. Approximately 550 rounds\per minute
(Change barrel every one minute)
Basic load of ammunition (on crew) ............. 600 to 900 rounds
Gunner carries three 100-round bandoleers (one attached to
the weapon).
Assistant gunner carries three 100-round bandoleers
Ammunition bearer, when present, carries three 100-round
bandoleers per gun.
Maximum extent of grazing fire obtainable
over level or uniformly sloping terrain.. 600 meters
Elevation, tripod controlled ........................ +200 mils
Elevation, tripod free .................................. +445 mils
 Depression, tripod controlled ..................... -200 mils
Depression, tripod free .............................. -445 mils
Traverse, controlled by traversing
and elevating mechanism ……….............. 100 mils
Normal sector of fire ................................. 875 mils (with tripod).
Tracer burnout.................. Approximately 900 meters

ANNEX - RA 7077

Republic of the Philippines

Congress of the Philippines
Metro Manila

A. Fourth Regular Session

Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty third day of July,
nineteen hundred and ninety

______________

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT,

ADMINISTRATION,ORGANIZATION, TRAINING, MAINTENANCE AND
UTILIZATION OF THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES
OF THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
Philippines in Congress assembled:

ARTICLE I

TITLE

Sec 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Citizen Armed Forces
of the Philippines Reservist Act."

ARTICLE II

DECLARATION OF POLICY

Sec. 2. The Regular Force. - It is the policy of the State to

maintain a standing or regular military force in times of peace consonant to
its adequate and actual needs for the security of the State but which can be
rapidly expanded by the well-disciplined Citizen Forces in the event of war,
invasion or rebellion.
Sec 3. The Security and Socioeconomic Development of the State.
The Citizen Armed Force shall be provided maximum opportunity to
participate in safeguarding the security of the State and in assisting in
socioeconomic development.

Sec. 4. The Call to Personal Military and Civil Service. – The

Citizen Armed Force shall be so organized, trained, developed and
maintained as to ensure their readiness to immediately respond to the call
to service.

Sec. 5. The Public Awareness. - The State shall promote and

develop public support to and awareness of the important role of the
Citizen Armed Force as protector of the people and the State.

Sec. 6. The Manpower of the Citizen Armed Force. – The

manpower objective of the Citizen Armed Force shall conform to projected
and actual needs. It is not envisioned by the State to have a nation under
arms, unless extremely necessary.

ARTICLE III

MISSION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCE

Sec. 7. Mission. - The mission of the Citizen Armed Force,

alternately referred to as the Reserve Force, is to provide the base for the
expansion of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the event of war,
invasion or rebellion; to assist in relief and rescue during disaster or
calamities; to assist in socio economic development; and to assist in the
operation and maintenance of essential government or private utilities in
the furtherance of overall mission.

Sec. 8. Organization. - The Reserve Force shall be organized

into five (5) components, namely:

(1) The Army Reserve Component;

(2) The Air Force Reserve Component;
(3) The Navy Reserve Component;
(4) The AFP-Wide Technical Reserve Component; and
(5) The Affiliated Reserves.

Sec. 9. Organization of Reserve Components. – The

organization of each component of the Reserve Force and the manpower
objective of each component shall be as prescribed by the Secretary of
National Defense and approved by the President of the Philippines. The
organization, structure, manning and equipment of reserve units shall
conform to the organization of the regular force. Reserve units of a
battalion type or equivalent shall be organized on a provincial basis, and
reserve units of a brigade and division type or equivalent, on a regional
basis. The organizational structure and manning of the affiliated reserve
units shall be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense and shall as
much as possible conform to their existing civilian organization.

Sec. 10. Affiliated Reserves. - As the President shall approved

upon recommendation of the Secretary of National Defense, certain private
and government entities, corporations, establishments and organizations
at the national, provincial and municipal levels which provide essential
public services such as water, light, transportation and communications
which are necessary to support the prosecution of national defense plans
or to meet an emergency shall be organized as affiliated units of the
Reserve Force. These affiliated units shall be constituted by appropriate
orders to be issued by the Secretary of National Defense, given unit
designations and assigned to the appropriate reserve components of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). The roster of the officials and
employees of these affiliated units shall be included in the orders of
constituting the units. These units shall be so utilized in times of war or
emergency to ensure the continuous and uninterrupted provision of the
essential services they are rendering.

ARTICLE IV
 DEFINITION OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS

Sec. 11. Citizen Soldiers. - The citizen soldiers, alternately

referred to as reservists, who compose the Reserve Force are those
reservists of the Armed Forces of the Philippines who are incorporated into
the Reserve Force, as follows:

(1) Graduates of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)

basic and advance courses who were issued orders as enlisted reservists
or reserve officers or the AFP;
(2) Graduates of authorized basic military training instructions
who, as a result thereof, were issued orders as enlisted reservists or
reserve officers;
(3) Ex-servicemen and retired officers of the AFP and other
armed forces that have diplomatic relations with the Philippines who were
honorably discharged or retired from the service and who are Filipino
citizens upon their applications;
(4) Recognized World War II guerillas who were honorably
discharged from the service;
(5) Commissioned and noncommissioned officers under the
Affiliated Reserves category and graduates of the National Defense College
of the Philippines (NDCP); and
(6) Commissioned, non-commissioned officers and
privates under the existing laws including those procured under project 36-
70 and included in the present AFP roster before the enactment of this Act
and those to be commissioned or enlisted after the enactment of this Act.

ARTICLE V

CATEGORIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS

Sec. 12. Categorization of Citizen Soldiers. - There shall be three

(3) categories of citizen soldiers of AFP reservists: the First Category
Reserve, the Second Category Reserve, and the Third Category Reserve
based on age.

(1) First Category Reserve - The First Category Reserve shall

be composed of able-bodied reservists whose ages are between eighteen
(18) years and thirty-five (35) years, inclusive.
(2) Second Category Reserve. - The Second Category Reserve
shall be composed of able-bodied reservists whose ages are between
thirty-six (36) years and fifty-one (51) years, inclusive.
(3) Third Category Reserve. - The Third Category Reserve shall
be composed of the able-bodied reservists who are above fifty one (51)
years of age.
 Sec. 13. Classification of Reserve Force Units. - Based on the
categorization provided in Section 12 above, the Reserve Force units shall
further be classified into the Ready Reserve, the Standby Reserve and the
Retired Reserve based in their operational readiness for immediate
deployment/utilization.

(1) Ready Reserve. - The Ready Reserve shall be composed of

citizen soldiers belonging mostly to the First Category Reserve and others
as provided in this Act who shall be organized, trained and maintained as
mobilizable ready reserve subject to call at any time to augment the regular
armed force of the AFP not only in times of war or national emergency but
also to meet local emergencies arising from calamities, disasters and
threats to peace, order, security and stability in any locality, including the
need to provide assistance in relief and rescue work and other civil
assistance activities.

Any reservist or citizen soldiers belonging to the Second

Category Reserve and/or the Third Category Reserve, particularly the
commissioned and noncommissioned officers, who will volunteer to serve
with the Ready Reserve shall be allowed, if qualified and fit for duty, to join
and actively participate as part of the Ready Reserve and shall serve with
an appropriate Ready Reserve unit.

Furthermore, members of the AFP Affiliated Reserved units of

various government and private utilities and services considered essential
for the preservation of the economic stability of the country or particular
locality, such as power and electricity, water supply, transportation and
communications, among others, regardless of their categorization shall be
classified as Ready Reserve.

All citizen soldiers belonging to the First Category Reserve,

except those exempted under this Act, shall be required to serve with
Ready Reserve units and will have assignments and promotions in
accordance with existing policies of the AFP until transferred to the
Standby Reserve by virtue of their age.

The following citizen soldiers may be exempted from

rendering service with said reserve units:

(a) Active members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

and the Philippine National Police;
(b) Those who are residing abroad but only during the
duration of their absence from the Philippines;
(c) Those who are physically and mentally unfit to serve their
tour of duty;
 (d) Those who are convicted of crimes involving moral
turpitude; and
(e) Those who may be exempted from duty for valid reasons
which may be authorized on a case-to-case basis by appropriate and
competent authority. For this purpose, the AFP shall issue such
appropriate guidelines, rules and regulations as may be necessary.

(2) Standby Reserve - The Standby Reserve shall be

composed of citizen soldiers belonging mostly to the Second Category
Reserve and the Third Category Reserve, except as provided in this Act.
The members of the Standby Reserve shall be organized and assigned to
specified reserve units and shall be maintained through annual assembly
tests to update their records and their present addresses, among others.
The Standby Reserve may be mobilized or ordered to active duty only in
times of national emergency or war. The ranks of the members of the
Standby Reserve may be upgraded if they voluntarily participate in training
or serve with the Ready Reserve units in their areas or if their Standby
Reserve units undergo retraining. They will however be encouraged to
upgrade their military knowledge and skills by taking up nonresident or
resident courses which shall be set up for the purpose.

(3) Retired Reserve - The Retired Reserve shall be

composed of citizen soldiers who have qualified for retirement through
length of service, old age or disability. For this purpose, sixty-five (65)
years shall be considered as the retirement age. However, if qualified and
fit for duty, a member of the Retired Reserve may be ordered to active duty
in times o local or national emergencies if he volunteers for active duty and
when the Secretary of National Defense determines that there are not
enough qualified citizen soldiers with his special skills and qualifications in
the Ready Reserve or the Standby Reserve in his particular area of
residence.
ARTICLE VI

MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT

Sec. 14. Compulsory Military Registration and Training. - All

male citizens between the ages of eighteen (18) and twenty-five (25) years
who are not reservists shall be required to register for military instruction.
Registration shall take place in suitable registration places to be prescribed
by the city or municipal government between the dates of April First and
Seventh commencing one (1) year after the effectivity of this Act. Biennial
registrations shall be held during the same period in succeeding years.

Sec. 15. Exemption from Compulsory Military Training. – The

following are exempted from military training:
 (1) Members of the clergy of any religious order or sect,
except if they volunteer;
(2) Those in the active service of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines and police members of the Philippine National Police;
(3) Superintendent and uniformed members of the National
Penitentiary, corrective institutions, and insane asylums; and
(4) Licensed air and maritime pilots, navigators and merchant
marine officers.

Sec. 16. Registering Officer. - For the purpose of registration as

provided for in Section 14 hereof, the city/municipal treasurers of chartered
cities and municipalities are hereby designated as registering officers. The
Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe and provide the forms to be
used in registration and prescribe the procedures for the conduct and
reporting of the results of the registration.

Sec. 17. Persons Disqualified or Exempted from Registration.

The following persons are disqualified by law from employment in
government service;

(1) Persons who are disqualified by law from employment

in government service;
(2) Those who are physically or mentally unfit as certified
by and AFP medical officer;
(3) Those suffering incarceration awaiting trial by a court of
law: Provided, That upon their release from custody they shall without
delay register;
(4) Those convicted by final judgment of criminal offenses
involving moral turpitude;
(5) Students of colleges, universities and similar
institutions who are undergoing ROTC training during the pendency of
their training recognized by the military authorities as among those
undergoing training to qualify as reservists; and
(6) Those persons who are constituted as members of
affiliated units for the duration of time that they hold such membership:
Provided, That upon the termination of their membership, they shall be
subject to military training.

Sec. 18. Selection of Registrants for Compulsory Training.

Registrants who are to undergo compulsory training as provided for in this
Act shall be selected in the month of May every year by drawing of lots by a
board of canvassers. The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe the
procedure for the selection of registrants.

Sec. 19. Board of Canvassers. - There is hereby created a board of

canvassers, one (1) for each province and chartered city, for the purpose of
selecting the registrants who will undergo compulsory military training as
provided for in Section 18 hereof. The board shall be composed of the
following:

(1) IN PROVINCES

Division Superintendent of Schools............................Chairman

Provincial Prosecutors….............................................. Member
The appropriate military commander as the
Secretary of National Defense may designate ...........Member

(2) IN CHARTERED CITIES

City Superintendent of Schools ..................................Chairman

City Fiscal ..................................................................…Member
Chief of Police................................................................Member

Sec. 20. Quota for Compulsory Training. - The Secretary of

National Defense shall furnish each provincial governor and city mayor
with the quota of registrants for compulsory military training to be drawn
from their respective province or chartered city. The quota for the province
shall be broken down into municipal quotas.

Sec. 21. Acceptance of Registrants Volunteering for Military

Training. - Registrants who are not selected for compulsory military
training but who volunteer for such training may be accepted and allowed
to undergo military training: Provided, That said volunteers shall physically
qualify for fitness after examination for training and shall be made to
execute a written statement that they volunteered for training at their own
will.

Sec. 22. Registration of Citizens Residing or Working Abroad. -

Filipino citizens residing or working abroad, when they become liable to
register for reservists' training under this Act, shall register with the
nearest diplomatic or consular office of the Republic of the Philippines
which shall transmit the registrants' data to the Secretary of National
Defense.

Sec. 23. Notice to Selected Registrants. - The board of

canvassers shall cause the immediate and adequate publication of the
names of the registrants who have been selected in accordance with
Section 18 hereof and at once notify the registrants concerned to report to
the acceptance board of the city or municipality where they reside. The
board of canvassers shall furnish each acceptance board with the list of
the registrants whose names were drawn.
 Sec. 24. Acceptance Board. - There is hereby created an
acceptance board in each municipality and chartered city which shall
examine and classify registrants whose names have been referred to it by
the board of canvassers and pass upon the registrants' fitness for training
and application for deferment, if any. The decision of the board shall be by
majority vote. The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe the
procedure for the operation of the acceptance board.

Sec. 25. Composition of the Acceptance Board. - The board shall

be composed as follows:

(1) IN CHARTERED CITIES

Local Civil Registrar ...............................…….....…… Chairman

City Health Officer ..................................…........…… Member
Chief of Police .............................................. ..….…….Member
One Civic Leader .............................................….…….Member
(to be chosen by local civic organizations)

(2) IN MUNICIPALITIES

Local Civil Registrar/ Municipal Treasurer ………….…Chairman

Municipal Health Officer .................................…………. Member
Chief of Police ................................................… ………. Member
One Civic Leader (to be chosen by local civic
organizations)…………………………………..…………...Member

Sec. 26. Classification of Selected Registrants. - Registrants

shall undergo physical examination to be conducted by the health officer.
The acceptance board shall then classify them into the following
categories:

(1) Class A -- Fit for unlimited service;

(2) Class B -- Fit for limited service only;
(3) Class C -- Deferred until later date; and
(4) Class D -- Exempted for mental/physical reasons.

Sec. 27. Deferment from Training. - The acceptance board, upon

evaluation of the evidence to support application for deferment, may grant
deferment on the following grounds and conditions:

(1) Individuals who are indispensable to the support of their

dependent families may be granted deferments not exceeding two (2) years
after which they shall be subject to training;
 (2) Students enrolled in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps
(ROTC) in colleges and universities are automatically granted deferment
which shall not extend beyond the period they are to complete their basic
ROTC training. Students who successfully completed such training shall
be exempted. Those who fail to complete, or discontinue the training, shall
be subject to training;

(3) Seminary students of any religious sect shall be granted

deferments for not exceeding the prescribed course in the seminary. Those
who complete the course shall be exempted from training. Those who fail
to complete shall be subject to training;

(4) Cadets of the Philippine Military Academy and of other

military or police service academies, local or foreign to include cadets of
the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy and other similar local merchant
marine academies duly recognized by the Government for the training of
officer candidates, including those selected for cadetship in such
academies, shall be granted deferments for not exceeding two (2) years.
Those who successfully completed at least one-half (1/2) of the prescribed
period of the course shall be exempted from training. Those who fail to
complete one-half (1/2) of the prescribed period shall, upon their discharge
from their courses, be subject to training;

(5) High school students who are in their last year of

schooling may be granted deferment for not more than one (1) year;

(6) Selected registrants residing or working abroad shall be

granted deferment for the duration of their stay abroad; and

(7) Elected officials and presidential appointees whose

appointments are passed upon by the Commission on Appointments,
during their incumbency.

Sec. 28. Appeal from Decision of the Acceptance Board. – When

the acceptance board denies the claim of an individual for deferment, he
may within thirty (30) days after receipt of written notification by the board
appeal his case in writing directly to the Secretary of National Defense. The
Secretary of National Defense shall be accorded the right to enjoy the right
to be heard by himself and counsel and to present evidence in his behalf.
The decision of the Secretary of National Defense or his duly authorized
representative shall be final.

Sec. 29. Expenses of the Acceptance Board. - The expenses

incident to the operation of the acceptance board shall be borne by the
Department of National Defense which shall include the funds therefore in
its annual appropriations. The nature and amount of such expenses shall
be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense. The members of the
acceptance board shall not receive any salary or compensation for their
services in the board. They shall be entitled to receive allowances as the
Secretary of National Defense shall prescribed.

Sec. 30. Final Acceptance by the Board. - The registrants who

shall have been finally qualified and selected by the acceptance board shall
be reported to the Secretary of National Defense. Those selected shall
upon instruction report to the designated military camp of unit for training.

Sec. 31. Procurement of Reservist Officers and

Noncommissioned Officers for Affiliated Reserve Units. – Key officers and
employees of government of private entities, corporations, establishment
and organizations which have affiliated units shall be encouraged to
undergo military training to qualify them as reserve officers or
noncommissioned officers. As such, they shall be assigned to key
positions in the affiliated units where they are employed and called to
active service with these units once they are activated.

Sec. 32. Security of Tenure in Government or Private

Employment While on Military Training. - An employee in the Government
including one in a government-owned or controlled corporation or private
employment with monthly operating volume of not less then Three hundred
thousand pesos (P300,000.00) and not less than twenty (20) employees
who undergoes military training shall not be separated or terminated from
such employment, shall not be considered as having forfeited his seniority
status, if any, and shall continue to receive the salary he was receiving
prior to his call to military training. In the case of private employment,
payment of basic salary during such military training. In the case of private
employment, payment of basic salary during such military training shall be
in accordance with existing laws or with his company's policies on its
employees on leave from his employment. Upon termination of his military
training, he shall resume his former position or, if not practicable, he shall
be assigned to a new position without diminution of his pay and
allowances, provided he is honorably terminated or discharged from such
training or service; otherwise, his record of dishonorable discharge from
military training or service shall be taken into account as to whether or not
he should be reinstated to his former employment.

Sec. 33. Draftee Training and Service. - As may be ordered by the

President, male citizen between the ages of eighteen (18) and thirty-five
(35) shall be called to training and active service for a period not to exceed
twenty-four (24) months, broken down into training period of not more than
six (6) months and an active service period of not more than eighteen (18)
months. Registrants will be selected for draftee training and service in
accordance with Sections 14 to 26 hereof. A draftee may volunteer and be
accepted for an extension of active service of not more than twelve (12)
consecutive months, after which his services as draftee shall be
terminated. A draftee during the period of his active duty service to include
the extension of such service is entitled to receive all the pay and
allowances due his grade as received by any member of the regular force:
Provided, That, upon termination of his draftee service, he shall receive a
separation gratuity of not less than one (1) month salary for every year of
his service to include the period of six (6) months shall be considered a
complete year for purposes of this gratuity.

Sec. 34 Retention for Maximum Hospitalization. – A

reservist/draftee who is injured or contracts a disease or sickness while
undergoing training and service, not due to his intentional misconduct,
willful failure or neglect, or vicious or immoral habits, shall be retained
beyond the period of his reservist/draftee service with his consent for the
necessary hospitalization and medical care until such time that he
recovers, or is determined that further hospitalization will not improve his
condition. During the period of hospitalization, he shall be entitled to
subsistence allowances and hospitalization benefits as are available to the
members of the regular force who are patients in armed forces hospitals.

ARTICLE VII

CITIZEN MILITARY TRAINING

Sec. 35 Basic Citizen Military Training. - Registrants finally

selected for military training pursuant to Section 30 shall undergo a basic
military training for a period of not more than six (6) months. The Secretary
of National Defense shall prescribe the course of instruction.

The course of instruction shall include, among others,

subject on moral virtues, patriotism, discipline, support for and adherence
to the Constitution, and respect for the right of civilians.

Sec. 36 Citizen Military Training. - There shall be established in

every province at least one (1) training center for the conduct of citizen
military and reservist training with a minimum training capacity of one (1)
infantry rifle company at a time. These training centers shall form part of
the reserve component organization of the major services and shall be
referred to as citizen military training centers.

Sec. 37. Incorporation into Training. - Upon reporting to their

assigned training centers, the selected registrants shall be physically
examined and if found fit for the service shall be inducted into service.
Where a change of training center is necessary to provide the requisite
training, the commanding officer of the training center shall be authorized
to issue the necessary orders covering his transportation and provide the
funds for the purpose: Provided, That no registrant shall be transferred to a
training center outside his province or designated training center except in
the case of Philippine Navy and Philippine Air Force registrants if there are
no air or naval training centers thereat.

Sec. 38. Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) – Military

training for students enrolled in colleges, universities and similar
institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to the provisions of the
National Defense Act and the 1987 Constitution.

Sec. 39. Establishment of ROTC Units in Schools. - At such

colleges, universities and similar institutions of learning that request for
the conduct of military training in their institutions, there shall be
established and maintained Reserve Officers" Training Corps units as the
Secretary of National Defense may approve, which shall conduct military
training for the students of such institutions for the purpose of producing
enlisted and officer reservists. The program of instruction shall be
prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense and may include
instruction to prepare female students for military service: Provided, That,
such course of instruction shall not exceed two (2) academic years in the
case of enlisted reservists, and four (4) academic years in the case of
officer reservists which shall include as necessary summer or probationary
training of not more than sixty (60) consecutive days, The first two (2)
years ROTC training, which is mandatory, shall hereafter be referred to as
basic ROTC while the second (2) years after said basic ROTC, which is
voluntary, shall hereafter be referred to as advance ROTC. The allocation of
ROTC units to the various major services of the AFP shall conform to the
projected manpower needs of their respective reserve components.

Sec. 40. Acceptance for Advance ROTC. - Students who

volunteer for advance ROTC shall be screened by an ROTC acceptance
board which is hereby created for the purpose, composed of the
commandant of the ROTC unit, a representative of the school nominated by
the school authorities, and a military physician. The student volunteer shall
be physically examined for fitness for training and shall further be made to
execute in writing a testament that he volunteered for training of his own
volition. Where the student is below eighteen (18) years of age, he shall be
required to obtain his parent's or guardian's consent. In the case of student
volunteering for reserve officers' training, they shall further be subject to
competitive examination in order to select the best material. The students
undergoing advance ROTC shall be referred to as advance ROTC cadets.

Sec. 41. Organization and staffing of ROTC Units. – The

Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe the organization and staffing
of ROTC units. Reserve officers in the active service as well as qualified
enlisted and officer reservists in the inactive status shall be given priority
to handle training instruction and to assist in the administration and shall
be entitled to receive honoraria and other allowances as the Secretary of
National Defense shall prescribe.

Sec. 42. Funds for Maintenance and Operation of school ROTC

Units.- The funds for the establishment, maintenance and operation of
ROTC units shall be provided for in the regular annual appropriations of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Such appropriations shall provide for
the full funding support for advance ROTC only. The school of the student
may not be required to spend any amount for the establishment, operation
and maintenance of ROTC training: Provided, that the school requesting
for such establishment shall provide the training ground and office
facilities free of charge. The advance ROTC cadets shall each be provided
free two (2) suits of fatigue uniform with headgear, belt and one (1) pair of
combat boots for the duration of the training. However, those taking the
basic ROTC are required to pay a reasonable ROTC fee, the amount to be
determined by the Secretary of National Defense in coordination with the
school official concerned.

Sec. 43. Scholarship Incentive for Advance ROTC Training. -

Students undergoing advance ROTC who belong to the upper five percent
(5%) of their academic class shall be provided a tuition subsidy of fifty
percent (50%) of their annual tuition for the period of their advance ROTC.
The funds for this purpose shall be carried in the annual appropriations of
the AFP. The Chief of Staff, AFP shall promulgate the guidelines for the
implementation of this provision.

ARTICLE VIII

INCORPORATION INTO RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 44. Elected Officials and Presidential Appointees.- Elected

official appointees may be commissioned in the Reserve Force subject to
the existing AFP rules and regulations.

Sec. 45. Award of Ranks and Assignments to Reserve Units of

Graduates of ROTC. - Graduates of basic ROTC shall be given a reserve
enlisted rank and serial number and assigned to reserve units and
mobilization centers in their provinces. The ranks to be awarded shall be
from private to sergeant or its equivalent: Provided, That the quota for
noncommissioned officers shall not exceed five percent (5%) of the
authorized strength of the unit to which the reservists shall be assigned
after graduation: Provided, further, That those to be awarded rank above
private shall be chosen based on merit. Those who continue to the advance
ROTC course shall continue to carry their enlisted rank until after their
successful completion of advance ROTC.

Sec. 46. Disposition of Graduates of Advance ROTC. – Those

who successfully completed the advance ROTC course shall be
recommended for commission in the reserve force as second lieutenants
and assigned to the reserve units and mobilization centers in their
provinces. Those with manifest potential may be commissioned in the
regular force as second lieutenants subject of the criteria for regular
officers of this rank for that particular service. Those who fail to complete
the course shall be conferred the enlisted rank of sergeant or its equivalent
and similarly assigned to reserve units and mobilization centers.
Probationary training as a requisite before commissionship shall be
determined by the major service concerned based on technical skills,
experiences or qualifications of the applicants.

Sec. 47. Notification of reserve assignment. - The reservists shall

be notified in writing of his assignment to a reserve unit and a mobilization
center. He shall be made to acknowledge receipt in writing of such
notification.

Sec. 48. Reservists Registry. - The Armed Forces of the

Philippines shall provide all city/municipal treasurers of chartered cities
and municipalities of the list of those who have successfully completed
military training, indicating therein, among others, the rank, serial number,
reserve unit assignment and mobilization center. It shall be the duty of the
local civil registrar to maintain and update the reservist registry.

ARTICLE IX

MAINTENANCE, TRAINING AND ADMINISTRATION OF RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 49. Accounting of Reservists. - All reservists, particularly

those belonging to the Ready and Standby Reserves, shall be accounted
for, their records and status updated and present whereabouts ascertained
in order to ensure their readiness to the call to duty. As far as practicable,
the services of the national and local reservists and veterans organizations
will be tapped to assist in the accounting of reservists.

Sec. 50. Organization for Maintenance and Administration of the

Reserve Force. - The major services shall be responsible for the
administration, training, equipage and maintenance of their respective
reserve components subject to the regulations to be prescribed by the
Secretary of National Defense. In the General Headquarters, AFP and in
each Major Service Headquarters, there shall be a staff division of the level
of the principal coordinating staff which shall be dedicated to planning and
policy formulation for the administration, development, organization,
training, equipage, maintenance and utilization of their respective Reserve
Force component. The Chief of Staff, AFP shall create an AFP Reserve
Command within one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act. In the case of
the major services, there shall further be a separate unit dedicated to the
implementation of such plans and policies. In staffing the command
structure of these units, preference shall be given to qualified reserve
officers in the active service and integrates.

Sec. 51. Training of Individual Reservists and Reserve Units. -

Maximum opportunity shall be afforded the reservists to update their skills
through compulsory or voluntary training. Such training shall have for its
principal purpose the enhancement of the readiness of the individual
reservists and reserve units to respond to the call to service. To this end,
there shall be two (2) types of trainings :

(1) Compulsory training of not less than thirty (30) days but
not more than sixty (60) days for reserve units and/or individual reservists
in a given year preferably to First Category Reservists; and

(2) Voluntary training subject to the capability of the AFP to

provide training. Individual reservists, commissioned and non-
commissioned officers shall be encouraged to undergo training on a
voluntary basis to upgrade their proficiency with priority to the officers of
the Standby Reserve units. The Secretary of National Defense shall
prescribe the course of instruction for the aforementioned training. The
services of qualified individual enlisted and officer reservists shall be
utilized to the maximum in the conduct of ROTC and reservists' training.

Sec. 52. Reserve Officers' Nonresident Instruction. - Each major

service shall conduct on a continuing basis non-resident instruction for the
purpose of maintaining and updating the proficiency of its reservist
officers, particularly key officers of Ready Reserve units. Such instruction
shall prepare these reserve officers to assume duties up to brigade
command and staff or equivalent. The reserve officers undertaking such
course shall be given priority for call to annual duty training or service with
their units or with other AFP units. Successful completion of the
nonresident course will be equivalent to having undertaken one (1) annual
active duty training tour.

Sec. 53. Active Duty Tour for Training of Reserve Officers. – In

order to improve their professional competence and leadership qualities
reserve officers in the inactive status shall be called active duty for a
period not exceeding two (2) years without extension: Provided, that the
quota for such active duty shall as far as practicable be proportionately
distributed to the provinces and cities based on their reserve units, with
priority to units of Ready Reserve I: Provided, further, that ;the reserve
officers called to active duty shall as far as practicable serve in the
province of their reserve unit assignment. A reserve officer who has served
his tour shall not be called again to active duty until after five (5) years,
except in case of mobilization.

Sec. 54. Classification and Maintenance of Readiness of Reserve

Units. - Units which are composed of reservists of the Ready Reserve shall
be classified as to degree of readiness to respond the call to the service, as
follows:

(1) Ready Reserve I - Units classified as Ready Reserve I shall

be maintained in a high degree of readiness as to be ready for operational
employment in not more than seven (7) days after activation. The individual
and crew served weapons and individual clothing and equipment shall be
ready for distribution upon their activation. The whereabouts of their
reservists shall be constantly ascertained. As necessary, these units shall
carry an excess of twenty percent (20%) of their authorized personnel
strength to compensate for those who may fail to report or be late in
reporting for duty.

(2) Ready Reserve II - Units classified as Ready Reserve II

shall be maintained in a degree of readiness as to be ready for operational
employment in not more than fifteen (15) days.

The Chief of Staff, AFP shall select and recommend to the

Secretary of National Defense the reserve units under Ready Reserve I and
Ready Reserve II: Provided, That in areas threatened by insurgency, there
shall be at least one (1) unit of infantry battalion strength under readiness
status of Ready Reserve I.

Sec. 55. Mobilization Stock. - The minimum essential individual

and organizational equipment and supplies shall be procured, stored and
maintained for selected Ready Reserve units to enhance rapid transition to
readiness required for employment in the shortest possible time.

Sec. 56. Training as Requisite for Promotion. – Successful

completion of training pursuant to Sections 51 and 52 hereof shall be a
requisite for promotion in rank in the inactive status.

Sec. 57. Classification of Reserve Officers in the Inactive Status.

-There shall be only one (1) classification of reserve officers in the inactive
status regardless of their source or nature of commission. Likewise, There
shall be only one (1) seniority and lineal list for all reservist officers in the
inactive status regardless of their source of commission, subject to the
rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of National
Defense.

Sec. 58. Status of Reservist on Training. - Reservist on

compulsory training shall be subject to military law. They shall not receive
pay but shall be entitled to allowances and burial benefits as provided by
law. Reservists on voluntary training are also subject to military law but
shall be entitled to allowances.

ARTICLE X

UTILIZATION OF THE RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 59 Mobilization. - The utilization of the Reserve Force in

times of emergency to meet threats to national security shall be through
mobilization:

(1) Full Mobilization. - Full mobilization shall be through the

joint act of Congress and the President. When full mobilization is ordered,
all units of the Ready and Standby Reserves will be activated, the
reservists constituting them are called to active duty, and the units
activated are placed on operational readiness. All other reservist not
assigned to any unit or those assigned to reserve pools shall be organized
into replacement units;

(2) Partial Mobilization. - Partial Mobilization shall be through

the joint act of Congress and the President. When partial mobilization is
ordered, only the units of the Ready Reserve are necessary to meet the
threat will be activated, the reservists assigned to these units are called to
active duty and the activated units are placed on operational readiness.
The President will specify the units to be activated; and

(3) Selective Mobilization. – Selective mobilization shall be

by authority of the President. Selective mobilization may be ordered to
meet a local threat or emergency situation. When so ordered, only selected
units of the Ready Reserve of the localities involved are activated and the
reservist assigned to them are called to active duty; or active auxiliary
units are organized and volunteer reservists are called to active auxiliary
service for the purpose, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary
of national Defense may prescribed.

Sec. 60. Status of Reservists under Mobilization. - An enlisted or

officer reservist when called to active duty by virtue of mobilization shall
receive all the pay and allowances, medical care, hospitalization and other
privileges and benefits prescribed by law or regulations for officers and
enlisted personnel of the regular force.
 Sec. 61. Mobilization Centers. - There shall be established in
each province as many mobilization centers as needed corresponding to
the number and distribution of reservists in the province to which
reservists will report when mobilization is ordered. The citizen military
training center in the provinces established under this Act may also be
used as mobilization centers. The location of these centers shall be given
the widest public information by the local executives.

Sec. 62 Demobilization. - When the threat or emergency for

which demobilization had been ordered has passed, the President shall
order the demobilization of the reserve units activated and the reservists of
such deactivated units shall be reverted to inactive status.

Sec. 63. Auxiliary Service. - For the purpose of helping maintain

local peace and order, meeting local insurgency threat, assisting in rescue
and relief operations during disasters and calamities, health welfare
activities and participating in local socioeconomic development projects,
the President may call upon the reservists in the affected or concerned
localities to volunteer their services. Such volunteer services shall be
referred to as auxiliary service and shall be two (2) types:

(1) Civil Auxiliary Service. - Civil auxiliary service covers

service rendered in helping maintain law and order, assisting in rescue
operations, participating in socioeconomic development projects, delivery
of health services and any other nonmilitary activity. Female reservists
shall be given greater participation in this regard. Reservists serving under
this category shall not be armed. Those who have licensed firearms may be
granted permit to carry firearms only when they are actually performing
duties in maintaining peace and order, provided adequate control
measures are instituted by the proper authorities concerning the carrying
and use of firearms. In no case shall the reservists be vested with police
powers.

(2) Military Auxiliary Service. - Military Auxiliary Service

covers service rendered in meeting local insurgency threat. Reservists
serving under this category will be organized into Ready Reserve Units.
They must be issued and allowed to carry firearms: Provided, that these
reservists will be utilized only for the defense of their localities and will not
be employed outside their localities. Elected / appointed local government
officials are expected to perform their duties and responsibilities in their
respective peace and order council levels or similar organizations
efficiently and effectively to enhance a total integrated system approach
against threats to national security.
 The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe rules and
regulations to implement this section in coordination with the Secretary of
the Interior and Local Government.

Sec. 64. Status of Reservists on Auxiliary Service. - A reservist

performing auxiliary service shall not receive payment but shall be entitled
to receive allowances and burial benefits as provided by law. With this
consent, a reservist may continue to render such services without
receiving the allowances due him. A reservist serving military auxiliary
services is subject to military law; whereas, a reservist serving civil
auxiliary service is not.

Sec. 65. Women Reservists. - Women shall have the right and
duty to serve in the AFP. The relevant standards for admission, training
and commissioning of women shall be the same as those required for men,
except for those essential adjustment in such standards required because
of physiological differences between men and women.

ARTICLE XI

FUNDING

Sec. 66. Funding. - All funds previously appropriated for the

administration, development and training of the reserve component of the
AFP and which will subsequently and hereafter be appropriated for the
purpose shall be used exclusively for the purpose of implementing the
provisions of this Act.

To sustain the efficient and effective administration,

organization, training, maintenance and utilization of Ready Reserve units
and keep them appropriately and adequately equipped and in a state of
readiness, as well as provide for the adequate training of citizen soldiers or
reservists, adequate funds for this purpose, as may be requested or
recommended by the AFP, shall be appropriated and made available on a
continuing basis.

The President shall utilize a portion of the Military

Assistance Fund available from any source to augment the appropriation
for the Reserve Force.

ARTICLE XII

TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
 Sec. 67. Retention of ROTC Units in Colleges and Universities. -
ROTC units in college and universities shall continue with ROTC training in
accordance with this Act.

ARTICLE XIII

Penalties

Sec. 68. Penalties. - Failure of reservists to respond to the call to

compulsory training or service shall be punishable in accordance with the
Articles of War, and those convicted by a court martial shall be liable for
imprisonment of not less than two (2) months to not more than twelve (12)
months. Citizen who fail to register for compulsory military training or who
after having selected to undergo such training or who after having selected
to undergo such training and had been notified thereof fail to report for
training shall, upon conviction by the civil court, be punishable and liable
for imprisonment of not less than one (1) month to not more than three (3)
months.

Sec. 69. Failure to Provide Updated List of Registrants. – Failure

of registrars and canvassers to provide an updated listing of registrants
under their responsibility shall, upon conviction by civil court, be
punishable and liable for imprisonment of not less than one (1) month to
not more than three (3) months under Sections16 and 19 of this Act.

ARTICLE XIV

RESCISSION AND EFFECTIVITY

Sec. 70. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees, executive orders,

rules and regulations which are inconsistent or in conflict with any
provision of this Act are hereby repealed or amended.

Sec. 71. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect upon its
approval.

Approved,

SGD SGD
JOVITO R SALONGA RAMON V MITRA
President of the Senate Speaker of the House
of Representative
 This act which originated in the House of Representatives was finally
passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on April 22, 1991
and March 19, 1991, respectively.

SGD SGD
EDWIN P ACOBA CAMILO L SABIO
Secretary of the Senate Secretary General
House of Representative

Approved: June 27, 1991

SGD
CORAZON C AQUINO
President of the Philippines

BASIC ROTC PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION

PURPOSE:

To teach students the values of citizenship, leadership, service to the community,

personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment while instilling in them self-esteem,
teamwork, and self-discipline. It prepares students for responsible leadership roles while making
them aware of their rights, responsibilities, and privileges as Filipino citizens. It provides
instruction and rewarding opportunities that will benefit the student, community, and nation.

OBJECTIVES:

a. The objectives of the ROTC program are:

1. To attract, motivate, and prepare selected students to serve as

commissioned Officers in the Active or Reserve Force of the Philippine Army.

2. To provide ROTC cadets with the fundamental concepts and principles of

military art and science to develop leadership and managerial potential.
 3. To develop strong sense of personal integrity, honor, responsibility, and
good citizenship.

b. Attainment of the ROTC objectives prepares students for a sound foundation for
their future professional development and effective performance essential to success in any
career.

A. TITLE: Basic ROTC POI for 2nd Semester (MS 2)

B. DURATION: Sixty (60) Periods or 15 Training Weeks

NR OF PERIODS
Lecture (L) &
SUBJECT SCOPE OF INSTRUCTION Practical
References
Exercises
(PE)
1. PHYSICAL Organizing the cadets by Squad / platoon / 1
ORGANIZATION OF Company and its equivalent of the Cadet Corps. (1PE)
THE CADET CORPS Course orientation (General Provisions, Attendance,
AND COURSE Grading System, Merits System, Conditions of the
ORIENTATION Service).
2. GENERAL   7
MILITARY SUBJECT  
a. PA Organization Combat Units, Combat Support Units and Combat
Service Support Units (all units of PA) 1L
b. Troop Leading Steps in TLP
Procedure 1L
c. Problem solving Problem identification, courses of actions and
Process adoption of best course of action. 2L
d. Reservist and Sources, Classification, organization, Category, 2L
Reserve Force Benefits System of Reservist. Orientation on
Development Reservist Administration, Manpower Development,
Reserve Force Development, Retiree and Public
Affairs.
e. Introduction to Five (5) basic pillars of logistics: supply, 1L
Logistics transportation, maintenance, facilities and
installations and other logistics services
3. SMALL UNIT  
7
TACTICS
a. Patrolling Definition of terms; types and organization of patrol; 1L, 3DPE
Fire and maneuver; Field demonstration, SF & SR
organization and capability demonstration
b. Raids Definition of terms, Types and technique purpose 1L
c. Ambuscades Different types of ambush 1L
d. Rifle Squad Tactics Movement techniques / Formations used; Fire Team 1L
Formations (Infantry)
4. INDIVIDUAL / UNIT 16
TRAINING
a. Visual Tracking Memory training, reading of trail signs. 1L, 1PE
b. Military Ropes and knot tying, rappelling techniques, river
1L, 1PE
Mountaineering crossing techniques
c. Jungle Base Site selection, Jungle base activities and survival 1L, 3PE
Operation techniques
d. Marches and Definition of terms; Classification of troop
Bivouacs and Land movements; (Tactical and Admin); Control
Navigation measures in the proper conduct of foot and 1L, 3PE
vehicular marches; selection and occupation of
bivouac area. Day Navigation
e. Military Stakes Map Reading, Assembly / Disassembly of weapons,
4PE
signal communication, first aid, Small Unit Tactics
5. MARKSMANSHIP Fundamental of firing, types of firing positions 2 (1L, 1D)
TRAINING (prone, sitting, kneeling, standing to prone and
standing to sitting). Correct sight picture,
Triangulation and coach and pupil techniques,
Familiarization firing
6. INDIVIDUAL 4
PROTECTIVE
MEASURES  
a. Personal Hygiene & Health maintenance and sanitary practice, types
Sanitation and treatment of communicable diseases, Measures
1L
to protect and improve health responsibility for
military sanitation.
b. 1st Aid/Basic Life Types of wounds and treatment, Application of
Support 1 (AR-CPR) tourniquet and casualty, Intro to Basic Life Support, 1L, 2PE
ABC BLS, Respiratory and Cardiovascular System,
Technique of Basic CPR, Evacuation Procedure.
7. FAMILIARIZATION Actual firing of rifles 4PE
FIRING
8. Basic Obstacle Obstacle courses in various camps 4
Course (1D/3PE)
9. EDUCATIONAL Tour on military historical sites, Museum, Military 4PE
TOUR camps / installation.
10. DRILLS AND   10
 
CEREMONIES
a. Drills Conduct of dismounted drills, school of soldiers w/o
1L 7PE
arms
b. Ceremonies Ceremonies; parades; inspections; honors 1L 1PE
11. TEST & Graded Examination 1
EVALUATION  
TOTAL 60 Hrs
* MANDATORY SCOPE
READINGS
a Intro to Artillery Classification, Capabilities and Limitations of FA
Operations weapons; Field Artillery Organizations; Missions;
fundamentals and Employment
b. Forward Observer Intro; Purpose of Employment of FO; Methods of
Locating Targets (Grid coordinate, Polar
coordinates and shift from a known point); Elements
of call for fire.
c. Intro to Armor Classification of Armor Vehicles; Capabilities and
Operations Limitations of Armor; Armor organizations; Mission
d. Intro to Definition of terms; concepts in unconventional
Unconventional warfare 7 phases of UW (Psychological operations,
Warfare Infiltration, Initial contact, Organization,
Development, Training, Combat employment and
 Demobilization
e. Platoon Tactics Definition of terms, characteristics and tactics;
Platoon formation (Infantry)
. f. Crew Served  
Weapons Training
a. 60mm Mortar / 81 Nomenclature, Characteristics; General data;
mm Mortar Ammunition; Functioning; Assembly/Disassembly
b. Cal 50 MG Nomenclature, Characteristics; General data;
Ammunition; Functioning; Assembly/Disassembly

* - To be provided through instructional handouts / handbook or on-line in the PA Website.

Module/Subject Lecture Practical TOTAL

I. Physical Orgn / Orientation 1 1
II. General Military Subjects 7 7
III. Small Unit Tactics 4 3 7
IV. Individual / Unit Training 4 12 16
V. Marksmanship 1 1 2
VI. Individual Protective Measures 2 2 4
VII. Familiarization Firing 4 4
VIII. Basic Obstacle Course 1 3 4
IX Educational Tour 4 4
X. Drills and Ceremonies 2 8 10
XI. Test & Evaluation 1 1
Total Periods/Hours 22 38 60