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Preliminary Computer Science I

COMP0001

School of Science, Computing and Artificial Intelligence

Lecturer: Ilenius Ildephonce

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Lecture 3B

Networking and the Internet

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 Contents
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1 Network Fundamentals

2 The Internet

3 The World Wide Web

4 Internet Protocols

5 Security

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 Content
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1 Network Fundamentals

2 The Internet

3 The World Wide Web

4 Internet Protocols

5 Security

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 Network Fundamentals
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Network Software allows users to exchange information and share

resources
Content
Software
Data storage facilities
Network software has evolved into a network-wide operating system

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Network Classifications
Scope
Personal Area Network (short-range)
Local Area Network (building/campus)
Metropolitan Area Network (community)
Wide Area Network (greater distances)
Ownership
Closed versus open
Topology (configuration)
Bus (Ethernet)
Star (Wireless networks with central Access Point)

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Protocols
Rules by which activities are conducted on a network
Example: Coordinating the transmission of messages between
computers
Need to avoid all machines transmitting at the same time
Allows vendors to build products that are compatible with products
from other vendors

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Protocols for Transmitting Messages

CSMA/Collision Detection
used in Ethernet
both machines stop and wait for a independent, random time
CSMA/Collision Avoidance
used in WiFi, where not all machines can hear each other (hidden
terminal problem)
give advantage to the machine that has already been waiting

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 Communication over a bus network
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Combining Networks
Repeater: passes all messages across two busses
Bridge: passes only messages that are destined for computers on
the other bus
Switch: acts like a bridge, but with connections to multiple busses
Router: Connects two incompatible networks resulting in a
network of networks called an internet

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 Routers connecting two WiFi networks and an
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Ethernet network to form an internet

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Client-server
Many clients, one server (executing continuously)
Clients make requests of other processes
Server satisfies requests made by clients
Peer-to-peer (P2P)
Two processes communicating as equals
Processes execute on a temporary basis

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Distributed Systems
Systems units that execute as processes on different computers
Cluster computing
Independent computers work closely together instead of a single,
much larger machine
Grid computing
Millions of home PCs (not connected to each other) work on a
complex problem
Cloud computing
Provide services, hide the details

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 Content
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1 Network Fundamentals

2 The Internet

3 The World Wide Web

4 Internet Protocols

5 Security

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The Internet
The Internet is an internet that spans the world
1 Original goal was to link a variety of networks into a connected
system unaffected by local disasters
2 Today, it is a commercial undertaking that links a worldwide
combination of PANs, LANs, MANs, and WANs involving millions
of computers

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Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Tier-1 (Internet backbone)
Tier-2
Access or Tier-3 ISP: Provides connectivity to the Internet
Hot spot (wireless)
Telephone lines
Cellular
Cable/Satellite systems

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Internet Addressing
IP address: pattern of 32 or 128 bits often represented in dotted
decimal notation
Mnemonic address:
Domain names (uwi.edu)
Top-Level Domains
.org, .gov, .ag, .jm, .com, .mil, .net, .au, .ca, .biz, . . . .
Domain name system (DNS)
Name servers
DNS lookup

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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN)

Allocates blocks of IP addresses to ISPs who then assign those
addresses within their regions.
Oversees the registration of domains and domain names.

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Early Internet Applications

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet and Secure Shell (SSH)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Electronic Mail (email)
Domain mail server collects incoming mail and transmits outing
mail
Mail server delivers collected incoming mail to clients via POP3 or
IMAP

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More Recent Applications

Voice Over IP (VoIP)
Internet Multimedia Streaming
N-unicast
Multicast
On-demand streaming
Content delivery networks (CDNs)

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Diagnose the conncection

traceroute www.uwi.edu
tracert www.uwi.edu
Try: https://www.bandwidthplace.com
http://downrightnow.com

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 Content
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1 Network Fundamentals

2 The Internet

3 The World Wide Web

4 Internet Protocols

5 Security

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World Wide Web

Hypertext combines internet technology with concept of
linked-documents Embeds hyperlinks to other documents
Browsers present materials to the user
Webservers provide access to documents
Documents are identified by URLs and transferred using HTTP

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 A typical URL
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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Encoded as text file
Contains tags to communicate with browser
Appearance
<h1> to start a level one heading
<p> to start a new paragraph
Links to other documents and content
<a href = . . . >
Insert images
<img src = . . . >

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 A simple webpage
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 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
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XML: A language for constructing markup languages similar to

HTML
A descendant of the Standard Generalized Markup Language
Opens door to a World Wide Semantic Web

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 Client Side Versus Server Side
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Client-side activities (browser)

Javascript
Java applets
Macromedia Flash
Server-side activities (webserver)
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
Servlets
JavaServer Pages (JSP) / Active Server Pages (ASP)
PHP

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 HTML and CSS
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https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp
https://www.w3schools.com/css/default.asp

Challenge: Create a 1 page resume using html and css.

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 Content
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1 Network Fundamentals

2 The Internet

3 The World Wide Web

4 Internet Protocols

5 Security

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Internet Protocols
Control how messages are transferred over the Internet
This software must reside on every computer in the Internet
Accomplished by a multi-level hierarchy

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 Package-shipping example
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Internet Software Layers

Application: Constructs message with address
Transport: Chops message into packets
Network: Handles routing through the Internet
Link: Handles actual transmission of packets

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 The Internet software layers
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 Following a message through the Internet
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Transport Layer
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Network Layer
Internet Protocol (IP)
IPv4
IPv6

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 Choosing between TCP and UDP
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 Content
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1 Network Fundamentals

2 The Internet

3 The World Wide Web

4 Internet Protocols

5 Security

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 Cybersecurity
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Forms of Attack
Malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, phishing
software)
Denial of service (DoS)
Spam (common medium for delivering malware)
Protection and Cures
Firewalls
Spam filters
Proxy Servers
Antivirus software

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 Cryptography
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HTTPS for secure Internet access

Public-key Encryption (asymmetric) Public key: Used to encrypt
messages
Private key: Used to decrypt messages
Certificate Authorities Trusted to maintain lists of public keys
Provide Certificates to clients containing a party’s name and its
public key

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 Public key encryption
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 Legal Approaches to Network Security
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In Antigua & Barbuda

Electronic crimes act, 2013 (ammendment, 2018).
Data protection act, 2013
Computer Misuse Act, 2006
telecommunications bill, 2016
In USA
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Electronic Communication Privacy Act
USA PATRIOT Act
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act

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 Live attacks and threats
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https://www.akamai.com/visualizations/visualizing-akamai

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 Further reading assignments
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Research on the technology used by different ISP in Antigua &

Barbuda, and their internet speed variations.

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End

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