Notes To Cicero's Tusculan Disputations, On The Nature of The Gods, On The Commonwealth

Notes to Cicero's “Tusculan's Disputations”,
“On the Nature of the Gods” and “On the

Commonwealth”
Joannes Richter
# Cicero's wordings / English Category Hebrew letters

1 lingua tongue lingual T, N, L. Th, D
2 palato palate palate K, Ch, I, G
3 nostrils nasals (“m”, “n”) M, N
4 pulmonum lungs guttural Gh, H,E, Æ, and A
5 laterum sides (flanks?) guttural Gh, H,E, Æ, and A
6 faucium jaws (?) labials Ph, M, V, B
7 teeth dental S, R, Ts, Sh, Z
Table 1 Mapping Cicero's wordings to the best-fit categories in the Hebrew language
Abstract
In Tusculan Disputations, On the Nature of the Gods and On the Commonwealth the Roman author
Cicero investigated the Latin and Greek languages and the phonetic sources of the human voice,
which may have played a role in the composition of the words and the name-giving in the Latin
language.
In the Sefer Yetzirah the standard description of the phonetic sources are lingual, labial, guttural,
palatal and dental. Cicero applies other words such as “tongue”, “teeth”, “palate”, “jaws”1, “the
nostrils2, lungs and sides3”. In modern translations the “jaws” (1877) are replaced by “throat”
(1997).
For my study I noticed all words with an affinity to the pentagrams: the 5-letter words, in which
each phonetic sources is represented by one letter.
Cicero studied and documented the virtues and the nature of the gods. In the archaic stages of
mythology the Hellenic sky-god DzEUS had been married with two deities: METIS (“Wisdom”, in
Latin: MINERVA) and “Justice” (ΘEMIS)4. In later mythologies the sky-god *DJOUS-PITER had
swallowed “Wisdom” and also joined “Justice” in his name “JOU(s)”-piter.
In Latin the etymology of the divine names are described by Cicero 5. According to Cicero the
etymology for Roman deity MINERVA (Minerva) is: either from: “humble” (minuere) or threaten
(minari). Minerva however seems to be derived from the Etruscan goddess MEN(i)RVA and
represents both main virtues (wisdom and justice). In Rome Minerva included also the strategic
warfare, justice, law, victory, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. This combination
concentrates most virtues in one singular powerful deity, which Cicero had interpreted as frugality.
1 Shall the Deity, then, have a tongue, and not speak—teeth, palate, and jaws, though he will have no use for them?
2 We Stoics, therefore, compare the tongue to the bow of an instrument, the teeth to the strings, and the nostrils to the
sounding-board.
3 And they must needs have these appearances speak, which is not possible without a tongue, and a palate, and jaws,
and without the help of lungs and sides, and without some shape or figure; for they could see nothing by their mind
alone—they referred all to their eyes.
4 Fundamentals in the Name-Giving for the Days of the Week
5 Notes to Cicero's “The Nature of the Gods”
The impact of Marcus Tullius Cicero's work
Cicero's influence on the Latin language was immense. In his works he composed new words,
which promoted him to a reformer for the Latin literature:
Cicero introduced into Latin the arguments of the chief schools of Hellenistic
philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary with neologisms such as
evidentia,[10] humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia,[11] distinguishing himself
as a translator and philosopher. 6
In the autumn of 2022 I decided to invest some time in the study of Cicero's works, which are
bundled in the paper Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations, On the Nature of the Gods, On the
Commonwealth 7.
In these works the Tusculan Disputations concentrate on the virtues. On the Nature of the Gods
concentrates on religion and theology, whereas On the Commonwealth describes the theory of the
Roman constitution. Additionally "Scipio's dream" contains a description of the universe:
The essays Tusculan Disputations and De Natura Deorum seemed to be joined from June-July 45 up
to early 44 BCE.
Title (in Latin and English) Main Topic published Books Page numbers
De re publica Theory of the Roman 54 - 51 BCE 6 pages 357 - 466
(On the Commonwealth), constitution,
including Somnium Scipionis including "Scipio's
dream" as a
description of the
universe
Tusculanae Disputationes Ethics - Virtues June-July 45 BCE 5 pages 7 - 207
(Tusculan Disputations)
De Natura Deorum Physics and theology August 45 – early 3 pages 209 - 356
(On the Nature of the Gods) 44 BCE
Table 2 Cicero's essays on virtues, theology and the Roman constitution
The notes to the book On the Nature of the Gods are already documented in Notes to Cicero's “The
Nature of the Gods”. I decided to copy these notes into the chapter “On the Nature of the Gods”.
The three Tusculan Disputations, On the Nature of the Gods and On the Commonwealth may be
interpreted as an overview of the classical interpretation of Greco-Roman philosophy.
6 Source: Cicero
7 Source: Cicero's Tusculan Disputations - Project Gutenberg - Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero
The categories of Cicero's phonetic sources
In the following chapters I listed the characteristic words, which in English language are relevant
for their phonetic sources, including the pentagrams. The pentagrams are highlighted with 5 colors.
Each book seems to contain references to the phonetic sources, although Cicero defines more than 5
phonetic sources in the Hebrew language and uses other wordings for these sources (the “tongue”,
“palate” , “jaws”, “the nostrils, lungs and sides” and the “teeth”. I tried to map Cicero's wordings to
the best-fit categories, but some of these decisions may be disputable. The applied reference is the
Hebrew alphabet:
linguals palatals gutturals labials dentals
5 Taw T22 Shin S21
4 Nun N14 Qoph K19 Ayin Gh16 Pe Ph17 Resh R20
3 Lamedh L12 Kaph Ch11 Heth H8 Mem M13 Tsade Ts18
2 Teth T9 Yodh I10 He Ε5 Waw V6 Samekh S15
1 Dalet D4 Gimel G3 Aleph Æ1 Bet B2 Zayin Z7
Table 3: The Hebrew alphabet, sorted in a 2-dimensional array pattern

Of course the pentagrams in English do not translate pentagrams in Greek or Latin. Sometimes the
correlations are extended to neighboring languages (illustrated by the examples LIVER and
BRAIN). A better result would be an analysis of the original Latin sources. (This however seems to
remain a postponed project.... ).
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
1. L
LIB(A)RŌ P Liver (Germanic: *LIB(A)RŌ-) liver English
LIFER P lifer (Old English) Old English
LIVER P
*LIBRŌ
2. B
B BRAIN P Brain, brein; of uncertain origin, evt. van fr. PIE root Brain Dutch
BREIN P *mregh-m(n)o- "skull, brain" English
BREIThEEL P welsh breitheel welsh
BRÆG(E)N P oe. bræg(e)n (ne. brain)
*MREGh-MO - pie. *mregh-mo- (brains) PIE
Table 5 Correlations of pentagrams which are extending to neighboring languages

The Tusculan Disputations
Cicero's 5 Tusculanae Disputationes (dated 45 BCE) are described as a scholae-event, in which a
few anonymous friends8 discuss 5 days in 5 conferences, which are documented in 5 books:
These five conferences, or dialogues, he collected afterward into writing in the very
words and manner in which they really passed; and published them under the title of his
Tusculan Disputations, from the name of the villa in which they were held.
Therefore the Tusculan Disputations consist of five books, each on a particular theme:
1. On the contempt of death;
2. On pain;
3. On grief;
4. On emotional disturbances;
5. and whether Virtue alone is sufficient for a happy life.
The quintessence of the disputations is:
Virtue is the source of all in this earthly life that is worth living for.[14]9
8 The conversations are very one-sided—the anonymous friend of each dialogue acts merely to supply the topic for
the day and to provide smooth transitions within the topic.[6] (Gildenhard 2007, p. 23)
9 Peabody 1886, p. xx
Book I - On the Contempt of Death (page 4)
Minos
In the introduction10 Minos is described as an inexorable judge. The name Minos is a pentagram,
which played a mythical role11 in the dubious royal pedigree of the Frankish and French kings and
emperors.
This quotation probably opens a mythological argument for Pluto's unavoidable justice:
“Perhaps, too, you dread the inexorable judges, MINOS and Rhadamanthus12.....”
In the Greco-Roman legends Minos is known as a mythical character, who belongs to the three
subordinate judges of Pluto's underground:
Pluto is inexorable in disposition, not to be moved either by flatteries or ... is assisted
by three subordinate judges, Aeacus, Minos, and Rhadamanthus.
Of course the name Minos may have been inherited from the legendary Cretan king Minos:
"Minos" is often interpreted as the Cretan word for "king", or, by a euhemerist.
In Greek mythology, Minos was a King of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. Every nine
years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to
Daedalus's creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten by the Minotaur. After his death, Minos
became a judge of the dead in the underworld13.
According to La Marle's reading of Linear A,[3] which has been heavily criticised as
arbitrary,[4] we should read mwi-nu ro-ja (Minos the king) on a Linear A tablet.
Ælius and Catus

The name ÆLIUS is a pentagram.
Ælius Sextus is described as Egregie cordatus homo, catus Æliu’Sextus—that great
wise-hearted man, sage Ælius14.
Both the names ÆLIUS and CATUS ("the Clever One") are pentagrams:
• Sextius Aelius CATUS was a Roman senator and consul ordinarius for 4 AD with Gaius
Sentius Saturninus as his colleague.[1]
• Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus was a Roman consul in198 BC15.
The gens Aelia, occasionally written Ailia, was a plebeian family in Rome, which flourished from
the fifth century BC until at least the third century AD, a period of nearly eight hundred years. The
first member of the family to obtain the consulship was Publius Aelius Paetus in 337 BC16.
10 Page 6 in the introduction (page 6) of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations - Project Gutenberg
11 Source: Quinotaur (Latin: Quinotaurus) is a mythical sea creature mentioned in the 7th century Frankish Chronicle
of Fredegar.
12 Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations, On the Nature of the Gods, On the Commonwealth.pdf
13 Minos - Wikipedia
14 Page 9 in Book I of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations - Project Gutenberg
15 Sextus Aelius Paetus, the nickname Catus ("the Clever One"), the first Roman advisor in laws and justice.
Spitzname Catus ("der Kluge"), ist die erste römische Rechtsberatung (source Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus - frwiki.wiki)
16 Source: Aelia_gens
The tools for speaking
In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations (page 13) we may identify some of the tools, which are needed to
speak: the “tongue”, “palate” , “jaws”, “the nostrils, lungs and sides”.
And they must needs have these appearances speak, which is not possible without a
tongue, and a palate, and jaws, and without the help of lungs and sides, and without some
shape or figure; for they could see nothing by their mind alone—they referred all to their
eyes.
In the Latin version “Tusculanæ Disputationes” (chapter 37 in Book I) the original Latin wording is
identified as follows:
has tamen imagines loqui volunt, quod fieri nec sine lingua nec sine palato nec sine
faucium17, laterum18, pulmonum19 vi et figura potest. nihil enim animo videre poterant,
ad oculos omnia referebant20.
to infer [deduce]
The verb “to INFER” [deduce] belongs to the pentagrams:
From whence Socrates would infer that learning is nothing more than recollection; and
this topic he explains more accurately in the discourse which he held the very day he
died;21
The origin of justice

The word JUSTICE arises from the human race being formed into society:
But as to philosophy, that is the parent of all the arts: what can we call that but, as Plato
says, a gift, or, as I express it, an invention, of the Gods? This it was which first taught us
the worship of the Gods; and then led us on to JUSTICE, which arises from the human race
being formed into society;22
Midas
The name MIDAS is a pentagram:
XLVIII. There is also a story told of Silenus, who, when taken prisoner by MIDAS, is
said to have made him this present for his ransom—namely, that he informed him 25 that
never to have been born was by far the greatest blessing that could happen to man; and that
the next best thing was to die very soon; 23
17 Faucium (throat)
18 Laterum, latus (side, flank) – latus2 (the side, flank) (Show lexicon entry in Lewis & Short Elem. Lewis) (search)
2. Of orators, the lungs: “lateribus aut clamore contendere,” (Cic. de Or. 1, 60, 255)
19 Pulmonum (lung)
20 https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Tusculan%C3%A6_Disputationes/Liber_I
21 Page 18
22 Page 19
23 Page 31
Aulis
AULIS is a pentagram:
Iphigenia ordered herself to be conveyed to AULIS, to be sacrificed ... 24
The seats of life

Two of the seats of life are pentagrams: the BRAIN and the LIVER
One would rather say so of the BRAIN, the heart, the lights, and the LIVER; for these
are the seats of life.25
24 Page 31
25 Page 123
Book II - On Bearing Pain (page 33)
Louder speaking with jaws, sides, tongue and common organs
XXIV. What! they who would speak louder than ordinary are they satisfied with
working their jaws, sides, or tongue or stretching the common organs of speech and
utterance?26
In the Latin version “Tusculanæ Disputationes” (chapter 54 in Book II) the original Latin wording
is identified as follows (in which the translations for latera ↔ fauces have been reordered):
Quid? qui volunt exclamare maius, nam satis habent latera, fauces, linguam intendere, e
quibus elici vocem et fundi videmus? 27
These words are defined as controls for the volume of the sound, which does not make sense in the
dental and palatal sounds. This made me decide to link the faucium (throat) to the labials.
These words may be used to reconstruct and improve the translations of Cicero's categorizations:

6 faucium throat / jaws (?) labials Ph, M, V, B
26 Page 45
27 https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Tusculan%C3%A6_Disputationes/Liber_II
Book III - On Grief of Mind (page 47)
The re-composition (or contraction) of virtues

From the beginning the Greek philosophy re-composed (or contracted) the virtues wisdom and
justice. Initially Zeus married Metis (wisdom) and Themis (justice). In the course of time Zeus
however swallowed Metis and absorbed “wisdom”. Zeus also absorbed “justice” and gave birth to
Pallas Athena. Usually these absorbed entities represented deities. In Book III the absorption of
virtues is described by Cicero:
… the word frugality takes in these three virtues of fortitude, justice, and prudence, though
it is indeed common to all virtues, for they are all connected and knit together. Let us allow,
then, frugality itself to be another and fourth virtue; for its peculiar property seems to be, to
govern and appease all tendencies to too eager a desire after anything, to restrain lust, and to
preserve a decent steadiness in everything. The vice in contrast to this is called prodigality
(nequitia). Frugality, I imagine, is derived from the word fruge, the best thing which the
earth produces;28
I remember the 4 cardinal virtues, which I documented in the essay: How four Virtues anchored our
Languages. Originally the 4 cardinal virtues in Hellas may have been wisdom, justice, piety,
bravery. The Germanic virtues were wisdom, justice, passion and piety.
Aeschylus (467 BCE) Plato in Politeia and Nomoi Xenophon (Socrates)
Seven against Thebes (V. (375 BCE)
610)
Greek English Greek English Greek English
sóphron wise Σωφροσύνη prudence
(sophrosýne)
díkaios righteous δικαιοσύνη justice δικαιοσύνη justice
(dikaiosýne) (dikaiosýne)
eusebés pious Φρόνησις (phrónesis) cleverness εὐσέβεια piety

σοφία (sophía) wisdom (eusébeia)
Agathós brave ἀνδρεία bravery
agathós (“good”) (andreia)
Table 7 Definitions of the cardinal virtues according to Aeschylus, Plato, Xenophon and
Socrates
28 Page 51
The rival
The word RIVAL is a pentagram: from Latin rivalis "a rival, adversary in love; neighbor," originally,
"of the same brook," from rivus "brook" (from PIE root *rei- "to run, flow").
We are rivals, I suppose, for some honor or distinction 29.
29 Page 58
Book IV - On other perturbations of the mind (page 66)
The word ΦΙΛΟS (FILOS)

The word φιλοs (FILOS) is a pentagram:
A passion for women, to which the Greeks give the name of φιλογυνεία ...30
Frugality including all virtues

According to Cicero Stoicism defines frugality as an inclusion of all virtues:
...you may understand what sort of person he is whom we call at one time moderate, at
another modest or temperate, at another constant and virtuous; while sometimes we
include all these names in the word frugality, as the crown of all; for if that word did
not include all virtues, it would never have been proverbial to say that a frugal man does
everything rightly. But when the Stoics apply this saying to their wise man, they seem to
exalt him too much, and to speak of him with too much admiration. 31
Liberty is based on a pentagram LIBER

LIBER (Liber, free) is a pentagram. The god of freedom is LIBER-PITER.
It is a just war; it becomes us to fight for our laws, our liberties, our country 32
The Liberalia is the festival for freedom for Rome's plebeians:
In ancient Roman religion and mythology, LIBER; "the free one", also known a s LIBER-
PITER ("the free Father"), was a god of viticulture and wine, male fertility and freedom. He
was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of their Aventine Triad. His festival of
Liberalia (March 17) became associated with free speech and the rights attached to coming
of age33.
Tiber is a pentagram
The river TIBER (Tiber) in the name Tiberius Gracchus (c. 163 BC–133 BC) is a pentagram, TIBER's
Etymology is pre-Latin, the origin may be Italic.
Scipio50 who was chief priest, that favorer of the saying of the Stoics, “That no private man
could be a wise man,” does not seem to be angry with Tiberius Gracchus,... 34
The origin of Tiberius was obscure even in Roman times, although popular etymology
sometimes connected it with the ancient city of Tibur. It was also associated with the sacred
river, the Tiberis, on the border of Latium and Etruria. A legend recorded by Livy was that
the river, originally known as the Albula in Latin and the Rumon in Etruscan, came to be
called TIBERis (Latin) or Thebris (Etruscan) after Tiberinus, the king of Alba Longa, was
drowned in its waters. TIBERinus was afterward regarded as the god of the river. 35
30 Page 71
31 Page 73
32 Page 74
33 Liber
34 Page 76
35 Tiberius (praenomen)
Book V – Whether Virtue alone be sufficient for a Happy Life (page 84)
Wisdom
Wisdom is a foundation for all virtues:
wisdom is always satisfied with the present, and never repents her own account. 36
Damocles
A description of the sword of Damocles is documented on page 95.
The Delphic precept

According Cicero the precept of the Delphic God is to be interpreted as an advice for the mind to
“know itself” with the help of the god.
A mind employed on such subjects, and which night and day contemplates them,
contains in itself that precept of the Delphic God, so as to “know itself,” and to perceive
its connection with the divine reason,37
The original Latin formula is:
XXV. [70] Haec tractanti animo et noctes et dies cogitanti existit illa ⟨a ⟩deo Delphis
praecepta cognitio, ut ipsa se mens agnoscat coniunctamque cum divina mente se
sentiat, ex quo insatiabili gaudio compleatur.38
“This knowledge of the precepts of the god Delphi exists in the man who deals with the
mind and thinks night and day, so that the mind itself recognizes itself and feels itself
united with the divine mind, from which it is filled with insatiable joy.” 39
The 3 Ancient Greek aphorisms "know thyself", "nothing to excess", "certainty brings insanity" are:
The Ancient Greek aphorism "know thyself" (Greek: γνῶθι σεαυτόν, transliterated:
gnōthi seauton; also ... σαυτόν … sauton with the ε contracted) is the first of three
Delphic maxims inscribed in the forecourt of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi according
to the Greek writer Pausanias (10.24.1).[1] The two maxims that follow "know thyself"
were "nothing to excess" and "certainty brings insanity".[2] In Latin the phrase, "know
thyself", is given as nosce te ipsum[3] or temet nosce.[4] 40
Three kinds of goods

There are three kinds of goods: the greatest being those of the mind; the next best those
of the body; the third are external goods, as the Peripatetics call them, and the Old
Academics differ very little from them41.
36 Page 94
37 Page 97
38 https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Tusculan%C3%A6_Disputationes/Liber_V
39 Translated by the Google translator
40 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_thyself
41 Page 99
“Wherever I am happy is my country.”
In Greek mythology, Teucer, also Teucrus, Teucros or Teucris (Ancient Greek: Τεῦκρος,
romanized: Teûkros), was the son of King Telamon of Salamis Island and his second wife Hesione,
daughter of King Laomedon of Troy. 42
Teucer said may be applied to every case: “Wherever I am happy is my country.”43
Socrates
Socrates, indeed, when he was asked where he belonged to, replied, “The world;” for he
looked upon himself as a citizen and inhabitant of the whole world.44
=================== The end of this book at page 105 ===================
42 Source: Teucer
43 Page 103
44 Page 103
The Nature of the Gods
Summary
Reading Cicero's The Nature of the Gods in a paperback (1997) I discovered Cicero's knowledge of
the Places of articulation for the human voice. I also used a digitized version “On the Nature of the
Gods45”, translated (1877) by C. D. Yonge to easily search the relevant quotations.
(1997).
Cicero argues the gods cannot be happy without a virtue. According to Velleius virtue cannot exist
without reason and reason exists only in a human form 49. Often the virtues are bundled. Wisdom is
a bundled version of all virtues, which is found in Cicero's Tusculan Disputations. According to
Cicero the most excellent of all virtues is justice. Both wisdom and justice seemed to be the most
important virtues. Wisdom is the bundled all-in virtue and justice is the most excellent of all
virtues.
In the archaic stages of mythology the Hellenic sky-god DzEUS had been married with two deities:
METIS (“Wisdom”, in Latin: MINERVA) and “Justice” (ΘEMIS)50. In later mythologies the sky-
god *DJOUS-PITER had swallowed “Wisdom” and also joined “Justice” in his name “JU(s)”-piter.
Therefore the Roman (and Greek?) philosophers may have been aware of the 5 phonetic categories,
which had been used in the name-giving of the gods. At least the Hellenic words for the most
important virtues had been selected to compose the 5 representative letters: D,J,E,U,S (Zeus),
respectively M,E,T,I,S (“Wisdom”) and Θ,E,M,I,S (“Justice”).
In the end the Etruscan god MEN(i)RVA and Roman deity MINERVA not only represented both
main virtues (wisdom and justice), but included also the strategic warfare, justice, law, victory, and
the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. This combination concentrates most virtues in one singular
powerful deity, which Cicero had interpreted as frugality51.
45 On the Nature of the Gods; Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero, (1877), Translated, chiefly By C. D. Yonge
sounding-board.
49 Book I §89 – The Nature of the Gods (Oxford World's Classics): Cicero, translated by Walsh, PG (1997)
51 Frugality is the quality of being frugal, sparing, thrifty, prudent or economical in the consumption of consumable
resources such as food, time or money, and avoiding waste, lavishness or extravagance.
Introduction to Cicero's The Nature of the Gods
The sources
Gods52”, translated (1877) by C. D. Yonge to to easily search the relevant quotations.
The phonetic sources

palatal and dental. These 5 categories may be defined as a standard which leads to various 5-letter-
names such as *DJOUS-PITER, LIBER-PITER, TIÆWS, DIAUS, ...
Cicero applies other words such as “tongue”, “teeth”, “palate”, “jaws”53, “the nostrils54, lungs and
sides55”. In modern translations the “jaws” are replaced by “throat”.
In one sentence of a modern translation (1997, 1998) Cicero lists 4 (of the 5) individual phonetic
categories, in which only the specification of the labial is missing:
“So will God have a tongue yet no speak, and teeth and palate and throat, yet to no
purpose.56”
The Latin source is identified as:

Habebit igitur linguam deus et non loquetur, dentes, palatum, fauces nullum ad usum,57
In another translation (published: 1877) the sentence the word throat is translated as jaws, which is
a rather imprecise:
“Shall the Deity, then, have a tongue, and not speak—teeth, palate, and jaws, though he
will have no use for them?58”
The labials may be activated by the lips, which probably are controlled by the jaw. Therefore Cicero
may have known a similar distribution of the Places of articulation, which largely matches to the 5
sources of the Sefer Yetzirah.
sounding-board.
56 Book I §92 – The Nature of the Gods (Oxford World's Classics): Cicero, translated by Walsh, PG (1997) - ISBN-13:
978-0199540068
57 https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_natura_deorum/Liber_I
58 Book I §VIII On the Nature of the Gods; Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero, (1877), Translated, chiefly By C. D. Yonge
In this paper I decided to categorize Cicero's Places of articulation as follows:

Virtues
without reason and reason exists only in a human form59. Often the virtues are bundled:
The word frugality takes in these three virtues of fortitude, justice, and prudence,
though it is indeed common to all virtues, for they are all connected and knit together.
Wisdom is a bundled version of all virtues, which is found in Cicero's Tusculan Disputations (XVI):
“A frugal man does everything rightly. But when the Stoics apply this saying to their
wise man, they seem to exalt him too much, and to speak of him with too much
admiration.”
According to Cicero the most excellent of all virtues is justice60:

“I do not even know, if we cast off piety towards the Gods, but that faith, and all the
associations of human life, and that most excellent of all virtues, justice, may perish
with it.”
Both wisdom and justice seemed to be the most important virtues. Wisdom is the bundled virtue and
justice is the most excellent of all virtues.
60 Book I, §2 in On the Nature of the Gods; Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero, (1877), Translated, chiefly By C. D. Yonge
The places of articulation
Some Places of articulation are:
• Passive places of articulation the upper lip (labial) , teeth (dental) and the palate on the roof
of the mouth (palatal)
• Active places of articulation lower lip (labial), tongue (coronal) and the windpipe (glottal)
62
Resonances in the vocal tract modify these waves according to the position and shape of the lips,
throat or jaw, tongue, soft palate, and other speech organs, ...
I also identified the jaw and cheeks as combined sources, which represented more than one parts of
the mouth and/or places of articulation:
When many singers think about technique, their focus often isn’t on how to properly
manipulate the parts of the mouth. Although breathing technique, laryngeal control, and
body stance are crucial to successful singing, the position of the tongue, jaw, cheeks,
and lips also play a significant role. Understanding mouth anatomy can help singers
produce clearer sound, limit straying on their throat and vocal chords, and improve
their overall sound quality63.
The jaws and the sides (cheeks ?)

In Cicero's On the Nature of the Gods;64 I found the following quotations of the places of
articulation, in which the “sides” may be interpreted as the “cheeks”:
• (XVI.) And they must needs have these appearances speak, which is not possible without a
tongue, and a palate, and jaws, and without the help of lungs and sides, and without some
shape or figure; for they could see nothing by their mind alone—they referred all to their
eyes.
• (XXIV.) What! they who would speak louder than ordinary are they satisfied with working
their jaws, sides, or tongue or stretching the common organs of speech and utterance?
• (XXXIII.) Shall the Deity, then, have a tongue, and not speak—teeth, palate, and jaws,
though he will have no use for them?
The nostrils as resonator

The nostrils may have been interpreted as a resonator (sounding-board), but not an independent
phonetic “source”:
And it will appear incredible, unless you carefully observe the facts, how complete the
work of nature is in giving us the use of speech; for, first of all, there is an artery from
the lungs to the bottom of the mouth, through which the voice, having its original
principle in the mind, is transmitted. Then the tongue is placed in the mouth, bounded
by the teeth. It softens and modulates the voice, which would otherwise be confusedly
uttered; and, by pushing it to the teeth and other parts of the mouth, makes the sound
distinct and articulate. We Stoics, therefore, compare the tongue to the bow of an
instrument, the teeth to the strings, and the nostrils to the sounding-board.
62 Place of articulation-Wikipedia
63 Understanding Mouth Anatomy: Tips for Singers - Konikoff Dental
The Role of the Etruscans
The Roman mythology has been inherited from the Etruscan mythology. Before this inheritance the
Greek mythology already may have integrated both most important virtues METIS (“Wisdom”, in
and “Justice” (ΘEMIS) in their sky-god:
• METIS had been swallowed by Zeus
• ΘEMIS “Justice” had been inherited the IU-core from Ju-piter.
The Etruscan mythology seemed to have introduced MENRVA as the pentagram MEN(i)RVA as an
image of METIS (“Wisdom”).
Menirva and Minerva

In Latin the spelling must have exchanged the letters I and E, which transformed MEN(i)RVA (“Wisdom”)
as a copy from METIS (“Wisdom”) into the Latin word MINERVA, who covers both virtues “wisdom”
and “justice”, including “wise strategies” and “victory”:
Minerva (Etruscan: Menrva) is the Roman goddess of wisdom and strategic warfare,
justice, law, victory, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy.
As the most important Roman goddess, she is highly revered, honored, and respected.
[6] Marcus Terentius Varro considered her to be ideas and the plan for the universe
personified.[7] 65.
In fact the Etruscan god MEN(i)RVA and Roman deity MINERVA not only represented both main
virtues (wisdom and justice), but included also the strategic warfare, justice, law, victory, and the
sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. This combination concentrates most virtues in one singular
powerful deity, which Cicero had interpreted as frugality.
65 Minerva
Cicero's etymology
In Cicero's book “The Nature of the Gods” I studied Cicero's etymology for the names of the Gods
and compared Cicero's etymology with my sources.
Obviously Cicero must have felt quite helpless. In most of his suggestions he seems to be ridiculing
his efforts.
An origin “iuvare” for the sky-god Jupiter and his wife Juno is incorrect. Also Minerva's etymology
is wrong. MINERVA is derived from the Etruscan MENIRVA, in which the categorization is
correlating with METIS (“Wisdom”). Correct is the etymology for DIS-Pater.
Most of the divine names in the Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva) and the Aventine Triad
(Ceres, Liber and Libera) are pentagrams.66
However Cicero does not know how the etymology for the virtues had developed...
Theonym Triad Reference Cicero's etymology Pentagrams

1 Jupiter Cap Book 2, 64 A name, deriving from “helpful father” *DJOUS-PITER
(iuvans pater); also in “Jove” from the Related to IOU
verb “to help” (iuvare) from: DJOUS
2 Juno Cap Book 2, 66 From: the verb to help (iuvare) Related to IU
from: DJOUS
3 Minerva Cap Book 2, 67 Either from: “humble” (minuere) MINERVA
or threaten (minari)
4 Demeter Ave Book 2, 67 From: Ge-meter Included:
(Ceres), (Mother Earth) MÓÐIR (mother)
5 Liber Ave Book 2, 60 From: “wine” LIBER PATER
6 Libera Ave Book 2, 62 From: “Offspring” (Liberi), LIBERa
children of Ceres. (Freedwoman67)
7 Dīs Pater Book 2, 66 From: “dives” (rich) DĪVES PATER
8 Venus Book 2, 69 From: “to come” (venire) VENUS
LIBERtina LIBERtina
9 Saturn Book 2, 64 From: “sated” with years ?
Table 9 Cicero's etymology for the names of the Gods compared with the pentagrams
66 Cicero's Etymology for the Names of the Gods

67 (from: Freedwoman): A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from
slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their
captor-owners), emancipation (granted freedom as part of a larger group), or self-purchase.
An etymology of the Germanic virtues “wisdom” and “justice”
In Fundamentals in the Name-Giving for the Days of the Week the Germanic virtues
“wisdom” (WITES) and “justice” (TIWAZ) are interpreted as equivalents to the Greek
“Wisdom” (METIS), respectively “justice” (ΘEMIS), in which only the vowels I and E have
been exchanged.
The days of the week seemed to have been composed as a symbolic “pantheon”, which apart from
the Sun, the Moon and Saturn contains various triads with a sky-god, a chthonic god and the most
important virtues “Justice” (ΘEMIS), “Wisdom” (METIS), “Freedom” (LIBER) or “DĪVES” (Dis).
The names for the sky-god “IU” (DJOUS) and the chthonic gods “LIBER” (“freedom”) and “Dis”
(“DĪVES”, “underworld”) included a “PITER”-attribute, which indicate the supremacy of these
gods.
The involved triads are Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva) and the Aventine Triad (Ceres,
Liber and Libera), in which Jupiter (Zeus) represents the father sky and Ceres (Demeter) the mother
earth. Minerva (MINERVA) represents the virtue “Wisdom” (Greek: METIS).
Liber (LIBER) and Libera symbolize the virtue “freedom”. The deity “DĪVES” represents the
underworld in contrast to the sky (DIOUS).
The composition of the names for Tuesday and Wednesday reveals two mirrored patterns of the
virtues' cores ΘEM ↔ MET and TIW ↔ WIT.
A few divine names (including the virtues “Justice” and “Wisdom”), such as *MENIRVA,
MINERVA, *DJOUS-PITER, DĪVES-PITER and LIBER-PITER are members of the Capitoline
and/or Aventine triads.
Pentagrams
Name Type Language Symbol 1 2 3 4 5 Day of the week
3 UNI Virtue Etruscan Justice U N I Tuesday
3 TIWAZ Virtue Germanic Justice T I W A Z Tuesday
3 ΘEMIS Virtue Greek Justice Θ E M I S Tuesday
3 (D)I(O)US Virtue Latin Justice (d) I U (o) S Tuesday
4 *MENIRVA Virtue Etruscan Wisdom M E N I R Wednesday

4 WITES Virtue Germanic Wisdom W I T E S Wednesday
4 METIS Virtue Greek Wisdom M E T I S Wednesday
4 MINERVA Virtue Latin Wisdom M I N E R Wednesday
5 *DJOUS-PITER Deity Latin Sky D I O U S Thursday

5 DĪVES-PITER Deity Germanic Underworld D I V E S Thursday
6 LIBER-PITER Deity Latin Underworld L I B E R Friday

6 LIBERtas, VRIJ** Deity Germanic Freedom V R IJ * * Friday
Table 10 Symbolism in the Days of the Week
(from: Fundamentals in the Name-Giving for the Days of the Week)
The human form is divine
(Dated 26.10.2022: this chapter is added to the manuscript)
According to Cicero the Gods should not be said to be of human form. Instead our form should be
called divine:
The Gods always existed, and never had a beginning, if they are to exist eternally; but
men had a beginning: therefore that form, of which the immortal Gods are, must have
had existence before mankind; consequently, the Gods should not be said to be of
human form, but our form should be called divine68.
Of course Cicero's statement “Gods always existed” is rather disputable. The prominent sky-god Zeus is
born and grew up in a cave, which may be inspected in Crete. Also Hermes was born and grew up like a
human child. In Greek mythology the gods were born, grew up and died like all human beings.
The affinity between the Gods and the human beings

In various languages this affinity between the Gods and the human beings may have been expressed and
symbolized in the name-giving. This correlation of names is concentrated in Romance languages such as
French, Spanish, Italian and Provencal.
The theonyms may be the divine names of the sky-gods, which often are 5-letter words with all 5
phonetic categories (lingual, labial, guttural, palatal en dental). The human beings (either androgyn
or solitary persons) may be symbolized by an extract from the divine names. In these languages the
human beings are identified in the universal expression of the word for the personal pronoun for the
first person singular (English: “I” and Latin “ego”) for example:
Language sky-god Ego-pronoun
French DIEU JE
Spanish DIOS YO
Italian DIO IO
Provencal DIÉU IÉU
Sanskrit DYAUS-PITAR
Latin DIOUS-PITER EGO
(Jupiter)
Table 11 Correlation between the personal pronouns of the first person
and the name of the corresponding sky-gods
68 Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations, On the Nature of the Gods, On the Commonwealth - Cicero's Tusculan Disputations
- Project Gutenberg - Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero
The formula to derive the ego-pronoun from the sky-god's name
The formula to derive the personal pronoun for the first person singular (in Provencal “IÉU”) from
the word for the corresponding sky-god (Provencal: DIÉU) may be composed by the rule:
Usually the ego-pronoun is found by skipping the first, lingual letter “D” and (optionally) the last,
dental letter “S”:
Language sky-god Ego-pronoun Formula
Provencal DIÉU IÉU DIÉU = D & IÉU

Spanish DIOS YO DIOS = D & IO & S
Italian DIO IO DIO = D & IO
Table 12 Composing the personal pronouns of the first person
from the name of the corresponding sky-gods, including the formula
Summary of Cicero's The Nature of the Gods
Gods69”, translated (1877) by C. D. Yonge to easily search the relevant quotations.
(1997).

6 faucium jaws (?) or throat labials Ph, M, V, B
without reason and reason exists only in a human form 73. Often the virtues are bundled. Wisdom is
a bundled version of all virtues, which is found in Cicero's Tusculan Disputations. According to
Cicero the most excellent of all virtues is justice. Both wisdom and justice seemed to be the most
important virtues. Wisdom is the bundled all-in virtue and justice is the most excellent of all
virtues.
sounding-board.
The archaic stages of mythology
Therefore the Roman (and Greek?) philosophers may have been aware of the 5 phonetic categories,
which had been used in the name-giving of the gods. At least the Hellenic words for the most
important virtues had been selected to compose the 5 representative letters: D,J,E,U,S (Zeus),
respectively M,E,T,I,S (“Wisdom”) and Θ,E,M,I,S (“Justice”). Ultimately the Greek virtues
“wisdom” and “justice” were inherited by Pallas Athena:
Athena[b] or Athene,[c] often given the epithet Pallas,[d] is an ancient Greek goddess
associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft[1] who was later syncretized with the
Roman goddess Minerva.[4] 75
The Etruscan goddess MEN(i)RVA and Roman deity MINERVA

In the end the Etruscan goddess MEN(i)RVA and Roman deity MINERVA not only represented both
main virtues (wisdom and justice), but included also the strategic warfare, justice, law, victory, and
the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. This combination concentrates most virtues in one singular
powerful deity, which Cicero had interpreted as frugality.
Most of the divine names in the Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva) and the Aventine Triad
(Ceres, Liber and Libera) are pentagrams.76
However Cicero does not know how the etymology for the virtues had developed...
In Fundamentals in the Name-Giving for the Days of the Week the Germanic virtues “wisdom”
(WITES) and “justice” (TIWAZ) are interpreted as equivalents to the Greek “Wisdom” (METIS),
respectively “justice” (ΘEMIS), in which only the vowels I and E have been exchanged.

75 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena
76 Cicero's Etymology for the Names of the Gods
On the Commonwealth
Introduction
De re publica (On the Commonwealth) is a dialogue on Roman politics by Cicero, written
in six books between 54 and 51 BC. The work does not survive in a complete state, and
large parts are missing. Cicero uses the work to explain Roman constitutional theory. 77
Book I of On the Commonwealth (page 179)

This first book is, in fact, a splendid epitome of the political science of the age of Cicero, and probably
the most eloquent plea in favor of mixed monarchy to be found in all literature. The dialogue is
portrayed as taking place in Scipio's estate, during three consecutive days. Each day is described in two
books, with an introduction by Cicero preceding the dialogue of each book.
Book II of On the Commonwealth (page 199)

In this second book of his Commonwealth, Cicero gives us a spirited and eloquent review of the history
and successive developments of the Roman constitution. He bestows the warmest praises on its early
kings, points out the great advantages which had resulted from its primitive monarchical system, and
explains how that system had been gradually broken up.
Book III of On the Commonwealth (page 214)

Cicero, in the third book of his treatise On a Commonwealth, says that nature has treated man less
like a mother than a step-dame, for she has cast him into mortal life with a body naked, fragile, and
infirm, and with a mind agitated by troubles, depressed by fears, broken by labors, and exposed to
passions. In this mind, however, there lies hidden, and, as it were, buried, a certain divine spark of
genius and intellect.
Cicero here enters on the grand question of Political Justice, and endeavors to evince throughout the
absolute verity of that inestimable proverb, “Honesty is the best policy,” in all public as well as in
all private affairs. St. Augustine, in his City of God, has given the following analysis of this
magnificent disquisition.
This book is of the utmost importance to statesmen, as it serves to neutralize the sophistries of
Machiavelli, which are still repeated in many cabinets.
Book IV of On the Commonwealth (page 225)

In this fourth book Cicero treats of morals and education, and the use and abuse of stage entertainments.
We retain nothing of this important book save a few scattered fragments, the beauty of which fills us
with the greater regret for the passages we have lost.
Book V of On the Commonwealth (page 225)

The book V contains only a number of fragments …
77 On the Commonwealth
Book VI of On the Commonwealth - Scipio's dream (page 231)
In this last book of his Commonwealth, Cicero labors to show that truly pious
philanthropical and patriotic statesmen will not only be rewarded on earth by the approval
of conscience and the applause of all good citizens, but that they may expect hereafter
immortal glory in new forms of being. To illustrate this, he introduces the “Dream of
Scipio,” in which he explains the resplendent doctrines of Plato respecting the immortality
of the soul with inimitable dignity and elegance. This Somnium Scipionis, for which we are
indebted to the citation of Macrobius, is the most beautiful thing of the kind ever written. It
has been intensely admired by all European scholars, and will be still more so. There are
two translations of it in our language; one attached to Oliver’s edition of Cicero’s Thoughts,
the other by Mr. Danby, published in 1829. Of these we have freely availed ourselves, and
as freely we express our acknowledgments.78
A large part of the last book (the sixth) is taken by Scipio telling a dream he had: this passage is known
as Somnium Scipionis, or "Scipio's dream", which describes the universe as a mechanical model of the
Terrestrial System and a supreme God:
Scipio Aemilianus sees that the universe is made up of nine celestial spheres. The earth is
the innermost, whereas the highest is heaven, which "contains all the rest, and is itself the
supreme God" (unus est caelestis [...] qui reliquos omnes complectitur, summus ipse deus).
In between these two extremes lie the seven spheres of the Moon, Mercury, Venus
(VENUS), the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn (which proceed from lowest to highest).[4][5]
The vowels in the singing hymns in praise of the gods

We may remember the name Jupiter (derived from the dual pentagrams: *DJOUS-PITER) had
swallowed “Wisdom” (METIS) and also joined “Justice” (ΘEMIS) in his abbreviated name “JU(STE)”-
piter.
In Demetrius’ De Elocutione (late Hellenistic or early Roman period) we may find the following
reference:
“In Egypt the priests, when singing hymns in praise of the gods, employ the seven vowels,
which they utter in due succession; and the sound of these letters is so euphonious that men
listen to it in place of aulos and cithara.” [4]
"music of the spheres"

The singing hymns in praise of the gods may have been as the "music of the spheres", addressed to the 7
planets:
As he stares in wonder at the universe, Scipio Aemilianus begins to hear a "so great and so
sweet" (tantus et tam dulcis) sound, which Scipio Africanus identifies as the musica
universalis: the "music of the spheres". He explains to his grandson that because the planets
are set apart at fixed intervals, a sound is produced as they move. The moon, being the
lowest sphere and the one closest to Earth, emits the lowest sound of all, whereas the
heaven emits the highest. The Earth, on the other hand, does not move, remaining
motionless at the center of the universe.[6][7]
Then the climatic belts of the earth are observed, from the snow fields to the deserts, and there is
discussion of the nature of the Divine, the soul and virtue, from the Stoic point of view.
78 Page 231
Summary
Cicero investigated the Latin and Greek languages and the phonetic sources of the human voice,
which may have played a role in the composition of the words and the name-giving in the Latin
language.
For my study I noticed all words with an affinity to the pentagrams: the 5-letter words, in which
each phonetic sources is represented by one letter.
Cicero studied and documented the virtues and the nature of the gods. In the archaic stages of
mythology the Hellenic sky-god DzEUS had been married with two deities: METIS (“Wisdom”, in
Latin: MINERVA) and “Justice” (ΘEMIS)79. In later mythologies the sky-god *DJOUS-PITER had
swallowed “Wisdom” and also joined “Justice” in his name “JOU(s)”-piter.
In Latin the etymology of the divine names are described by Cicero 80. According to Cicero the
etymology for Roman deity MINERVA (Minerva) is: either from: “humble” (minuere) or threaten
(minari). Minerva however seems to be derived from the Etruscan goddess MEN(i)RVA and
represents both main virtues (wisdom and justice). In Rome Minerva included also the strategic
warfare, justice, law, victory, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. This combination
concentrates most virtues in one singular powerful deity, which Cicero had interpreted as frugality.
The books “Tusculan Disputations” and “Nature of the Gods” concentrate on the analysis of the
virtues and gods, in which Cicero documents the interpretation of the phonetic places of
articulation. The phonetic sources seem to correlate with the 5 phonetic places of articulation in the
Sefer Yetzirah.
(1997).

80 Notes to Cicero's “The Nature of the Gods”
sounding-board.
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
The impact of Marcus Tullius Cicero's work.......................................................................................2
The categories of Cicero's phonetic sources.........................................................................................3
The Tusculan Disputations...................................................................................................................4
Book I - On the Contempt of Death (page 4)..................................................................................5
Book II - On Bearing Pain (page 33)...............................................................................................8
Book III - On Grief of Mind (page 47)............................................................................................9
Book IV - On other perturbations of the mind (page 66)...............................................................11
Book V – Whether Virtue alone be sufficient for a Happy Life (page 84)....................................12
The Nature of the Gods......................................................................................................................14
Summary........................................................................................................................................14
Introduction to Cicero's The Nature of the Gods ..........................................................................15
The places of articulation...............................................................................................................18
The Role of the Etruscans..............................................................................................................19
Cicero's etymology........................................................................................................................20
An etymology of the Germanic virtues “wisdom” and “justice”...................................................21
The human form is divine..............................................................................................................22
Summary of Cicero's The Nature of the Gods ..............................................................................24
On the Commonwealth.......................................................................................................................26
Introduction....................................................................................................................................26
Book I of On the Commonwealth (page 179)................................................................................26
Book II of On the Commonwealth (page 199)..............................................................................26
Book III of On the Commonwealth (page 214).............................................................................26
Book IV of On the Commonwealth (page 225).............................................................................26
Book V of On the Commonwealth (page 225)..............................................................................26
Book VI of On the Commonwealth - Scipio's dream (page 231)..................................................27
Summary.............................................................................................................................................28
Appendices.........................................................................................................................................30
Appendix 1 – (300) Publications by J. Richter in Scribd .............................................................30
Appendix 2 - The (incomplete) overview of (~260) pentagrams..................................................39
Appendices
Appendix 1 – (300) Publications by J. Richter in Scribd

The publications (~300 titles) are sorted according to their storage date. This storage is my own
record of documentations.
January – December 2022 (46)
Project: Paradise
1. Notes to Cicero's “Tusculan's Disputations”, “On the Nature of the Gods” and “On the
Commonwealth”
2. The Paradisaical Language
3. Over de etymologie van de woorden “vader” en “moeder"
4. Dagboekfragmenten - De woeste herfst
5. The Eurasian Songlines
6. Dagboekfragmenten 2022 (paradijzen)
7. Der Paradiesgarten an der Viersprung Donau, Ister,...
8. The Primary Pantheons of the Greek, Etruscan, Roma...
9. On the Distributions for the Spelling of the Words...
10. Een statistische analyse van de pentagrammen
11. Over de theorie en geschiedenis der deelalfabetten
12. The Completion of the 'Lingua Ignota'
13. Notes to Hildegard von Bingen's 'Lingua Ignota'
14. Overview of Jwr47's Public Contents of the ScribdB...
15. Overview of Jwr47's Public Contents of the Scribd/...
16. De rol van de waterbronnen bij de kerstening van N...
17. De paradijselijke koninkrijken
18. The Paradisiacal Civilisations
19. The (5) Paradises, their Cities and their Rivers
20. An Archaic Name-Giving Formula for the Rivers of Eden
21. Een archaïsche kern in een modern taalontwerp
22. An Archaic Core in a Modern Linguistic Concept
23. The Tree as a Hierarchical “Pentagram Model of the World
24. The Name-Giving of the European and Mid-East Waterways
25. De ontdekking van een tweede taalniveau
26. The Name-Giving of the European and Mid-East Waterways
27. Over de oorsprong van de Europese riviernamen
28. Over de speurtocht naar de pentagrammenreeksen
29. De vier waterwegen naar het paradijs
30. Categorized Overview of the Pentagrams
31. A Confirmation of the Rivers of Paradise
32. A new Etymology for the Pentagrams (PITAR & MATIR)
33. Een nieuwe etymologie voor de pentagrammen (PITAR en MATIR)
34. The Origin of some Personal Pronouns of the 1st Person Singular
35. Languages, which start as Baskets full of Metaphors
Project: The cardinal Virtues
36. De afleiding van de koningsnamen uit de deugden
37. How four Virtues anchored our Languages
38. Hoe de vier deugden de taal verankerden
39. Wie vier Tugenden die Sprache verankerten
40. Ein archaischer Entwurf in den griechischen und germanischen Mythologien
41. Een archaïsch ontwerp in de Griekse en Germaanse mythologien
42. An Archaic Structure in the Greek and Germanic Mythologies (12.1.2022)
43. Waarom onze voorouders zich Vadir en Madir noemden
44. Waarom de Dins-, Woens- en Donderdag heilig zijn
45. Why the Tues-, Wednes- and Thursday are Sacred Day...
46. Notes to Cicero's “The Nature of the Gods”
47. De (denkbare) lokalisatie van het Hunnenrijk
48. De twee levens van Karel de Grote

1. Over een etymologie van de dagen van de week
2. Cicero's Etymology for the Names of the Gods
3. Fundamentals in the Name-Giving for the Days of the Week
4. Een bewijs, dat de dagen van de week (Woensdag en Dinsdag) aan de deugden 'Wijsheid' en
'Justitie' gewijd zijn
5. Evidence for the Correlation Between the Virtues 'Wisdom' and 'Justice'
6. Socrates' Last Specifications of the Virtues
7. De relatie tussen de pentagrammen en de precessie van de equinoxen
8. A Reduced Formula for the Pentagrams
9. The Genetic Roots in the Indo-European Alphabets
10. A Restoration of the Triads in European Languages
11. Een restauratie van de triaden in de Europese talen
12. The Bison-Cult (or Why the Minotaur and Quinotaur may Symbolize a Bison)
13. De rol van de vijfletter woorden in de Indo-Europese filosofie
14. De representatie van de Griekse, Romeinse en Germaanse triades in de dagen van de week
15. Een terugblik op de geschiedenis der taalkunde
16. De Sleutels Van de Indo-Europese Religie
17. De ontcijfering van de naam Minerva
18. Zoekmethoden en statistieken voor Jwr47's archief
19. Mijn gecorrigeerde levensloop (twee tegengestelde ...
20. Epiloog van een taalkundige (kabbalist)
21. The Antipodes in Archaic Linguistics
22. De antipoden in de archaïsche taalkunde
23. Samenvatting van De taalkunde
24. Languages With, Respectively Without an Ordered Alphabet
25. An Architecture for the Family of Alphabets
26. A Scenario and Reconstruction of the Linguistic Architecture
27. A Retrospect in my Analysis of Linguistics
28. Over de spelling en correcte uitspraak van de hemelgodennamen
29. The Common Sky-god's Names in the PIE-Languages
30. The Hittite Signary as the Origin of the PIE-Alpha...
31. The Origin of the Linear-B Signary
32. The Derivation and Composition of the PIE-Theonyms
33. The Lepontic Alphabet as a Source for the Runic Signaries
34. The Role of the Southern Semitic Order in the Ugaritic Signaries
35. De rol van de wijstwaterbronnen in Brabant
36. The Common YHV-Root in the Ugaritic Alphabets
37. De reconstructie van een woordenlijst uit de wortelperiode
38. An Initial Phase for a Number of Indo-European Languages
39. De opbouwfase van een aantal Europese talen (10.8.2021)
40. The Architecture of the Words '(to) Free'
41. Over de rol van het alfabet in de elektronica en de terugziendheid
42. Het wandelende vergrootglas (ofwel “Het ontbrekende gebrek")
43. The most precious PIE-Pentagrams
44. De reconstructie van de Nederlandse pentagrammen
45. Woorden, die de roos treffen als gevederde pijlen
46. The Composition of the Words DYAUSH-PITAR and PṚTHVI-MATIR...
Project: The 2-dimensional Alphabets

47. An Architecture for 2-Dimensional Alphabets
48. The Search for the Fundamental Pentagrams
49. The Pentagrams in the Old- And Middle-Persian Languages
50. A Possible Historical Record for the Development of European Languages
51. Notes to the Origin of the Elder Futhark and Ogham Runes...
52. Historisch overzicht van de taalkundige pentagrammen
53. Pentagrams as a Protection against Linguistic Erosion
54. Unveiling the Architecture of the Alphabets and Runic Signaries
55. The Origin of the Futhark, Ogham and Gothic Runes
56. De oorsprong van de Futhark, Ogham en Gotische runen
57. The Pentagrams in Names Unveiled
58. A Linguistic Distribution of the Pentagrams
59. De rol van de pentagrammen in de namen der hemellichamen
60. Swap Mutations in the Pentagram List
61. The Role of the Pentagrams in the Globe's Architecture
62. The Pentagrams in the Kernel of the PIE-Dictionary
63. Gebeitelde woorden (24.4.2021)
64. The Reconstruction of a PIE-Language's Core
65. Een reconstructie van de Dutche woordenschat
66. The Secrets of the 2-Dimensional Alphabets
67. A Self-Repair System for Languages (9.4.2021)
68. Het MINOS Project
69. An Etymology for the Pentagrams
Project: Frankish Name-giving

70. The Purpose of Chilperic's Additional Letters (30.3.2021)
71. De etymologie van de woorden “Bazin” en „Baas“
72. Het alfabetische pentagram (Het verhaal van de taal)
73. A Theory of Hierarchical Alphabets
74. The Role of the Pentagrams for the Merovingian Kingdom
75. De rol van de bijen (of cicaden) uit het koningsgraf van Childerik I
76. A New Chapter to the Philosophy of Language
Project: alphabetic Arrays

77. Overview of the Alphabetic Arrays (14.2.2021)
78. Bericht over de analyse van een reeks alfabetten
79. The Arrays (and the Presumed Theonym TIEU) of the Ogham Signary (11.02.2021)
80. How to Read the Theonym „TIWÆS“ in the Runic „Futhark"-Signary... (30.01.2021)
81. The Pentagrams in the Name-giving of the Runes
82. De etymologie van de namen Diaus, Dieus en Djous
83. The Etymology of the Words Diaus, Dieus and Djous ... (Scribd)
84. The Evidence of Perfect Pentagrams in Greek, Roman...
85. The Evidence of Perfect and Imperfect Pentagrams
86. De woordenlijsten der perfecte en imperfecte pentagrammen
Januari – December 2020 (44)

1. Verbale echo's in de Europese talen – Over de naamgeving van de Frankenkoningen (Dutch)
2. Patterns of the European Languages
3. Another View on the Design of the Frankish Language
4. The Generation of Perfect Pentagrams (Like LIBER, FRANK and DYAUS)
5. The Naming Convention for Kings in Francia
6. Over de naamgeving voor de goden en vorsten van het Frankenrijk
7. Hoe de adelgeslachten met de namen Franken, Willem en Lodewijk de onsterfelijkheid
konden pachten
8. The Nomenclature of the Sky-Gods - How the Royals achieved Immortality - (Scribd)
9. Standardizing the Signaries - The Encryption and Decryption of alphabets (Scribd)
10. Another View on the Sefer Yetzirah (Scribd)
11. Alphabets With Integrated Dictionaries (Scribd)
Project: Periodic Tables for Signaries

1. The Quantization of the Ugaritic Alphabet (Scribd)
2. De architectuur van het Oegaritische alfabet (Scribd)
3. A Periodic Table for Ugaritic Signaries as a Root for the Sky-god Dyaus and the
Personal Pronouns for the 1st Person Singular and Dual Form
4. Periodic Tables for the Gaelic (Irish and Scottish) alphabets (Scribd)
12. Did the Word „Deus“ Exist in the Archaic Alphabets (Scribd)
1. Periodic Tables for the Euboean and Etruscan Alphabets (Scribd)
2. A Periodic Table for the Greek Alphabet
3. Periodic Tables for the Upper and Lower Sorbian Alphabets
4. Overview of the Periodic Tables of the Sami Languages
5. Eight Periodic Tables for the Sámi Languages
13. Het hart van de Dutche taal
1. Periodic Tables for the Sami Alphabets
2. A Periodic Table for the Dutch Language
3. Periodic Tables for the Dalecarlian Runes and the Elfdalian Alphabet (Scribd)
14. The Hierarchical Structure of the Hebrew Alphabet (Scribd)
15. De hiërarchische structuur van het Hebreeuwse alfabet (Scribd)
1. A Periodic Table for the Phoenician and Hebrew Alpabet (Scribd)
2. A Periodic Table for the Icelandic Alphabet (Scribd)
3. A Periodic Table for the Coptic Alphabet (Scribd)
4. A Periodic Table for the Cyrillic Alphabet (Scribd)
16. The Impact of Ternary Coding Systems (Scribd)
17. A Pedigree for Alphabets (Scribd)
18. The Composition of the European Alphabets (Scribd)
19. The Letter Repositioning in the Greek and Latin Alphabets
20. Unstably Classified Letters in Alphabets (Scribd)
21. Notes on the Common Architecture of Alphabetical Structures (Academia.edu)
1. A Periodic Table for PIE-Alphabets
2. A Periodic Classification for the Gothic Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
3. A Periodic Classification for the Futhark-Alphabets (obsolete, Scribd)
4. A Periodic Classification for the Latin Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
Project: The Origin of Dyaus

22. The Model of a Language as a Communication Link (Scribd)
23. The Roots of the Indo-European Alphabets (12.5.2020)
24. Samenvatting van "The Alphabet as an Elementary Document"
25. The Alphabet as an Elementary Document
26. The Origin of the Name Dyaus
27. De oorsprong van de naam Diaus
28. The History of Designing an Alphabet (Scribd)
29. Een architectuur voor de PIE-talen (Scribd)
30. An Architecture for the PIE-Languages
31. A Suggested Restoration of the 'Futhark'-Sequence (Scribd)
32. The Composition of the Sky- God's Name in PIE-Languages
33. The Ternary Codes in Language and Creation (Scribd)
34. The Role of Saussure's Letter "E"
35. The Optimal Number of Vowels in Languages (Scribd)
36. A Ternary Encoding to Optimize Communications and Cooperation
Project: The Power Plants and Lightning Rods

37. A Golden Box to Control the Lightnings
38. The Ancient Lightning Rods around the Mediterranean Sea
39. Die ältesten Blitz(ab)leiter am Mittelmeer (Scribd)
40. Pyramids in the Role as Power Plants
41. Piramides als energiecentrales (Scribd)
42. The Role of the Pyramids in Melting Glass and Meta... (Scribd)
43. The Egyptian Drilling Technology (Scribd)
44. The Architecture of the Younger Futhark Alphabet
Project: Irrigation and Drainage, Atlantis

1. The Sources for the IΩ- Pronouns
2. Notes to Herodotus' Histories of IΩ, Europa and Medea
3. The Role of Irrigation and Drainage in a Successful Civilisation
4. De rol van de irrigatie en drainage in een succesv... (Scribd)
5. Notes to Frazer's "Pausanias's Description of Greece"
6. The Initials of European Philosophy
7. Atlantis vormde 3400 jaar geleden een Helleens Delta-project
8. The War against Atlantis
9. The "Ego"-Root inside the Name "Thebes"
10. The Role of the AEtts in the Futharc Alpabet
11. The Reconstruction of a European Philosophy
12. Traces of an old religion (The Root "Wit" in Wittekind)
13. Woden (Wuþ) as the Designer and Author of the Futhark Alphabet
14. Is the Core "Wut" in "Wutach" symbolizing "Wutan" ("Woden")
15. The Bipolar Core of Germanic Languages
16. Simon Stevin's Redefinition of Scientific Arts
17. Simon Stevin's definitie van wetenschappelijk onderzoek
18. De etymologie van de woorden met Wit-, Wita en Witan-kernen
19. The "Vit"-Roots in the Anglo-Saxon Pedigree
20. The Traces of "Wit" in Saxony
Project: Chilperic I's Letters

21. King Chilperic I's letters (ΔΘZΨ) may be found at the beginning ("Futha") of the runic
alphabet and at the end (WIJZAE) of the Danish alphabet
22. Aan het slot (WIJZAE) van het Deense alfabet en aan het begin ("Futha") van het
runenalfabet bevinden zich de letters (ΔΘZΨ) van koning Chilperic I
23. The Role of the Ligature AE in the European Creation Legend
Project: The runic keywords

24. A Concept for a Runic Dictionary
25. Concentrating the Runes in the Runic Alphabets
26. Traces of Vit, Rod and Chrodo
27. De sleutelwoorden van het Futhark alfabet
28. The Keywords of the Futhark Alphabet
29. Het runenboek met het unieke woord Tiw
30. A short Essay about the Evolution of European Personal Pronouns
31. The Evolution of the European Personal Pronouns
32. De miraculeuze transformatie van de Europese samenleving
33. The Miraculous Transformation of European Civilization
34. The Duality in Greek and Germanic Philosophy
35. Bericht van de altaarschellist over de Lof der Zotheid
Project: The role of water-springs in Christening the Netherlands

36. De bronnen van Brabant (de Helleputten aan de Brabantse breuklijnen)
37. De fundamenten van de samenleving
38. De rol van de waterbronnen bij de kerstening van Nederland
39. De etymologie van "wijst" en "wijstgrond"
40. The Antipodes Mith and With
41. The Role of the Dual Form in the Evolution of European Languages
42. De rol van de dualis in de ontwikkeling der Europese talen
43. The Search for Traces of a Dual Form in Quebec French
44. Synthese van de Germanistische & Griekse mythologie en etymologie
45. De restanten van de dualis in het Dutch, English en German
Project: the Ugaritic alphabet

46. Notes to the Corner Wedge in the Ugaritic Alphabet
47. The Origin of the long IJ-symbol in the Dutch alphabet
48. Over de oorsprong van de „lange IJ“ in het Dutche alfabet
49. The Backbones of the Alphabets
50. The Alphabet and and the Symbolic Structure of Europe
51. The Unseen Words in the Runic Alphabet
52. De ongelezen woorden in het runenalfabet
53. The Role of the Vowels in Personal Pronouns of the 1st Person Singular
54. Over de volgorde van de klinkers in woorden en in godennamen
55. The Creation Legends of Hesiod and Ovid
56. De taal van Adam en Eva (published: ca. 2.2.2019)
1. King Chilperic's 4 Letters and the Alphabet's Adaptation
2. De 4 letters van koning Chilperic I en de aanpassing van het Frankenalfabet
Project: The symbolism of Hair Braids and Bonnets

3. The Symbolism of Hair Braids and Bonnets in Magical Powers
4. The Antipodes in PIE-Languages
5. In het Dutch, German en English is de dualis nog lang niet uitgestorven
6. In English, Dutch and German the dual form is still alive
7. The Descendants of the Dual Form " Wit "
8. A Structured Etymology for Germanic, Slavic and Romance Languages
9. The “Rod”-Core in Slavic Etymology (published: ca. 27.11.2018)
10. Encoding and decoding the runic alphabet
11. Über die Evolution der Sprachen
12. Over het ontwerpen van talen
13. The Art of Designing Languages
Project: The philosophical Nous-Concept

14. Notes to the usage of the Spanish words Nos and Vos, Nosotros and Vosotros
15. Notes to the Dual Form and the Nous-Concept in the Inari Sami language
16. Over het filosofische Nous-concept
17. Notes to the Philosophical Nous-Concept
18. The Common Root for European Religions (published: ca. 27.10.2018)
Project: The mechanisms of the Christening concepts

19. A Scenario for the Medieval Christianization of a Pagan Culture
20. Een scenario voor de middeleeuwse kerstening van een heidens volk
21. The Role of the Slavic gods Rod and Vid in the Futhorc-alphabet
22. The Unification of Medieval Europe
23. The Divergence of Germanic Religions
24. De correlatie tussen de dualis, Vut, Svantevit en de Sint-Vituskerken
25. The Correlation between Dual Forms, Vut, Svantevit and the Saint Vitus Churches
26. Die Rekonstruktion der Lage des Drususkanals (published: ca. 27.9.2018)
27. Die Entzifferung der Symbolik einer Runenreihe
28. Deciphering the Symbolism in Runic Alphabets
29. The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns
Project: The deity Tiw

30. Notities rond het boek Tiw (Published ca. 6.2.2018)
31. Notes to the book TIW
32. Von den Völkern, die nach dem Futhark benannt worden sind
33. Designing an Alphabet for the Runes
34. Die Wörter innerhalb der „Futhark“-Reihe
35. The hidden Symbolism of European Alphabets
36. Etymology, Religions and Myths
37. The Symbolism in Poe's Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym from Nantucket (Scribd)
38. Notizen zu " Über den Dualis " und " Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften "
Project: The keyword FUT
39. Ϝut - Het Dutche sleutelwoord
40. Concepts for the Dual Forms
41. The etymology of the Greek dual form νώ (νῶϊ)
42. Proceedings in the Ego-pronouns' Etymology
43. Notities bij „De godsdiensten der volken“
44. The Role of *Teiwaz and *Dyeus in Filosofy
45. A Linguistic Control of Egotism
46. The Design of the Futhark Alphabet
47. An Architecture for the Runic Alphabets
Project: The Celtic Hair Bonnets

48. The Celtic Hair Bonnets (Published Jun 24, 2018)
49. Die keltische Haarhauben
50. De sculpturen van de Walterich-kapel te Murrhardt
51. The rediscovery of a lost symbolism
52. Het herontdekken van een vergeten symbolisme
53. De god met de twee gezichten
54. The 3-faced sculpture at Michael's Church in Forchtenberg
Project: The symbolism of the 7 planets

55. Over de woorden en namen, die eeuwenlang bewaard gebleven zijn
56. De zeven Planeten in zeven Brabantse plaatsnamen
57. Analysis of the Futhorc-Header
58. The Gods in the Days of the Week and inside the Futhor-alphabet
59. Een reconstructie van de Dutche scheppingslegende
60. The Symbolism in Roman Numerals
61. The Keywords in the Alphabets Notes to the Futharc's Symbolism
Project: The Hell-ways, Rue d'Enfer as the Deposits of Loess

62. The Mechanisms for Depositing Loess in the Netherlands
63. Over het ontstaan van de Halserug, de Heelwegen en Heilwegen in de windschaduw van de
Veluwe
64. Investigations of the Rue d'Enfer-Markers in France
65. Die Entwicklung des französischen Hellwegs ( " Rue d'Enfer ")
66. De oorsprong van de Heelwegen op de Halserug, bij Dinxperlo en Beltrum
67. The Reconstruction of the Gothic Alphabet's Design
68. Von der Entstehungsphase eines Hellwegs in Dinxperlo-Bocholt
69. Over de etymologie van de Hel-namen (Heelweg, Hellweg, Helle..) in Nederland
70. Recapitulatie van de projecten Ego-Pronomina, Futhark en Hellweg
71. Over het ontstaan en de ondergang van het Futhark-alfabet
72. Die Etymologie der Wörter Hellweg, Heelweg, Rue d'Enfer, Rue de l'Enfer und Santerre
73. The Etymology of the Words Hellweg, Rue d'Enfer and Santerre
Project: The Decoding of the Futhark alphabet
74. The Decoding of the Kylver Stone' Runes
75. The Digamma-Joker of the Futhark
76. The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages
77. De kern van de Futhark-talen
78. Der Kern der Futhark-Sprachen
79. De symboolkern IE van het Dutch
80. Notes to Guy Deutscher's "Through the Language Glass"
81. Another Sight on the Unfolding of Language (Published 1 maart, 2018)

1. Notes to the Finnish linguistic symbolism of the sky-god's name and the days of the week
2. A modified Swadesh List (Published 12 / 17 / 2017)
3. A Paradise Made of Words
4. The Sky-God Names and the Correlating Personal Pronouns
5. The Nuclear Pillars of Symbolism (Published 10 / 28 / 2017)
6. The Role of the Dual Form in Symbolism and Linguistics (Oct 17, 2017)
7. The Correlation between the Central European Loess Belt, the Hellweg-Markers and the
Main Isoglosses
8. The Central Symbolic Core of Provencal Language (Oct 7, 2017)
December 2011 (2)

• Proceedings in the Pronouns' Etymology (Summary 2009-2018)
• The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism (Scribd)
The Voynich-Project (2022)

The following study-essays have been documented as stages in the Voynich-Project:
1. The Roots of the Voynich-Manuscript
2. The Search for Water- and Air-Words in the Voynich-Manuscript
3. The Relations between the Hunter Orion, the Pleiades and Baskets in the Voynich
Manuscript
4. The (Green) Aachtopf and the (Blue) Blautopf as Karst-Springs in the Voynich
Manuscript
5. The Life-Cycle in Page f79v of the Voynich Manuscript
6. The Origin of the Yellow, Blue and Green Waters
7. The Role of the Queens in the Voynich Manuscript
8. The Misinterpretation and Reinterpretion of the Voynich Manuscript
9. The Background of the Voynich-Manuscript
10. The Text to the Ponds at Page f84v of the Voynich Manuscript
11. Analysis of the Rainbows in the Voynich Manuscript
12. Analysis of the Names for the Nymphs
13. A RISC-Design for the Voynich Alphabet (?)
14. The Heart of the Voynich Manuscript
15. The Role of Repetitions in the Voynich Manuscript
Appendix 2 - The (incomplete) overview of (~260) pentagrams
According to a comment to the Sefer Jetsirah the letters in the Hebrew alphabet had been
categorized according to 5 categories, which are based on the 5 phonetic sources where the human
voice is generating the phonetic sounds.
Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic commentary on “Sefer Yetzirah” (chapter 4,
paragraph 3), wherein he describes the phonetic sounds of the 22 characters of the Hebrew
alphabet and classifies them in groups based on their individual sounds: “Aleph ( ‫)א‬, hé (‫)ה‬, ḥet (
‫)ח‬, ‘ayin (‫ )ע‬are [gutturals sounds] produced from the depth of the tongue with the opening of
the throat, but bet (‫)ב‬, waw (‫)ו‬, mim (‫)מ‬, pé (‫ )פ‬are [labial sounds] made by the release of the lips
and the end of the tongue; whereas gimel (‫)ג‬, yōd (‫)י‬, kaf (‫)כ‬, quf (‫ )ק‬are [palatals] separated by
the width of the tongue [against the palate] with the [emission of] sound. However, daleth (‫)ד‬,
ṭet (‫)ט‬, lamed (‫)ל‬, nūn (‫)נ‬, tau (‫ )ת‬are [linguals] separated by the mid-section of the tongue with
the [emission of] sound; whereas zayin (‫)ז‬, samekh (‫)ס‬, ṣadi (‫)צ‬, resh (‫)ר‬, shin (‫ )ש‬are [dental
sounds] produced between the teeth by a tongue that is at rest. 84”
The following dictionary documents a number (~260) of perfect pentagrams in various languages.
Only a subset of these words have been composed as pentagrams. Other words unintentionally may
have turned into pentagrams.
#
3. A
ADUZI P Adige , ladinisch Adesc, trentinisch Àdes, Adige, (river) Italian
ETUSC P Adisch , Etsch Etsch German
4. A
ÆLIUS P Sextus_Aelius_Catus (Roman senator) (4 AD) CATUS Latin
Both ÆLIUS and CATUS are pentagrams
5. A
AFRIN P Afrin – City and tributary of the Orontes River Afrin Turkish
6. A
AGNUS P agnus, Agnus Dei - (Noun) A lamb, especially Lamb Latin
one used as a sacrifice.
7. A
ALBIS P Elbe, latin Albis, meaning "river" or "river-bed" Albis (river) Latin
LABSK P tschech LABSK Elbe German
8. A
ALPIS P Tributary of the Danube in Herodotus (4. 49) Alpis (river) Latin
9. A
AMRIT P Amrit - a Phoenician port located near present- Amrit (port) Punic (?)
day Tartus in Syria.
10. A
AMRIT P Nectar, s. AMṚTAṂ in Amrit – Yogawiki Nectar Sanskrit
11. A
ANGUS P Angus Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Angus Scottish
Aonghas, perhaps literally "one choice". In Irish (name)
myth, Aonghus was the god of love and youth.
12. A
APRIL P fourth month, AUERIL, from Latin (mensis) april (month), English
AVRIL P Aprilis 2nd Month Old French
13. A
ARJUN(A) P Core: Arjun Arjuna Sanskrit
14. A
Z ASYUT P capital of the Thirteenth Nome of Upper Asiut English
S
ZAWTY P Egypt (Lycopolites Nome) around 3100 BC "Guardian" Egyptian
SYOWT P Egyptian Zawty, Coptic Syowt[2] Coptic
15. A
AULIS P Aulis From Ancient Greek Αὐλίς (Aulís). Aulis (port) Latin
84 Footnote in Modern Hebrew phonology (quoted in The Composition of the Sky-God's Name in PIE-Languages)
#
Ancient port-town, located in Boeotia in central
Greece
16. A
A ARMIN P The etymology of the Latin name Arminius is Armin Dutch
ARMINIUS - unknown Latin
17. B
BÆTIS P Baetis, a river (Guadalquivir) in Spain Guadalquivir Latin
18. B
BATIR P batir beat Spanish
19. B
BINZA P binza Pellicle Spanish
20. B
BISEL P bisel bevel Spanish
21. B
BISON P from Latin bison "wild ox," (animal) bison Latin
22. B
BLOIS P Blois (832 AD), in the Rennaissance official Blois French
residence of the King of France.
23. B
BÔZINE - Dialect: bôzine ‘landlady’. (bazin) landlady French
24. B
BRENG P To bring To bring Dutch
25. B
BRIAN P Brian. Etymology: Uncertain; possibly borrowed Brian Irish
from Proto-Brythonic *brɨɣėnt (“high, noble”).
26. B
B BÂTIR P bastir "build, construct, sew up, baste, make to build French
BASIN P baste (v.2) - Water vessel (of unknown origin) basin English
27. B
B BRAIN P Brain, brein; of uncertain origin, evt. van fr. PIE Brain Dutch
BREIN P root *mregh-m(n)o- "skull, brain" English
BREIThEEL P welsh breitheel welsh
BRÆG(E)N P oe. bræg(e)n (ne. brain)
*MREGh- - pie. *mregh-mo- (brains) PIE
MO
28. B
BREKhMÓS - Brekhmós: skull skull Greek
29. B
B BRIDE P Bride – Old-Frisian BREID; Dutch BRUID bride Dutch
B
BREID P a word of uncertain origin. English
BRUID - Old-Frisian
30. B
P BREChT P splendid (Brecht) splendid Dutch
B
PRAChT P Brecht (pronoun) bright Germanic
BRIGHT - bright (splendid) English
31. B
P BESIN P king Bisinus ( BESIN in Frankish) Thuringian Dutch
B
B
PISΕN P PISΕN in Lombard king Frankish
BASIN(A) P Basina, the queen of Thuringia (5th century). Basina v. Lombard
BAZIN P woman in charge Thuringia Thuringian
32. B 85
S BIDDEN P Fides, (confidence, trust) Fides (virtue) Dutch
F
FIDES P σφίδη (sphídē). σφίδη Latin
ΣΦΊΔΗ - Old English: BIDDAN "to ask, beg, pray” (sphídē). Old Greek
to ask, beg,
pray
33. C
CĀNUS P cānus (canus): grey, old, aged, venerable gray-haired Latin
34. C
CATUS P
35. C
CHURL P Churl (ceorl or CHURL), Churl English
85 Numa is said to have built a temple to Fides publica; Source: fides in William Smith, editor (1848) A
Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology
#
lowest rank of freemen). (freeman)
36. C
CHURN P To churn (of unknown origin). Churn English
37. C
CRĪBLE - Crible - sieve, sifter, riddle Crible French
38. C
CROWN P "crown" – from Latin “corona” crown English
39. D
(D)JOUR - Jour day French
40. D
*DUIRO P Duero (river) Duero (river) Spain/Portug.
41. D
DARYVŠ - D- A- R- Ya- Va- ū- Š - Darius I Darius Old-Persian
DA(R)YVŠ - daryvuS
42. D
DECUS P Decus - deeds of honor, Grace, splendor, beauty. decus Latin
Honor, distinction, glory. Pride, dignity.
43. D
DIAUS P Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ Sky-Father Sanskrit
44. D
DIÉU(S) P Dieu God French
45. D
DIVES P Dives (river) in France Dives (river) French
46. D
DIVES P dives rich, wealthy Latin
47. D
DIVUS - Divine, godlike – from the same source as deus. Divine Latin
godlike
48. D
DOUIX - Douix (Source at the river Seine) Douix (river) French
49. D
DYEUS P *Dyeus (god) DIEUS (god) PIE
50. D
D DIS-PATER - Dīs Pater Dīs Pater Latin deity
DĪVES- P originally DĪVES-PATER (m.)
PATER
51. E
ELPIS P Elpis hope Greek
52. E
ERBIL P Erbil. also HAWLER or Arbela, capital and most Erbil
populated city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
53. E
ERIDU P Eridu ("confluence" of the rivers) is the first city Eridu (city) Sumerian
in the world by the ancient Sumerians
54. E
ERMÏN P Tacitus's Germania (AD 98): (Irminones) (H)ERMÏN – Latin
(ARMIN) Herman
55. E
S ESPIÑA P spine (thorn, backbone, needle) Thorn, back English
S
S
SPINE P spīna (thorn, backbone, needle) Needle Latin
S
S
SPĪNA P spiná (спинаṛ, back) backbone Russian
SPINÁ - σπίλος (spílos) (rock, reef, cliff) cliff Greek
ΣΠΊΛΟΣ - espiña spine Galician
SPELD - speld, diminutive form of SPINE needle Dutch
56. F
FAÐIR P Faðir, FAÐIR Father Old-Norse
57. F
FAϸIR P The “father” seems to be a feeding care-taker, Feeder-father rune
including the “foster” father. In contrast the
procreator father is named the “Kuni”.
58. F
FASTI P Fasti - Allowed days Fasti Latin
59. F
FĒLIS P Felis – cat, fret Cat (animal) Latin
60. F
FELIZ P feliz (happy) feliz Spanish
61. F
FESTI P Festī, Festî - ‘strength, power, document’ (veste) fort Old-German
#
62. F
FIETS P Origin uncertain. Maybe from “vietse” ‘running’; bicycle Dutch
etymology from fiets (rijwiel)
63. F
FINAR P finar to die Spanish
64. F
FIRAT P The name (Euphrates) is YEPRAT in Armenian Firat (river) Turkish
(Եփրատ), PERAT in Hebrew (‫)פרת‬, FIRAT in [Euphrates] Kurdish
Turkish and FIRAT in Kurdish.
65. F
FOSITE Fosite: Norse god for justice Fosite (god) Frisian
66. F
FRANC P Frank free Dutch
FRANK P
67. F
F FRIJŌNĄ - from Proto-Germanic *frijōną to love; to Proto-Germ.
V
F
FRIJŌN P to free; make free free; to like Prt.-W.
V
V
VRÎEN P Germ.
F FRIJEN P M.L. German
VRIEN P Low German
VRIJEN P Middle Dutch
FRIJŌNFILO P Dutch
S Gothic
68. F
L P Filos, from: “philosopher” love Greek
L
ΦIΛOΣ P ΦIΛOΣ Greek
LIEF(S) P Dutch
LIeBES - German
69. F
P FYSON P Rivers of Paradise: Pison, Gihon, Hiddekel (or Fyson (river) Mid.-English
PISON P Tigris), and Euphrates. Pison English
70. G
GAUTR P Runen-Sprachschatz (Runic dictionary,German) wise man Icelandic
71. G
GENUS P genus (GENUS, “kind, sort, ancestry, birth”) Family, Latin
pedigree
72. G
GENU(S) P *genu, English knee Knee Latin
73. G
D DI-WE (S) or - DI-WE or DI-WO or DI-WE (S) or DI-WO (S) Zeus (*Dii ēus) Mycenaean
DI-WO (S) - Zeus (*Dii ēus) Greek
74. H
H HLEIFR - loaf (n.), the Germanic origin is uncertain bread Germanic
K
HLAIFS Hleifr Old-Norse
KHLAIBUZ Hlaifs Gothic
75. H
S (HI)SP ANIA - Spain - The origins of the Roman name Spain (state) Spanish
S
SP AIN P Hispania, and the modern España, are uncertain, English
SP ANIA - although the Phoenicians and Carthaginians Phoenician
referred to the region as Spania
76. I
INFERNO Inferi: "inhabitants of infernal regions, the dead." Inferno (Hell) Latin
77. I
IOU-piter – Jupiter (D)IOU(S) JOU-piter Latin
DJOUS P (*DJOUS PATĒR)
78. I
ISLAM P Islam – "submission [to God]" Islam English
79. I
ISTÆV P Tacitus's Germania (AD 98) – Istvaeones ISTÆV – Latin
80. I
J IANUS P Janus -god of the beginning and end [1]. Janus Latin
JANUS P Janus French
81. J
JUDAS P Judas Judas (name) Dutch
82. J
JULES P Jules Jules (name) French
#
83. J
JURAT P Jurat in Guernsey en Jersey Jury (court) French
84. J
JURON P juron curse French
85. J
JUSTE P Just "just, righteous; sincere" just French
JUSTO P Spanish
86. J
JUTES P Jutes People of English
Jutland
87. k
KARUN P Karun, Iran's most effluent and only navigable Karun (river) English
river. In the Bible: Gihon River, at the Garden
of Eden near the Persian Gulf, fed by the four
rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon (Karun) and
Pishon (Wadi Al-Batin). The name is derived
from the mountain range named Kuhrang (→ :
Karoen)
88. K
KAUTR P Related to (runes) “Kuþlant” (Gotland) and wise runic
“Guth” (God)
89. K
KOTUS P Kotys (war, slaughter) war, slaughter Greek
90. K
KREY(N) P sieve, sifter, riddle *KREY(N) PIE-root
91. K
K KRAUT P Kraut / cruyt – Gothic *krûþ (genitive *krûdis), herbs Dutch
C
KRUID – neuter, might be taken for krû-da German
CRUYT - Indo-European references are unsecure.
92. L
*LIWAR P Loire Loire (river) French
93. L
LACUS P the l-rune (OE lagu, ON lǫgr/laugr (i, k, l, m ) water in some Latin
LAGUZ Laguz form Old-Norse
LAUGR
94. L
LAIUS P Laius- Son of Labdacus. Father, by Jocasta, of Laius Greek
Oedipus, who killed him.
95. L
LAPIS P Stone - May be connected with Ancient Greek lapis Latin
λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), from Proto-
Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”)
96. L
LEVIS P Levis, light (not heavy), quick, swift . Fickle , Levis (light) Latin
dispensable , trivial, trifling , easy (e.g. food)
97. L
LEWIS P Lewis (Louis, Clovis) (royal) Lewis English
98. L
LIB(A)RŌ P Liver (Germanic: *LIB(A)RŌ-) liver English
LIFER P lifer (Old English) Old English
LIVER P
*LIBRŌ
99. L
LIBAR P libar suck Spanish
LIBER
100. L
LIBRA P libra Pound Spanish
P Libra Libra
(astrology)
101. L
LIBRA P Libra scales Latin
102. L
LIBRE P libre (adj.) free Spanish
103. L
LIEF(S) P Lief – crefte lieuis ‘power of love’ [10e century; Love Dutch
#
W.Ps.]
104. L
LIMES P Limes (border) border Latin
105. L
LIi MOS P Limos starvation Greek
106. L
LIVES P lives lives English
107. L
LIVRE P livre book French
108. L
LOCUS P Location – Latin locus is from Old-Latinn stlocus Location Latin
‘id.’, etymology uncertain; maybe from → stal.
(loco-.)
109. L
LOUIS P Louis (Chlodowig) – LOUIS (royal) Louis French
110. L
LOUIS P Clovis (Chlodovechus) (Ch)LOUIS (royal) Clovis French
111. L
LUGAR P lugar {m} location Spanish
112. L
LUIER P luier (diaper) diaper Dutch
113. L
LÚKOS P LÚKOS ("wolf") Lúkos (wolf) Greek
114. L
LUXIA (?) - Luxia1 (river in Spain: Rio Tinto) Tinto (river) Latin
115. L
LUXOR P among the oldest inhabited cities in the world Luxor, Egypt
116. L
L LIBER P the word “Liberi” was a pluralia tantum Child Latin
LIBERI - (only used in the plural) Children
117. L
L LIBER P Liber - free, independent, unrestricted, unchecked free Latin
L
L
LIURE P (→ freeman) Old Occitan
L LIBRO P Old Occitan: liure ; Provencal libro Provencal
LIVRE P Portuguese: livre Portuguese
LIBRE P French: libre French
118. M
(Ava) MEZIN In Kurdish, the Tigris is known as Ava Mezin, Ava Mezin Kurdish
"the Great Water". [Tigris] river
119. M
*MOSIL P German Mosel, French Moselle, Dutch Moezel Mosel (river) German
120. M
MANSI P Are the Minoans and the Mansi in Siberia Mansi
related? | Minoans Part 6 (mensen)
121. M
MANUS - Manus - (मनस):—[from man] m. man or Manu man, mankind Sanskrit
(the father of men)
122. M
MARITSA - Maritsa (river) Maritsa river Bulgarian
MERIÇ P Meriç [meɾittʃ] Meriç[meɾittʃ] Turkish
123. M
MATIR P Mother – van Doorn A (2016). "On The Mother Gaulish
Gaulish Influence on Breton"
124. M
MATRI P Sicilian: [1] dativus: matri (MATRI) (dat.) Mother Sicilian
125. M
MEDIR P medir (algo) {verb} measure Spanish
126. M
MELIS P Melis (honeybee → [Telling the bees]) Melis (name) Dutch
127. M
MENRVA – MENRVA and MINERVA are Etruscan & Roman Menrva (god) Etruscan
MINERVA P names for Metis, the deity of wisdom Minerva Latin
128. M
MENSCh P man (person) from MENNISKO ('person') (1100) Man (person) Dutch
129. M
MERIT P Merit (Christianity), Merit (Buddhism), Variants: Merit English
MARIT P Maret (Estonia)/Marit (Swedish). (Name)
#
130. M
METIS P Metis (personified by Athena, pag. 2-59) Mind, (deity) Greek
(ΜΗΗΤΙΣ) P wisdom. She was the first wife of Zeus. wisdom
131. M
MIDAS P Midas (/ˈmaɪdəs/; Greek: Μίδας) is the name of Midas (royal) Greek
one of at least three members of the royal house
of Phrygia.
132. M
MILAS P Original capital of Caria. Milas Greek
133. M
MILES P Latin mīles (“soldier”) ; Myles (given name) mīles Latin
Etymology unknown, maybe of Etruscan origin. (“soldier”)
134. M
MÌNAS P Μήνας (moon) moon Greek
135. M
MINOR P minor (“less, smaller, inferior”) minor Latin
136. M
MINOS P Minos - Royal Name Minos (royal) Linear A
(Cretan)
137. M
MITÉRA - μητέρα (MITÉRA): [1] Mother New Greek
138. M
MIThER P mither (MIThER) Mother Scots
139. M
MIThRA(S) P Mithra - Zoroastrian angelic divinity (yazata) Mithra (god) Avestan
of covenant, light, and oath
140. M
MITRA P Mitra (Deity in the Rigveda) Mitra (god) Sanskrit
141. M
MÓÐIR P Móðir - MÓÐIR mother Icelandic
142. M
MΑRKT P markt (from Mercatus?) (market) market Dutch
143. M
ΜΈΤRΙΟS P Metrios - moderate, average, mean Metrion Greek
144. M
ΜΥΗΘΟΣ P Virtue: temperance: mythos (belief in real Myth Greek
history) - word of “unknown origin”
145. M
M MAINZ P Mainz – Mogontiacum. Main is from Latin Mainz (city) German
M
MENUS P Moenis (also MOENUS or MENUS), the name Main (river) German
MOENUS P the Romans used for the river.
146. M
M MELKS P Melk(en) milk Dutch
M
MÉLŽTI – (Lithuanian MÉLŽTI; Slovene MLÉSTI < Lithuanian
MLÉSTI - *MELZTI; all ‘milks’.) Slovene
147. N
NABIS P Nabis - Nabis, tyrant of Sparta Nabis (royal) Latin
148. N
NAVIS P Nāvis- ship or nave (middle or body of a church) ship Latin
149. N
NIFFER P Nibru was the original name of the city of Nibru Sumerian
NUFFAR - Nippur. Great complex of ruin mounds known to
NIBRU - the Arabs as Nuffar, written by the earlier
explorers Niffer, divided into two main parts by
the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil (Arakhat)
Source: Nibru
150. N
NÎMES P Nîmes - Nemausus god of the local Volcae tribe. Nîmes French
151. N
NĪRAṂ P Nīraṃ water Sanskrit
152. N
NIRVA P nirvāṇa, “blown or put out, extinguished”), from Nirwana Sanskrit
ननस (nis, “out”) + व (vā, “to blow”).
153. N
NUGOR P Nugor- I jest, trifle, play the fool, talk nonsense I trifle Latin
154. O
(H)ORMIZD - *Hasura MazdʰaH - Ahura Armenian
#
- Ahura Mazda (supreme god) Mazda Old-Persian
(H)ormazd
155. O
OCNUS P Ocnus – king of Alba Longa. He founded Ocnus (royal) Latin
modern Mantua in honor of his mother.[1]
156. O
OMNIS P Omnis - all, a word of unknown origin all Latin
157. P
*P ADIR P Pader (river) - word of unknown origin Pader (river) German
158. P
PĀLĪZ P a kitchen garden, used by Xenophon for an “enclosed Garden, New Persian
park” of the Persian kings (Paradise) Orchard
159. P
PANIS P Pānis (bread, loaf ) bread, loaf Latin
160. P
PARThI P Parthi - the Parthians, a Scythian people, Parthi Latin
161. P
PATIR P Patir (Vader) Vader Oscan
162. P
PEDIR P pedir algo {verb} request Spanish
163. P
PEDIS P Pĕdis - Louse louse Latin
164. P
PĒNIS P Penis ; Old Low German root: *PISA penis Latin
165. P
PÍAST P píast, péist -From Middle Irish péist, from Old Péist (beest) Irish
PÍEST Irish píast, from Latin bēstia.
166. P
PIeTER P Pieter (symbolic “PITER” or “PITAR”, because Pieter Dutch
the “e” indicates a long I vowel)
167. P
PILAR P short for "Maria del Pilar" and a popular Spanish Pilar (name) Spanish
given name
168. P
PILAR P Pilar (Catalan, Norwegian Bokmål, Nynorsk) pillar Catalan
Norse
169. P
PINEoS - Pineios ; Greek: Πηνειός Pineios Greek
(river)
170. P
PITAR P Pitar (father) Father Sanskrit
171. P
PITER P Initial Name Sankt-Piter-Boerch (Санкт-Питер- Saint-Piter- Russian
Бурхъ) for Saint Petersburg (from Geschiedenis) Borough
172. P
PRAChT P Pracht (splendor) splendor Dutch
173. P
PRANG P Prang (nose clip) nose clip Dutch
174. P
PRITHVI - Prithvi earth Sanskrit
175. P
PRONG P Prong ([Fish-]fork) (Fish-)fork English
176. P
PYLOS P Pylos - "Palace of Nestor" in Homer's Iliad. Pylos Greek
177. P
PYOTR P Pjotr (name) Peter Russian
178. P
PYREN(e) P Pyrene (Heuneburg); → Hekataios von Milet Pyrene Greek
179. P
B P ADIS P Padus (Po) (river), Padus (Po) Latin
BODIS P Bodincus (old Ligurian) Bodincus Ligurian
180. P
F PISON P Rivers of Paradise: Pis(h)on, (along with Fyson (river) English
FYSON P Hiddekel (Tigris), Phrath (Euphrates) and Pis(h)on Mid.-English
Gihon)
181. P
P POLIS P ancient Greek city-state, 1894, from Greek polis, polis Greek
PTOLIS - ptolis "citadel, fort, city, .." from PIE *tpolh-
#
"citadel; .. high ground; hilltop"
182. P
P POTIS P powerful, able, capable; possible powerful Latin
PATIS P husband Lithuanian
183. P
P POLISh P from Latin polire "to polish, make smooth; To polish (E) English
P
POLIRE - decorate, embellish;" , from: polīre ‘polish’, polieren (D) Latin
POLIS P unknown etymology. polijsten (NL) French
184. Q
QUERN P quern (n.) quern English
185. Q
QUR'AN P Quran – het heilige Boek van de Islam Quran Arabic
186. R
*RHIJUN P Rhein, Rhine, Rijn Rhine (river) Germanic
187. R
RAPID P rapid from French rapide, from Latin rapidus rapid English
188. R
RIJVΕN P rijven (to rake) (to write) To rake, write Dutch
189. R
RIVAL P rival - from Latin rivalis "a rival" originally, "of rival English
the same brook,"
190. R
RĪVΕN P rīven (mnd. rīven ‘to rub’) To rub Mnd.-Dutch
191. R
RIVΕT P rivet (fastener) rivet English
192. R
R RUÏNΕ P maybe from Latin verb ruere ruin Dutch
RUINA P (plural: RUINÆ) Latin
193. R
R RIJPΕN P ripen (etymology uncertain) ripen Dutch
R
RIPΕN P ripen English
REIFΕN - reifen German
194. S
SIBYL P sibyls are female prophets in Ancient Greece. sibyl English
195. S
SIFON P Siphon, sifon, syphon- from Ancient Greek ; sifon Old French
SIPhON P σίφων (síphōn, "pipe, tube for drawing wine from siphon English
SYPhON P a cask,"), of uncertain origin; σίφων Ancient
Greek
196. S
SILVA P Silva (wood, forest ) Silva Latin
197. S
SIMLA P Simla (city in India) Simla (stad) Indian (?)
198. S
SIMON P Simon Simon Dutch
199. S
SMILA P Smila (Σμίλα), city of Crusis, Herodotus. Smila Greek
Histories. 7.123.
200. S
SMILA Smile: Scandinavian source (such as Danish smile, smirk, Swedish
SMILE SMILE "smile," Swedish SMILA "smile, smirk, simper, fawn Danish
SMIÊT simper, fawn"), from Proto-Germanic *smil-, Latvian
extended form of PIE root *smei- "to laugh,
smile"
201. S
SOLYM(us) P Solym(us) (mountain) and Solym(us) (city) Solyma (city) Greek
202. s
SPAIN P Spain Spain English
203. S
SPILE P Spile wooden fork Latvian
204. S
SPINA P Spina - Etruscan city at the mouth of the Po-river Spina (city) Etruscan
205. S
SUTHI P tomb tomb Etruscan
206. S
SWINE P Swine - Old High German swin, Middle Dutch Swine English
swijn, Dutch zwijn, German Schwein, Old Norse, (animal)
#
Swedish, Danish svin)
207. S
S SABIN P Sabine [member of an Italian tribe] {1625} Sabine Etruscan
SABIJN P etymology: ‘kin’ sabijn Dutch
208. S
S SAUIL P sauil (Gothic), de zon en de letter “S” sun, Gothic
S
SAULI P sauli (Lithuanian, Indo-European Languages) (the letter S) Lithuanian
SÁULĖ - sáulė (Lithuanian)
209. T
TAGUS P The river Tagus in Spain, (in Spanish: Tajo) Tagus (river) Latin
210. T
TAMIS P tamis sifter French
211. T
TAPIR P Tapir Tapir English
212. T
TAXUS P Taxus baccata (European yew) yew English
213. T
TEIWS P The name of a Gothic deity named *TEIWS *TEIWS Gothic
(later *Tīus) (later *Tīus)
214. T
TERUG P terug (return, backwards) return Dutch
215. T
ThEMIS P ThEMIS – After METIS the 2nd wife of Zeus Themis Greek
(ΘEMIΣ) P (justice)
216. T
THIUS P Thius (Late Latin) uncle Thius Latin
From Ancient Greek θεῖος (theîos).
217. T
ThÍVA(s) - Thebe (in Boeotië) (Griekenland) Thebe Greek
Greek: Θήβα, Thíva [ˈθiva]
218. T
THUIS P thuis (at home) “at home” Dutch
219. T
ThYBES P Thebes (Egypt) – Ancient Greek: Θῆβαι Thebes Egyptian
220. T
ThYMOS P Courage (θυμός) soul, will , temper, mind θυμός Greek
221. T
TIBER P Tiber Etymology pre-Latin, origin may be Italic. Tiber (river) Latin
222. T
TIEUS P TIEUS (Tieu) plural of - A surname, borrowed Tieu(s) Vietnamees
from Vietnamese Tiêu, from Chinese 蕭.
223. T
TIFOS P Tifos "still water" still water Aegean
224. T
TIMOR P timor (Latin) awe, reverence. fear, dread. timor Latin
225. T
TIVAR P Plural for the deity týr gods Old-Norse
226. T
TIVAS P *Tīwaz deity Proto-
Germanic
227. T
TIWAS P Tiwaz Sun (as God) Luwian
228. T
TIWAZ P Rune (ᛏ) for the deity Týr Týr (god) rune
229. T
TJEUS P nickname to define the JEU-sayers Val Medel Sursilvan
(Sw.)
230. T
TRIBΕ P Tribe (stam) Tribe English
231. T
TURIA P Turia – river (280 km) in Valencia Turia (river) Spanish
232. T
TUROG P Locale pagan deity in Sussex Turog (god) Celtic (?)
233. T
T TAPIS P Tapis, rug French
T
TAPIS P Byzantine-Greek Byz.-Greek
TÁPĒS - Tápēs, Greek Greek
234. U
ULRIKE - Ulrike (female given name) Ulrike (name) German
#
235. U
UNIRΕ P ūnīre (to join, to unite, to put together), ūnīre Latin
236. U
U ÛÐIRA P Udder Udder Germanic
UIDER P Middle Dutch
UYDER P
237. U
U URINA P from Latin urina "urine," from PIE *ur- (source Urine, sperm Dutch
URINΕ P also of Greek ouron "urine"), variant of root *we- (source:urine) Latin
r- "water, liquid, milk, sperm" English
238. U
U UUATIRO – water (in watrischafo [709; ONW]) water (fluid) Dutch
W
WATRIS – Old-Irish uisce ‘water’ (also see → whisky); Dutch
UISCE - Old-Irish
239. V
VAÐIR P vaðir (from váð; piece of cloth; garment) Clothes (plr.) Old-Norse
240. V
VALIS P Waal Waal (river) Latin
ChALUZ
241. V
VANIR P Vanir- House of the Wise (group of gods Vanir (gods) English
associated with health, fertility, wisdom, and the
ability to see the future. )
242. V
VEINS P veins veins English
243. V
VENUS - Godess for love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, Venus (god) Latin
prosperity and victory
244. V
VIDAR P Víðarr - son of Odin Víðarr (god) Old Norse
245. V
VIRAL P Viral viral English
246. V
VLIES P Vlies (membrane) membrane Dutch
247. V
VRAChT P Vracht (freight) freight Dutch
248. V
VRIJEN P (1): “VRIJEN”: to make love (1240). Originally: 1: To court Dutch
“to love” (from: vriend in Etymologiebank). 2: The free
(2): “de VRIJEN”: the “free people” people
(“FRANKs”)
249. V
W VIŽDĄ - “To have seen” - to wit (v.), weten, weten To know Dutch
W
WETEN - (German); OldChurchSlaw. viždą, vidiši, viděti to see, German
WISSEN ‘zien’ vědě ‘ik weet’; to know OCL
250. W
(W)ILUŠA - Wiluša (Ἴλιον, ĪĪlion ) Troy, ĪĪlion Hittite
251. W
WHIRL P whirl to spin English
252. W
WIJSEL P Wijsel, Wissel, Wisła Wijsel, Wissel German
VISLA P (ancient sources spell the name ISTULA) Wisła (river) Polish
253. W
WIJZEN P To point, to teach To teach Dutch
254. W
WISEN(t) - Bison bonasus, WISEN(t) of Europese BIZON Wisent Germanic
255. W
WIZARD - wizard – (originally): "to know the future." (?) philosopher English
256. W
WIZZŌD - wet wet Old.H.-Germ.
257. W
WRANG P wrang (sourish) sourish Dutch
258. W
WRONG P wrong wrong English
259. W
W WRITE P To write To write English
WRITA P Old Frisian
#
260. Y
YSULA P Yssel, IJssel Yssel (river) Latin
ISULA IJssel
261. Z
DŹWINA P Düna ; Polish Dźwina Düna (river) Polish
262. Z
ZEMLJA - Zemlja (earth) earth Slavic
263. Z
ZUNGE P Zunge; from Proto-West Germanic *tungā, tongue German
*TUNGǬ - from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ; from Proto- Prt-Germanic
LINGUA - Indo-European *dnnǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue”). Latin Latin
TONGUE - lingua English
Dictionary with a number of (~260) perfect pentagrams

Notes To Cicero's Tusculan Disputations, On The Nature of The Gods, On The Commonwealth

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Notes To Cicero's Tusculan Disputations, On The Nature of The Gods, On The Commonwealth

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Notes to Cicero's “Tusculan's Disputations”,

“On the Nature of the Gods” and “On the

# Cicero's wordings / English Category Hebrew letters

Table 3: The Hebrew alphabet, sorted in a 2-dimensional array pattern

Table 5 Correlations of pentagrams which are extending to neighboring languages

Ælius and Catus

The origin of justice

The seats of life

# Cicero's wordings / English Category Hebrew letters

The re-composition (or contraction) of virtues

eusebés pious Φρόνησις (phrónesis) cleverness εὐσέβεια piety

The word ΦΙΛΟS (FILOS)

Frugality including all virtues

Liberty is based on a pentagram LIBER

The Liberalia is the festival for freedom for Rome's plebeians:

The Delphic precept

The original Latin formula is:

Three kinds of goods

=================== The end of this book at page 105 ===================

The phonetic sources

The Latin source is identified as:

# Cicero's wordings / English Category Hebrew letters

According to Cicero the most excellent of all virtues is justice60:

The jaws and the sides (cheeks ?)

The nostrils as resonator

Menirva and Minerva

Theonym Triad Reference Cicero's etymology Pentagrams

66 Cicero's Etymology for the Names of the Gods

4 *MENIRVA Virtue Etruscan Wisdom M E N I R Wednesday

5 *DJOUS-PITER Deity Latin Sky D I O U S Thursday

6 LIBER-PITER Deity Latin Underworld L I B E R Friday

The affinity between the Gods and the human beings

Provencal DIÉU IÉU DIÉU = D & IÉU

# Cicero's wordings / English Category Hebrew letters

The Etruscan goddess MEN(i)RVA and Roman deity MINERVA

74 Fundamentals in the Name-Giving for the Days of the Week

Book I of On the Commonwealth (page 179)

Book II of On the Commonwealth (page 199)

Book III of On the Commonwealth (page 214)

Book IV of On the Commonwealth (page 225)

Book V of On the Commonwealth (page 225)

The vowels in the singing hymns in praise of the gods

"music of the spheres"

79 Fundamentals in the Name-Giving for the Days of the Week

Appendix 1 – (300) Publications by J. Richter in Scribd

January – December 2022 (46)

January – December 2021 (86)

Project: The 2-dimensional Alphabets

Project: Frankish Name-giving

Project: alphabetic Arrays

Januari – December 2020 (44)

Project: Periodic Tables for Signaries

Project: The Origin of Dyaus

Project: The Power Plants and Lightning Rods

January – December 2019 (56)

Project: Irrigation and Drainage, Atlantis

Project: Chilperic I's Letters

Project: The runic keywords

Project: The role of water-springs in Christening the Netherlands