Week 8

FACTORISATION
CONTENT
• Factorisation of simple expression
• Difference of two squares
• Factorisation of quadratic expression
FACTORISATION OF SIMPLE EXPRESSION
To factorise an expression completely, take the HCFoutside the bracket and then divide each term
with the HCF.

Example:
Factorise the following completely.
1. 8xy + 4x 2y
2. 6ab – 8a2b + 12ab
Solution:
1. 8xy + 4x 2y
8xy = 2 X 2 X 2 X xX y
4x2y = 2 X 2 X xXxX y
HCF = 4xy
8𝑥𝑦 4𝑥2𝑦
8xy + 4x2y = 4xy( + )
4𝑥𝑦 4𝑥𝑦
= 4xy( 2 + x)
2. 9a2bc3 – 12ab2c2
9a2bc3 = 3 X 3 X a X a X c X c X c
12ab2c2 = 2 X 2 X 3 X b X b X c X c
HCF = 3abc2
= 3abc2(3ac – 4b)

EVALUATION
Factorise the following expression
1. 9x 2yz2 – 12x 3z3
2. 14cd + 35cd2f
3. 20m 2n – 15mn2

FACTORISATION BY GROUPING
To factorise an expression containing four terms, you need to group the terms into
pairs.Thenfactorise each pair of terns.
Example:
Factoriseab – 2cb + 2cf – af
Solution:
Group ab and af together and 2cb and 2cf together
i.eab – 2cb + 2cf –af = ab – af – 2cb + 2cf
= a( b – f ) -2c( b – f )
= (a – 2c)( b – f)

EVALUATION
Factorise these expressions;
1. 16uv – 12vt + 20mu – 15mt
2. ap +aq +bq + bp
3. mn – pq-pn +mq

FACTORISATION OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

A quadratic expression has two (2) as its highest power; hence this at times is called a polynomial of
the second order. The general representation of quadratic expression is ax 2 + bx + c where a ≠ 0.
From above expression, a, b, and c stands for a number.

NOTE
4. if ax 2 +bx + c= 0, this is known as quadratic equation
5. a is coefficient of x 2, b is coefficient of x and c is a constant term.
6. When an expression contains three terms, it is known as trinomial.
7. To be able to factorize trinomial, we need to convert it to contain four terms.

Examples: factorization of trinomial of the form x 2 +bx + c.

1. Factorise x 2 +7x +6
Steps:
(i) Multiply the 1st and the last term (3rd term) of the expression.
(ii) Find two factors of the above multiple such that if added gives the second term
(middle) and when multiplied gives the result in step 1.
(iii) Replace the middle term with these two numbers and factorise by grouping.

Solution to example:
X2 x 6 = 6x 2
Factors: 6 and 1
X2 + 6x + x + 6
X(x+6) +1(x+6)
(x+6)(x+1)

EVALUATION
1. z2 – 2z + 1
2. x 2 +10x – 24

FACTORISATION OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS OF THE FORM ax 2 +bx +c

Example: 5x 2 -9x +4
Solution:
Product: 5x 2 x 4 = 20x 2
Factors: -5 and -4
Sum: -5-4 = -9
Hence, 5x 2 – 9x + 4
5x 2 -5x -4x +4
5x(x-1)-4(x-1)
(5x-4)(x-1)

EVALUATION
1. 2x 2 +13x +6
2. 13d 2 – 11d – 2
FACTORISATION OF TWO SQUARES
To factorise two squares with difference, we need to remember the law guiding difference of two
squares i.e. x 2 – y 2 = (x + y) (x- y).
Examples:
1. P 2 – Q2 = (P+Q) (P-Q)
2. 36y 2 - 1= 6 2 y 2 - 1 2
= (6y)2 - 1 2 = ( 6y+1) (6y-1).

EVALUATION
1. 121- y 2
2. x 2y 2 - 42

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for J.S.S.3 Pg29-36
Exam focus for J.S.S CE Pg101-105-

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The coefficient of x 2 in x 2 + 3x -5 is A. 3 B. 1 C. -5 D. 2
2. Simplify e 2 – f 2 A. (e+f)(e-f) B. (e+f)(f+e) C. (e-f)(f-e) D. e+f
3. Factorize x 2 +x -6 A. (x+3)(x+2) B. (x-2)(x+3) C. (x+1)(x+5) D. x + 2
4. Solve by grouping 5h 2 -20h + h – 4 A. (h-4)(5h+1) B. (h+4)(5h-1) C. (h+2)(h-5) D. h - 4
5. 49m 2 – 64n 2 when factorised will be A. (7m+8n)(8m+7n) B. (8m-7n)(8m+7n)
C. (7m-8n)(7m+8n) D. 7m – 8n

THEORY
Factorise the following
1. 4p2 – 12p +9q2
2. f 2 – 2f + 1

FACTORISATION OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

Aquadratic expression has two (2) as its highest power; hence this at times is called a polynomial of
the second order. The general representation of quadratic expression is ax 2 + bx + c where a ≠ 0.
From above expression, a, b, and c stands for a number.

NOTE
1. if ax 2 +bx + c= 0, this is known as quadratic equation
2. a is coefficient of x 2, b is coefficient of x and c is a constant term.
3. When an expression contains three terms, it is known as trinomial.
4. To be able to factorize trinomial, we need to convert it to contain four terms.

Examples: factorization of trinomial of the form x 2 +bx + c.

2. Factorise x 2 +7x +6
Steps:
(iv) Multiply the 1st and the last term (3rd term) of the expression.
(v) Find two factors of the above multiple such that if added gives the second term
(middle) and when multiplied gives the result in step 1.
(vi) Replace the middle term with these two numbers and factorise by grouping.
Solution to example:
X2 x 6 = 6x 2
Factors: 6 and 1
X2 + 6x + x + 6
X(x+6) +1(x+6)
(x+6)(x+1)
EVALUATION
1. z2 – 2z + 1
2. x 2 +10x – 24

Factorisation of quadratic equations of the form ax 2 +bx +c

Example: 5x 2 -9x +4
Solution:
Product: 5x 2 x 4 = 20x 2
Factors: -5 and -4
Sum: -5-4 = -9
Hence, 5x 2 – 9x + 4
5x 2 -5x -4x +4
5x(x-1)-4(x-1)
(5x-4)(x-1)

EVALUATION
1. 2x 2 +13x +6
2. 13d 2 – 11d – 2

FACTORISATION OF TWO SQUARES

To factorise two squares with difference, we need to remember the law guiding difference of two
squares i.e. x 2 – y 2 = (x + y) (x- y).

Examples:
1. P 2 – Q2 = (P+Q) (P-Q)
2. 36y 2 - 1= 6 2 y 2 - 1 2= (6y) 2 - 1 2 = ( 6y+1) (6y-1).

EVALUATION
1. 121- y 2
2. x 2y 2 - 42

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for J.S.S.3 Pg29-36
Exam focus for J.S.S CE Pg101-105-

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The coefficient of x 2 in x 2 + 3x -5 is (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) -5
2. Simplify e 2 – f 2 (a) (e+f)(e-f) (b) (e+f)(f+e) (c) (e-f)(f-e)
3. Factorize x 2 +x -6 (a) (x+3)(x+2) (b) (x-2)(x+3) (c) (x+1)(x+5)
4. Solve by grouping 5h 2 -20h + h – 4 (a) (h-4)(5h+1) (b) (h+4)(5h-1) (c) (h+2)(h-5)
5. 49m 2 – 64n 2 when factorised will be (a) (7m+8n)(8m+7n) (b) (8m-7n)(8m+7n)
(c) (7m-8n)(7m+8n)

THEORY
Factorise the following
1. 4p2 – 12p +9q2
2. f 2 – 2f + 1

FACTORISATION OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

A quadratic expression has two (2) as its highest power; hence this at times is called a polynomial of
the second order. The general representation of quadratic expression is ax 2 + bx + c where a ≠ 0.
From above expression, a, b, and c stands for a number.
NB:
1. if ax 2 +bx + c= 0, this is known as quadratic equation
2. a is coefficient of x 2, b is coefficient of x and c is a constant term.
3. When an expression contains three terms, it is known as trinomial.
4. To be able to factorize trinomial, we need to convert it to contain four terms.

Examples: factorization of trinomial of the form x 2 +bx + c.

1. Factorise x 2 +7x +6
Steps:
(vii) Multiply the 1st and the last term (3rd term) of the expression.
(viii) Find two factors of the above multiple such that if added gives the second term
(middle) and when multiplied gives the result in step 1.
(ix) Replace the middle term with these two numbers and factorise by grouping.

Solution to example:
X2 x 6 = 6x 2
Factors: 6 and 1
X2 + 6x + x + 6
X(x+6) +1(x+6)
(x+6)(x+1)

Evaluation: 1. z2 – 2z + 1
2. x 2 +10x – 24

Factorisation of quadratic equations of the form ax 2 +bx +c

Example: 5x 2 -9x +4
Solution:
Product: 5x 2 x 4 = 20x 2
Factors: -5 and -4
Sum: -5-4 = -9
Hence, 5x 2 – 9x + 4
5x 2 -5x -4x +4
5x(x-1)-4(x-1)
(5x-4)(x-1)

Evaluation:
1. 2x 2 +13x +6
2. 13d 2 – 11d – 2

FACTORISATION OF TWO SQUARES

Tofactorise two squares with difference, we need to remember the law guiding difference of two
squares i.e. x 2 – y 2 = (x + y) (x- y).
Examples:
1. P 2 – Q2 = (P+Q) (P-Q)
2. 36y 2 - 1= 6 2 y 2 - 1 2
= (6y)2 - 1 2 = ( 6y+1) (6y-1).

Evaluation:
1. 121- y 2
2. x 2y 2 - 42
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for J.S.S.3 Pg29-36
Exam focus for J.S.S CE Pg101-105
Check point mathematics 3
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The coefficient of x 2 in x 2 + 3x -5 is (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) -5
2. Simplify e 2 – f 2 (a) (e+f)(e-f) (b) (e+f)(f+e) (c) (e-f)(f-e)
3. Factorize x 2 +x -6 (a) (x+3)(x+2) (b) (x-2)(x+3) (c) (x+1)(x+5)
4. Solve by grouping 5h 2 -20h + h – 4 (a) (h-4)(5h+1) (b) (h+4)(5h-1) (c) (h+2)(h-5)
5. 49m 2 – 64n 2 when factorised will be (a) (7m+8n)(8m+7n) (b) (8m-7n)(8m+7n)
(c) (7m-8n)(7m+8n)

THEORY
Factorise the following
1. 4p2 – 12p +9q2
2. f 2 – 2f + 1
 WEEK NINE
SOLVING EQUATION EXPRESSIONS
WORD PROBLEMS
Worked Examples:
1. Find 1/4 of the positive difference between 29 & 11
2. The product of a certain number and 5 is equal to twice the number subtracted from 20.
Find the number
3. The sum of 35 and a certain number is divided by 4 the result is equal to double the
number. Find the number.

Solutions:
1. Positive Difference 29 - 11 = 18
1/4 of 18 = 4 2/5
2. Let the number be x
xX 5 = 20 - 2x
5x = 20 - 2x
5x + 2x = 20
7x = 20
x = 20/7 = 2 6
7
3. Let the number be n
sum of 35 and n = n + 35
divided by 4 = n + 35
4
result = 2 X n
thereforen + 35 = 2n
4
n + 35 = 8n
8n - n = 35
7n = 35
n = 35/7 = 5

EVALUATION
1. From 50 subtract the sum of 3 & 5 then divide the result by 6
2. The sum of 8 and a certain number is equal to the product of the number and 3 find the
number

SOLVING EQUATION EXPRESSIONS WITH FRACTION

Always clear fractions before beginning to solve an equations: -
To clear fractions, multiply each term in the equation by the LCM of the denominations of the
fractions.
Examples:
Solve the following
1. x =2
9
2. x+9 + 2+ x =0
5 2
3. 2x = 5x + 1 + 3x – 5
7 2
Solutions:
1. x =2
 9
Cross multiply
x = 18
2. x+9 + 2+ x =0
5 2
Multiply by the LCM (10)
10 X (x + 9) + 10 X ( 2 + x) = 0 X 10
5 2
2 (x + 9) + 5 (2 + x) = 0
2x + 18 + 10 + 5x = 0
2x + 5x + 28 = 0
7x = -28
x = -28/7 = -4
3. 2x = 5x + 1 + 3x - 5
7 2
Multiply by the LCM (14)
14 X 2x = 14 (5x + 1) + 14 ( 3x - 5)
7 2
28x = 2 (5x + 1) + 7 (3x - 5)
28x = 10x + 2 + 21x - 35
28x = 31x - 33
28x - 31x = -33
-3x = -33
x = 33/3 = 11

EVALUATION
Solve the following equations.
1. 7/3c = 21/2
2. 6 = 11
y+3 y-2
3. 3 - 4 =0
2b - 5 b–3

Furthermore, we can consider the word equations or expressions into:

• Sum & Differences
• Products
• Expressions with fractions & equations

SUM & DIFFERENCES

The sum of a set of numbers is a result obtained when the numbers are added together. The
difference between two numbers is a result of subtracting one number from the other.
Worked Examples:
1. Find the sum of -2 & -3.4
2. Find the positive difference between 19 & 8
3. The difference between two numbers is 7. If the smaller number is 7 find the other.
4. The difference between -3 and a number is 8, find the two possible values for the number.
5. Find the three consecutive numbers whose sum is 63.

Solutions:
1. -2 + -3.4 = -5.4
2. 19 - 8 = +11
3. let the number be Y i.e Y -7 = 7
i.e Y = 7 + 7 = 14
4. Let M represent the number
M - (-3) = 8
m+3= 8
m=8-3
m = +5
also -3 - m = 8
-m = 8 + 3
-m = 11
m = -11
the possible values are +5 & -11
5. Consecutive numbers are 1,2,3,4,5,6,.............. Consecutive odd numbers are
1,3,5,7,9........... consecutive even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8,10..........
Representing in terms of X, we have 2X, 2X + 2, 2X + 4, 2X + 6, 2X + 8, 2X + 10............
for consecutive even numbers, we have X, X + 2, X + 4, X + 6.......
for consecutive odd numbers, we have X + 1, X + 2, X + 3, X + 4...
for consecutive numbers.
let the first number be x,
let the second number be x + 1
let the third number be x + 2
Therefore x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 63
3x + 3 = 63
3x = 63 - 3
3x = 60
x = 60 /3
= 20
The numbers are 20, 21, and 22.

EVALUATION
1. Find the sum of all odd numbers between 10 and 20
2. The sum of four consecutive odd numbers is 80 find the numbers
3. The difference between 2 numbers is 9, the largest number is 32 find the numbers.

PRODUCTS
The products of two or more numbers is the result obtained when the numbers are multiplied
together.

Worked Examples:
20
1. Find the product of - 6, 0.7, &
3
4
2. The product of two numbers is 8 .If one of the numbers is 1/4 find the other.
9
3. Find the product of the sum of -2 & 9 and the difference between -8 & -5.

Solutions
20
1. Products -6 x 0.7 x
3
-6 x 7/10 x 20/3 = -6 x 7 x 20
10 x 3
= -2 x 7 x 2 = -28
2. Let the number be x
1
X x = 8 4 multiply both sides by 4
4 9
4
x=8 x 4 = 33 7
9 9
3. Sum = -2 + 9 = 7
Difference = -5-(-8) = -5 + 8 = 3
Products= 7 x 3 = 21

EVALUATION
1. The product of three numbers is 0.084 if two numbers are 0.7 & 0.2 find the third number
2. Find the product of the difference between 2 & 7 and the sum of 2 & 7
3. From 50 subtract the sum of 3 & 5 then divide the result by 6
4. The sum of 8 and a certain number is equal to the product of the number and 3 find the
number

READING ASSIGNMENT
New Gen Maths for J.S.S 3 Pg 20- 24
Essential Mathematics for J.S.S 3 Pg 85-87
Check point mathematics 3
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Esther is 3 times as old as her sister Tolu, if the sum of their ages is 20 years. Find the
difference between their ages.
(a) 20 years (b) 8 years (C) 10 years
2. 9 was subtracted from a certain number and the result was divided by 4 if the final
answer is 5 what was the original number?
(a) 29 (b) 18 (c) 20
3. A woman is 4 times as old as her son. In five years time she will be 3 times as old as her
son. How old is the woman(a) 50 yrs (b) 40 yrs (c) 45 yrs
4. Bayo is 4 times as old as his sister T olu. If the sum of their ages is 20 years, find the
difference between their ages.
(a) 12 yrs (b) 15 yrs (c) 18 yrs
5. Subtract the square root of 4 from the square of 4 and divide the result by 2
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 7
THEORY
1.Divide 36 by the difference between the product of 3 & 6 and the square root of 36.
2. When I add 45 to a certain number, and divide the sum by 2, the result is the same as five
times the number, what is the number?