Chapter 2.

Basic electric circuits (4h)

2.1 Series circuits

2.2 Parallel circuits
2.3 Combination circuits
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition theorems

1
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.1 Series circuits
(direction of electron movement)
2.1.1 Series circuits
✓ A circuit has only one path for current flow
✓ The current is the same at any point of the circuit.
Fig. 2.1 A series circuit has Fig. 2.2 All the current must
2.1.2 Voltage drops in a series circuit only one path for current flow flow through the fuse.
Voltage drop: the amount of voltage necessary to push the current through a resistor
➢ In a series circuit, the sum of all the voltage drops across all the resistors must
equal the voltage applied to the circuit.

Fig. 2.3 The voltage drops in a series Fig. 2.4 The voltage drop across each Fig. 2.5 Series circuit with four resistors
circuit must equal the applied voltage. resistor is proportional to its resistance. having different voltage drops.
2.1.3 Resistance in a series circuit
2
Rtotal = R1+ R2 +… +Rn
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.1.4 Calculating series circuit values

Current

✓ The current is the same at any point in the circuit

It = I1 = I2 = …= Ii =…= In

Total resistance
Fig. 2.6 Series circuit values.
✓ The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistors
n
Rt = R1 + R2 + …Rn Rt =  Ri
i=1

Voltage drop

✓ The applied voltage is equal to the sum of

the voltage drops across all the resistors.
n
Ut = U1 + U2 + …Un Ut =  Ui
i=1
Fig. 2.7 The voltmeter indicates
3
a voltage drop of 40 V.
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.1.5 Solving circuits

Example 1: Finding the missing values in this circuit below

The amount of power dissipated by each resistor is
U t (E t ) = 40V (The amount of power dissipation for each resistor is)
R1 = 100 U12
P1 = U1I1 = = I12 R1 = 0.052 100 = 0.25(W )
R 2 = 250 R1
R 3 = 150 U 22
P2 = U 2 I 2 = = I 22 R 2 = 0.052  250 = 0.625(W )
R 4 = 300 R2
R1, R2, R3, R4 are connected in series U 2
P3 = U 3I3 = 3 = I32 R 3 = 0.052 150 = 0.375(W )
The total resistance is The voltage drop across each resistor is R3
R t = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + R 4 U1 = I1R1 = 0.05 100 = 5(V ) P4 = U 4 I 4 =
U 24
= I 42 R 4 = 0.052  300 = 0.75(W )
R4
= 100 + 250 + 150 + 300 U 2 = I 2 R 2 = 0.05  250 = 12.5(V )
The total power used in the circuit is
= 800() U U 3 = I3 R 3 = 0.05 150 = 7.5(V )
Using Ohm's law: I= U t2
R U 4 = I 4 R 4 = 0.05  300 = 15(V ) Pt = U t It = = It2 R t = 0.052  800 = 2(W )
Rt
The intensity of current (the current flow through the circuit) is
U
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 0.25 + 0.625 + 0.375 + 0.75
40
I1 = I 2 = I3 = I 4 = It = t = = 0.05( A) = 2(W ) 4
R t 800
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.1.5 Solving circuits Example 2: Finding the missing values in this circuit below
U
Using Ohm's law: I=
U t (E t ) = 120V R
R t = 6000 The intensity of current (the current flow through the circuit) is
R1 = 1000 U 120
I1 = I 2 = I3 = I 4 = It = t = = 0.02( A)
R 3 = 2000 R t 6000
The voltage drop across each resistor is
R 4 = 1200
U = I R = 0.02 1000 = 20(V )
R1, R2, R3, R4 are connected in series 1 1 1
The amount of power dissipated by each resistor is U 2 = I 2 R 2 = 0.02 1800 = 36(V )
(The amount of power dissipation for each resistor is) U 3 = I3 R 3 = 0.02  2000 = 40(V )
The total resistance is U12 U 4 = I 4 R 4 = 0.02 1200 = 24(V )
P1 = U1I1 = = I12 R1 = 0.022 1000 = 0.4(W )
R t = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + R 4 R1

 R 2 = R t − R1 − R 3 − R 4 U 22 The total power used in the circuit is

P2 = U 2 I 2 = = I 22 R 2 = 0.022 1800 = 0.72(W )
R2 U t2
= 6000 − 1000 − 1200 − 2000 Pt = U t It = = It2 R t = 0.022  6000 = 2.4(W )
U 32
P3 = U 3I3 = = I32 R 3 = 0.022  2000 = 0.8(W ) Rt
= 1800() R3
2
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 0.4 + 0.72 + 0.8 + 0.48
U
P4 = U 4 I 4 = = I 42 R 4 = 0.022 1200 = 0.48(W )
4
= 2.4(W )
5
R
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.1.6 Voltage dividers
Voltage dividers are used to provide
different voltages between certain points.

2.1.7 The general voltage divider formula

Ux (V): the voltage drop across the resistor X

 Rx  Ut (V): the source voltage
Ux =   U t Rx (Ω): the resistance of resistor X
 Rt  Rt (Ω): the total resistance of the circuit Fig. 2.8 Series circuit used
as a voltage divider.
2.1.8 Voltage polarity

Terminal B is positive with respect to terminal A

Terminal C is positive with respect to terminal B 12.51 14.01 8.03 15.45
Terminal D is positive with respect to terminal C
Terminal E is positive with respect to terminal D
2.1.9 Using ground as a reference
6
Fig. 2.9 Ground symbol.
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.2 Parallel circuits (direction of electron movement)
2.2.1 Parallel circuit values
It I1 I2 I3
Total current
✓ The total current flow in the circuit is equal to
the sum of the currents through all the branches.
n
It = I1 + I 2 + ... + Ii + ... + I n =  Ii
i=1 Fig. 2.10 Parallel circuits provide more
than one path for current flow.
Voltage drop
✓ The voltage drop across any branch of parallel circuit
is the same as the applied voltage.
U t = U1 = U 2 = ... = U i = ... = U n
Total resistance Fig. 2.11 Lights and receptacles are
connected in parallel.
✓ The total resistance of a parallel circuit is always less than the
resistance of the lowest value resistor, or branch, in the circuit. 7
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.2 Parallel circuits

2.2.2 Parallel resistance formulas

✓ The total resistance of a parallel circuit is the reciprocal of the

sum of the reciprocals of the individual branches.
n
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + ... + + ... + =
R t R1 R 2 Ri R n i =1 R i

1 1
Rt = = n
1 1 1 1 1
+
R1 R 2
+ ... +
Ri
+ ... +
Rn 
i =1 R i
I1
I2
Current dividers Fig. 2.12 Parallel circuits I3
are current dividers.

Ix (A): the current flow through the resistor X It

 Rt  It (A): the total current flow in the circuit
Ix =   It Fig. 2.13 The current
Rx (Ω): the resistance of resistor X
 Rx  Rt (Ω): the total resistance of the circuit
divides through each8
branch of a parallel circuit.
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.2 Parallel circuits
2.22 Parallel resistance formulas It = 0.05 A
P1 = 0.075W
Example: Finding the missing values in this circuit P2 = 0.45W
The total power used in the circuit is P3 = 0.225W
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 = 0.075 + 0.45 + 0.225 R1, R2, R3 are connected in parallel
= 0.75(W ) (R1 // R2 // R3)
The applied voltage for the circuit is The resistance of each resistor is The amount of current flow through each resistor is
P 0.75 U12 152 U1 15
Ut = t = = 15(V ) R1 = = = 3000() I1 = = = 0.005( A)
It 0.05 P1 0.075 R1 3000
U 2 15
U 2
The voltage drop across each resistor is R = 2 = 15 2
I2 = = = 0.03( A)
2 = 500() R 2 500
U = U = U = U = 15(V ) P2 0.45
U3 15
I3 = = = 0.015( A)
1 2 3 t
2 2
U 15 R 3 1000
The total resistance of the circuit is R3 = 3
= = 1000()
P3 0.225
U t2 152
Rt = = = 300() 9
Pt 0.75
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.3 Combination circuits

2.3.1 Combination circuits

✓ A circuit contains both series and parallel elements.

✓ Node: a junction point between resistors.
2.3.2 Solving combination circuits Fig. 2.14 A simple combination circuit.

Fig. 2.15 Tracing the current paths

through a combination circuit.
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 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.3 Combination circuits
2.3.3 Simplifying the circuit

Fig. 2.16 Simplifying the combination circuit.

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 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.3 Combination circuits
Exercise 1: Finding the missing values in this combination circuit

R2=2200Ω R5=3300Ω

R4=910Ω R7=860Ω
R1=1000Ω
Et=63V R3=1800Ω R6=4300Ω

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 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.3 Combination circuits
Exercise 2: Finding the missing values in this combination circuit I4
I3
I2 I5

I1 I9
I6
I7 I8

IT

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 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.3 Combination circuits
Exercise 3: Refer to the circuit shown in the figure.
Assume that the resistors have the following values:
R1 = 150 Ω; R2 = 120 Ω; R3 = 47 Ω; R4 = 220 Ω
Assume that an Ohmmeter connected across the
entire circuit indicates a value of 245 Ω. Does this
reading indicate that there is a problem with the
circuit and, if so, what is the most likely problem?
R1 sr ((R2 sr R3) // R4)
(R2 is connected in series with R3,
then they are connected in parallel with R4,
then they are connected in series with R1)

14
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.3 Combination circuits
Exercise 4: Refer to the circuit shown in the figure below.
The circuit has an applied voltage of 24 V and the resistors have values as follows:
R1 = 1 kΩ; R2 = 300 Ω; R3 = 750 Ω; R4 = 1 kΩ
An ammeter an a voltmeter indicate the following values:
It = 42.5 mA; I1 = 24 mA; U1 = 24 V; I2 = 18.5 mA; U2 = 5.5 V
I3 = 0 A; U3 = 18.5 V; I4 = 18.5 mA; U4 = 18.5 V
What is the most likely problem with this circuit?

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 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems

2.4.1 Kirchhoff’s laws

✓ Developed by Gustav R. Kirchhoff (German physicist) in 1847.

Kirchhoff’s laws:
✓ The algebraic sum of the voltage sources and voltage drops
in a closed circuit must equal zero.
✓ The algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving
a point must equal zero. Fig. 2.17 The algebraic of the currents
entering and leaving a point must equal zero.
Kirchhoff’s current law
At a certain point/node:
Ie – I l = 0 Ie (A): current enters to the point
Il (A): current leaves from the point
Fig. 2.17, at P: I1 + I2 – I3 = 4 + 6 – 10 = 0
Fig. 2.18, at B: I1 - I2 – I4 = 2 – 0.8 - 1.2 = 0
Fig. 2.18 The current splits to separate16branches.
at E: I2 + I6 – I3 = 0.8 + 1.2 – 2 = 0
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
2.4.1 Kirchhoff’s laws Kirchhoff’s voltage law
➢ Mark the polarity: the point at which current enters a resistor will be
negative, and the point where current leaves the resistor will be positive.
➢ Start at some point and add the voltage drops around any closed loop.
Loop ACDF:
-E1 – E4 – E5 – E6 – E3 + Et = -32 - 18 – 24 – 6 – 40 +120 = 0 V
Loop ABEF:
-E1 – E2 – E3 + Et = -32 - 48 – 20 +120 = 0 V
Loop BCDE:
Fig. 2.19 Marking resistor elements.
-E4 – E5 – E6 + E2 = -18 – 24 – 6 + 48 = 0 V
Solving problems with Kirchhoff’s law Finding circuit value with Kirchhoff’s law?
I1K = 0.426 (A)
Loop ABEF: -E1 – E3 + Es1 = 0 I2K = -0.0789 (A)
E1 + E3 = Es1 = 60 V I3K = 0.347 (A)
100 I1K + 50 I3K = 60 (1)  The sign of voltage polarity across R2
Loop BCDE: E2 – Es2 + E3 = 0 is reverse.
E2 + E3 = Es2 = 15 V I1 = 0.426 (A); E1 = I1R1 = 42.6 (V)
30 I2K + 50 I3K = 15 (2) I2 = 0.0789 (A); E2 = I2R2 = 2.367 (V)
17
Point B: -I3K + I1K + I2K = 0 (3) I3 = 0.347 (A); E3 = I3R3 = 17.35 (V)
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
Exercise 1: Finding the missing values in this circuit.

A B C
- +

F E D

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 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
2.4.2 Thevenin’s theorem • Imagine a box that contains an unknown circuit and 2 output terminals labeled A and B.
• The output terminals exhibit some amount of voltage
and some amount of internal impedance.
✓ Developed by Leon Charles Thevenin (French engineer) in 1883.
✓ It is used to simplify a circuit network into an equivalent circuit,
which contains a single voltage.
Fig.2.20
Fig. 2.21Thevenin’s
Thevenin theorem
equivalent r.
reduces a
+ The output voltage: open circuit voltage with no load connected.
circuit network to a single power source
+ The Thevenin equivalent r RTH is the open circuit resistance with no
and a single series resistor.
power source connected
 an Ohmmeter to be connected across A and B will show the
Thevenin equivalent r.
Calculating the Thevenin value UTH = U2
✓ (R1 sr R2): Rt = R1 + R2 = 2+6 = 8 Ω => I = Es/Rt = 24/8 = 3(A).
=> UTH = U2 = IR2 = 3.6 = 18(V)
✓ Disconnect the power source and displace it with a conductor: Fig.Fig.
2.242.22
TheDetermining
2.23 the Thevenin’s
Thevenin’s equivalent circu
equivalent circuit?
resistance
(R1 // R2): RTH = Rt =(R1 × R2)/(R1 + R2) = 1.5 Ω. 19
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
2.4.2 Thevenin’s theorem

Calculating the Thevenin value

✓ Assume that a load resistance of 10 Ω is connected across

Terminals A and B.
✓ The voltage and current values for the circuits can now
easily be calculated :
➢ Rt = 11.5 Ω. Fig. 2.27 A 10-Ohm load resistor is
➢ It = ETH/Rt = 18/11.5 = 1.565(A) connected across Terminals A and B.
➢ UL = It RL = 15.65(V)

20
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
Exercise 2: Refer to the circuit shown below, assume that R1 has a
resistance of 4 Ω and R2 has a resistance of 20 Ω. Battery Es has a
voltage of 48 V.
1. What is the Thevenin equivalent voltage across terminals A and B?
UTH = U2
2. What is the Thevenin equivalent r for the circuit?

✓ R1 sr R2: Rt = R1 + R2 = 4+20 = 24 Ω
=> I = Es/Rt = 48/24 = 2(A).
=> UTH = U2 = IR2 = 2.20 = 40(V)

✓ Disconnect the power source and displace it with a

conductor:
R1 // R2:
RTH = Rt = (R1 × R2)/(R1 + R2) = 4.20/(4+20) =3.33(Ω).

21
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
2.4.3 Norton’s theorem
✓ Developed by Edward Lawry Norton (American scientist).
✓ It is used to reduce a circuit network into a simple current source
and a single parallel resistance.
Current sources
Fig. 2.28 The Thevenin equivalent circuit
✓ Current sources connected to a parallel resistance that delivers contains a voltage source and series resistance
a certain amount of current. Fig. 2.29
TheThe current
Norton suppliescircuit
equivalent a continuous
contains1.5
a A.
✓ Exp: Fig. 2.29: 1.5 A current source. current source and parallel resistance.
Determining the Norton equivalent circuit

✓ Imagine a short circuit

across terminals A and B
=> R2 is eliminated

Fig. 2.32 Shortening Terminals A and B

Fig. 2.30 Determine the Norton eliminates the 6Ω resistor. 22
equivalent circuit? (R , I ?)
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
2.4.3 Norton’s theorem
Determining the Norton equivalent circuit
✓ The amount of current that can flow through this circuit:
ES 24
IN = = = 12( A)
R1 2
✓ The equivalent resistance, RN, connected across the current source? Fig. 2.33 Determining the Norton
+ Remove the power source with a short circuit: R1 = 2 Ω // R2 = 6 Ω. equivalent resistance.
 The Norton equivalent circuit: RN = 1.5 Ω // 12 A current source.

✓ Assume that a 6 Ω load resistor, RL, is connected

across terminals A and B. RL // RN.
 Rt = 1.2 Ω; Et = INRt = 14.4 V.
 IRN = Et/RN = 14.4/1.5 = 9.6 V. Fig. 2.34 Equivalent Norton circuit.
 IL = Et/RL = 14.4/6 = 2.4 A
Fig. 2.35 A 6Ω load resistor is connected 23
to the equivalent Norton Norton circuit.
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
Exercise 3: Refer to the circuit shown below, assume that R1 has a
resistance of 2.5 Ω and R2 has a resistance of 16 Ω. Power source Es has a
voltage of 20V.
1. What would be the Norton equivalent current across terminals A
and B for this circuit?
2. What is the Norton equivalent resistance for the circuit?
3. Assume that an 8 Ω load resistance is connected across terminals A
and B. How much current will flow through the load resistance?
1. Imagine a short circuit across Terminals A and B 3. Assume that a 8Ω load resistor, RL,
=> R2 is eliminated is connected across terminals A and B.
=> The amount of current flow and the Norton equivalent => RL // RN.
current across terminals A and B is:  Rt = 1.702Ω; Et = INRt = 13.62 V.
 IL = Et/RL = 13.62/8 =1.702 A
IN = ES/R1 = 20/2.5 = 8 (A)
2. Remove the power source with a short circuit:
=> R1 = 2.5Ω // R2 = 16Ω. 24
 The Norton equivalent circuit: R = 2.16Ω // 8 A current source.
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
2.4.4 The Superposition theorem

✓ The superposition theorem works on the principle that:

• the current in any branch of a circuit supplied by a multipower source
can be determined by finding the current produced in that particular
branch by each of the individual power sources acting alone.
• All other power sources must be replaced by a resistance equivalent to
their internal resistances.
!!! Voltage source => Short circuit
Current source => Open circuit
Ei => Ii
+ The total current flow through the branch is the algebraic sum of
the individual currents produced by each of the power sources.
I = ∑Ii
25
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
2.4.4 The Superposition theorem
Example 1: Determine the amount of current flowing
through R2?

✓ Reduce one source, S2 to be shorted, => (R1 sr (R2 // R3)).

The equivalent resistance of (R2 // R3) is
R 2R 3 300 1200 ➢ The voltage drop across (R2 // R3) is
R 23 = = = 240()
R 2 + R 3 300 + 1200
E 23 = IR 23 = 0.0286  240 = 6.864(V )
 The total resistance of this circuit is
➢ The amount of current flowing
R t = R1 + R 23 = 600 + 240 = 840()
through R2 is
➢ The total current flow is E 23 6.864
E1 24 I2 = = = 0.0229( A)
It = = = 0.0286( A) R2 300
R t 840
26
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
2.4.4 The Superposition theorem
Example 1: Determine the amount of current flowing
through R2?
✓ Reduce one source, S1 to be shorted, => (R3 sr (R2 // R1)).
The equivalent of (R2 // R1) is
R 1R 2 600  300 ➢ The voltage drop across (R1 // R2) is
R12 = = = 200()
R1 + R 2 600 + 300 E12 = IR12 = 0.0086  200 = 1.72(V )
 The total resistance of this circuit is
➢ The amount of current flowing through R2 is
R = R 3 + R12 = 1200 + 200 = 1400()
'
t E12 1.72
I'2 = = = 0.0057( A)
➢ The total current flow is R 2 300
E2 12 ✓ The total amount of current flowing through R2 is
It' = = = 0.0086( A)
R t 1400 I 2t =I 2 + I'2 = 0.0229 + 0.0057 = 0.0286( A) 27
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
2.4.4 The Superposition theorem
Example 2: Determine the amount of current flowing
through R2?
✓ Reduce one source, S2 to be removed and leave the
circuit open.
=> I2 = IS1 = 0.25(A)
✓ Reduce one source, S1 to be removed and leave the
circuit open.
=> (R1 sr R2) => I’2 = I1 = Is2 = 0.1(A)
✓ The total amount of current flowing through R2 is
I2t = I2 – I’2 = 0.25 – 0.1 = 0.15 (A)

28
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
Exercise 1: Finding the missing values in this circuit.
Loop ABEF: -E1 – E3 + Es1 = 0
E1 + E3 = Es1 = 24 V
330 I1K + 100 I3K = 24 (1)
Loop BCDE: -E2 – Es2 + E3 = 0
-E2 + E3 = Es2 = 10 V B C
A
-200 I2K + 100 I3K = 10 (2) - +
Point B: -I3K + I1K - I2K = 0 (3)
I1K = 0.052 (A)
I2K = -0.016 (A)
I3K = 0.068 (A)
The sign of voltage polarity across R2 is reverse. F E D
I1 = 0.052 (A); E1 = I1R1 = 17.2 (V)
I2 = 0.016 (A); E2 = I2R2 = 3.2 (V)
29
I3 = 0.068 (A); E3 = I3R3 = 6.8 (V)
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
Exercise 2: Refer to the circuit shown below, assume that R1 has a
resistance of 4 Ω and R2 has a resistance of 20 Ω. Battery Es has a
voltage of 48 V.
1. What is the Thevenin equivalent voltage across terminals A and B?
UTH = U2
2. What is the Thevenin equivalent resistance for the circuit?

✓ R1 sr R2: Rt = R1 + R2 = 4+20 = 24 Ω
=> I = Es/Rt = 48/24 = 2(A).
=> UTH = U2 = IR2 = 2.20 = 40(V)

✓ Disconnect the power source and displace it with a

conductor:
R1 // R2:
RTH = Rt = (R1 × R2)/(R1 + R2) = 4.20/(4+20) =3.33(Ω).

30
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
Exercise 3: Refer to the circuit shown below, assume that R1 has a
resistance of 2.5 Ω and R2 has a resistance of 16 Ω. Power source Es has a
voltage of 20V.
1. What would be the Norton equivalent current across terminals A
and B for this circuit?
2. What is the Norton equivalent resistance for the circuit?
3. Assume that an 8 Ω load resistance is connected across terminals A
and B. How much current will flow through the load resistance?
1. Imagine a short circuit across Terminals A and B 3. Assume that a 8Ω load resistor, RL,
=> R2 is eliminated is connected across terminals A and B.
=> The amount of current flow and the Norton equivalent => RL // RN.
current across terminals A and B is:  Rt = 1.702Ω; Et = INRt = 13.62 V.
 IL = Et/RL = 13.62/8 =1.702 A
IN = ES/R1 = 20/2.5 = 8 (A)
2. Remove the power source with a short circuit:
=> R1 = 2.5 Ω // R2 = 16 Ω. 31
 The Norton equivalent circuit: R = 2.16 Ω // 8 A current source.
 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
Exercise 4: Refer to the circuit shown below.
1. Find the Thevenin equivalent voltage and resistance across
Terminals A and B? Assume that Es = 32 V, R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 6 Ω.
2. Find the Thevenin equivalent voltage and resistance across
Terminals A and B? Assume that Es = 18 V, R1 = 2.5 Ω, R2 = 12 Ω.
3. Find the Norton equivalent current and resistance across Terminals
A and B? Assume that Es = 10 V, R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 7 Ω.
4. Find the Norton equivalent current and resistance across Terminals
A and B? Assume that Es = 48 V, R1 = 12 Ω, R2 = 64 Ω.

1. ETH = 19.2V, RTH = 2.4Ω

2. ETH = 14.896V, RTH = 2.07Ω
3. IN = 3.33A, RN = 2.1Ω
4. IN = 4A, RN = 12.1Ω
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 Chapter 2. Basic electric circuits (4h)
2.4 Kirchhoff’s laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems
Exercise 5: Refer to the circuit shown below, solve the following
Kirchhoff’s laws problems
1. Es1 = 12 V, Es2 = 32 V, R1 = 680 Ω, R2 = 1000 Ω, R3 = 500 Ω. Ei = ? Ii = ?
2. Es1 = 3 V, Es2 = 1.5 V, R1 = 200 Ω, R2 = 120 Ω, R3 = 100 Ω. Ei = ? Ii = ?
3. Es1 = 6 V, Es2 = 60 V, R1 = 1.6 kΩ, R2 = 1.2 kΩ, R3 = 2.4 kΩ. Ei = ? Ii = ?

1. E1= 0.898 V, I1 = 0.00132 A

E2= 20.9 V, I2 = 0.0209 A
E3= 11.1 V, I3 = 0.0222 A

2. E1= 1.822 V, I1 = 0.00911 A

E2= 0.322 V, I2 = 0.00268 A
E3= 1.18 V, I3 = 0.0118 A

3. E1= 22.64 V, I1 =- 0.0141 A

E2= 31.333 V, I2 = 0.0261 A
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E3= 28.8 V, I3 = 0.0112 A