Complex Analytic Functions
Complex Analytic Functions
(Regulation 2017)
Common to all branches of B.E
UNIT- III
ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
UNIT- III
ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The theory of functions of a complex variable is the most important in solving a large number of
Engineering and Science problems. Many complicated intergrals of real function are solved with the help of a
complex variable.
3.1 (a) Complex Variable
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex variable and it is denoted by 𝑧.
(𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖 = √−1
3.1 (b) Function of a complex Variable
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 are two complex variables, and if for each value of 𝑧 in a given region
R of complex plane there corresponds one or more values of 𝑤 is said to be a function 𝑧 and is denoted by
𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)where 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)are real functions of the real variables
𝑥 and 𝑦.
Note:
(i) single-valued function
If for each value of 𝑧 in R there is correspondingly only one value of 𝑤, then 𝑤 is called a single valued
function of 𝑧.
1
Example: 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 , 𝑤 = 𝑧
𝑤 = 𝑧2 1
𝑤=
𝑧
𝑧 1 2 −2 3 𝑧 1 2 −2 3
𝑤 1 4 4 9 𝑤 1 1 1 1
2 −2 3
(ii) Multiple – valued function
If there is more than one value of 𝑤 corresponding to a given value of 𝑧 then 𝑤 is called multiple – valued
function.
Example: 𝑤 = 𝑧 1/2
𝑤 = 𝑧 1/2
𝑧 4 9 1
𝑤 −2,2 3, −3 1, −1
(iii) The distance between two points 𝑧and 𝑧𝑜 is |𝑧 − 𝑧𝑜 |
(iv)The circle C of radius 𝛿 with centre at the point 𝑧𝑜 can be represented by |𝑧 − 𝑧𝑜 | = 𝛿.
(v) |𝑧 − 𝑧𝑜 | < 𝛿 represents the interior of the circle excluding its circumference.
(vi) |𝑧 − 𝑧𝑜 | ≤ 𝛿 represents the interior of the circle including its circumference.
If two functions are continuous at a point their sum, difference and product are also continuous at that point,
their quotient is also continuous at any such point [𝑑𝑟 ≠ 0]
Example: 3.1 State the basic difference between the limit of a function of a real variable and that of a
complex variable. [A.U M/J 2012]
Solution:
In real variable, 𝑥 → 𝑥0 implies that 𝑥 approaches 𝑥0 along the X-axis (or) a line parallel to the
X-axis.
In complex variables, 𝑧 → 𝑧0 implies that z approaches 𝑧0 along any path joining the points 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧0
that lie in the z-plane.
3.1 (f) Differentiability at a point
A function 𝑓 (𝑧) is said to be differentiable at a point, 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if the limit
𝑓 (𝑧0 + ∆𝑧) − 𝑓 (𝑧0 )
𝑓(𝑧0 ) = Lt exists.
∆𝑧→0 ∆𝑧
This limit is called the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑧)at the point 𝑧 = 𝑧0
If 𝑓(𝑧) is differentiable at 𝑧0 , then 𝑓 (𝑧)is continuous at 𝑧0 . This is the necessary condition for
differentiability.
Example: 3.2 If 𝒇(𝒛) is differentiable at 𝒛𝟎 , then show that it is continuous at that point.
Solution:
As 𝑓 (𝑧) is differentiable at 𝑧0 , both 𝑓(𝑧0 ) and 𝑓′(𝑧0 )exist finitely.
𝑓(𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧𝑜 )
Now, lim |𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧𝑜 )| = lim (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )
𝑧→ 𝑧𝑜 𝑧→ 𝑧𝑜 𝑧−𝑧0
𝑓 (𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧𝑜 )
= lim lim (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )
𝑧→ 𝑧𝑜 𝑧 − 𝑧0 𝑧→ 𝑧𝑜
= 𝑓′(𝑧0 ). 0 = 0
Hence, lim 𝑓 (𝑧) = lim 𝑓(𝑧𝑜 ) = 𝑓(𝑧𝑜 )
𝑧→ 𝑧𝑜 𝑧→ 𝑧𝑜
As 𝑓(𝑧0 ) is a constant.
This is exactly the statement of continuity of 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧0 .
Example: 3.3 Give an example to show that continuity of a function at a point does not imply the
existence of derivative at that point.
Solution:
Consider the function 𝑤 = |𝑧|2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
This function is continuous at every point in the plane, being a continuous function of two real
variables. However, this is not differentiable at any point other than origin.
𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐
Example: 3.4 Show that the function 𝐟(𝐳) is discontinuous at 𝒛 = 𝟎, given that 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒚𝟒 , when
𝒛 ≠ 𝟎 and 𝐟(𝟎) = 𝟎.
Solution:
2𝑥𝑦 2
Given 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑥 2+3𝑦 4 ,
2𝑥(𝑚𝑥)2 2𝑚 2 𝑥
Consider lim [𝑓(𝑧)] = 𝑦=𝑚𝑥
lim [𝑓 (𝑧)] = lim 𝑥 2 +3(𝑚𝑥)4 = lim [1+3𝑚4 𝑥 2 ] = 0
𝑧→ 𝑧𝑜 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑥→0
2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 2 1
lim [𝑓 (𝑧)] = lim = lim = = ≠0
2
𝑦 =𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑥→0 4𝑥 2 4 2
𝑥→0
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is discontinuous
Example: 3.5 Show that the function 𝒇(𝒛) is discontinuous at the origin (𝒛 = 𝟎), given that
𝒙𝒚(𝒙−𝟐𝒚)
𝒇(𝒛) = , when 𝒛 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑
=𝟎 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒛 = 𝟎
Solution:
𝑥(𝑚𝑥)(𝑥−2(𝑚𝑥))
Consider lim [𝑓(𝑧)] = 𝑦=𝑚𝑥
lim [𝑓 (𝑧)] = lim
𝑧→ 𝑧𝑜 𝑥→0 𝑥 3 +(𝑚𝑥)3
𝑥→0
𝑚(1−2𝑚)𝑥 3 𝑚(1−2𝑚)
= lim =
𝑥→0 (1+𝑚 3 )𝑥 3 1+𝑚 3
Thus lim 𝑓(𝑧) depends on the value of m and hence does not take a unique value.
𝑧→ 0
[OR]
Derive C – R equations as necessary conditions for a function 𝐰 = 𝐟(𝐳) to be analytic.
[Anna, Oct. 1997] [Anna, May 1996]
Proof:
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) be an analytic function at the point z in a region R. Since 𝑓(𝑧) is
analytic, its derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) exists in R
𝑓(𝑧+∆𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = Lt ∆𝑧
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
⇒ ∆𝑧 = ∆𝑥 + 𝑖∆𝑦
𝑧 + ∆𝑧 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) + 𝑖(𝑦 + ∆𝑦 )
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(𝑧 + ∆𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦
𝑓(𝑧 + ∆𝑧) − 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦) −[𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦)]
= [𝑢(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦) − 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)] + 𝑖[𝑣(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦) − 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦)]
𝑓(𝑧+∆𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓′(𝑧) = Lt
∆z→0 ∆𝑧
𝑢(𝑥+∆𝑥,𝑦+∆𝑦)−𝑢(𝑥,𝑦)]+𝑖[𝑣(𝑥+∆𝑥,𝑦+∆𝑦)−𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)]
= Lt
∆z→0 ∆x+i∆y
Case (i)
If ∆𝑧 → 0,firsts we assume that ∆𝑦 = 0 and ∆𝑥 → 0.
[𝑢(𝑥+∆𝑥,𝑦)−𝑢(𝑥,𝑦)]+𝑖[𝑣(𝑥+∆𝑥,𝑦)−𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)]
∴ 𝑓′(𝑧) = Lt
∆x→0 ∆𝑥
𝑢(𝑥+∆𝑥,𝑦)−𝑢(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑣(𝑥+∆𝑥,𝑦)−𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
= Lt + Lt
∆x→0 ∆𝑥 ∆x→0 ∆𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= + 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 . . . (1)
𝜕𝑥
Case (ii)
1 𝑢(𝑥,𝑦+∆𝑦)−𝑢(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑣(𝑥,𝑦+∆𝑦)−𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
= Lt + Lt
𝑖 ∆y→0 ∆𝑦 ∆y→0 ∆𝑦
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= + 𝜕𝑦
𝑖 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −𝑖 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 … (2)
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦
The above equations are known as Cauchy – Riemann equations or C-R equations.
Note: (i) The above conditions are not sufficient for 𝑓(𝑧) to be analytic. The sufficient conditions are given
in the next theorem.
(ii) Sufficient conditions for 𝒇(𝒛) to be analytic.
If the partial derivatives 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦, 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑣𝑦 are all continuous in D and 𝑢𝑥 , = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥′ then the
function 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in a domain D.
(ii) Polar form of C-R equations
In Cartesian co-ordinates any point z is 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
In polar co-ordinates, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 where r is the modulus and 𝜃 is the argument.
𝟏 𝟏
Theorem: If 𝐟(𝐳) = 𝒖(𝒓, 𝜽) + 𝒊𝒗(𝒓, 𝜽) is differentiable at 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 , then 𝒖𝒓 = 𝒓 𝒗𝜽 , 𝒗𝒓 = − 𝒓 𝒖𝜽
𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 −𝟏 𝝏𝒖
(OR) = 𝒓 𝝏𝜽 , =
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽
Proof:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 and 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
( 𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
Diff. p.w. r. to r, we get
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ 𝑖 𝜕𝑟 = 𝑓′(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 . . . (1)
𝜕𝑟
= 𝑟𝑖[𝑓′(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝑟𝑖 [ 𝜕𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜕𝑟 ] by (1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝑟𝑖 𝜕𝑟 − 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
So, the C−R equations 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 are not satisfied everywhere except at 𝑧 = 0.
So, f(z) may be differentiable only at 𝑧 = 0.
Now, 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑦,𝑣𝑥 = 0 and 𝑣𝑦 = 0 are continuous everywhere and in particular at (0,0).
Hence, the sufficient conditions for differentiability are satisfied by 𝑓(𝑧) at 𝑧 = 0.
So, 𝑓(𝑧) is differentiable at 𝑧 = 0 only and is not analytic there.
Inverse function
Let 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) be a function of z and 𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑤) be its inverse function.
𝑑𝑧
Then the function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) will cease to be analytic at = 0 and 𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑤) will be so, at point where
𝑑𝑤
𝑑𝑤
= 0.
𝑑𝑧
Example: 3.9 Show that 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒛 analytic everywhere except at the origin and find its derivatives.
Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧
= log(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + log(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃
But, at the origin, 𝑟 = 0. Thus, at the origin, Note : 𝑒 −∞ = 0
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0 + 𝑖𝜃 = −∞ + 𝑖𝜃 log 𝑒 −∞ = log 0 ; −∞ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0
So, 𝑓(𝑧)is not defined at the origin and hence is not
differentiable there.
At points other than the origin, we have
𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟 𝑣(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝜃
1 𝑣𝑟 = 0
𝑢𝑟 =
𝑟
𝑢𝜃 = 0
𝑣𝜃 = 1
So, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 satisfies the C−R equations.
1
Further 𝑟 is not continuous at 𝑧 = 0.
So, 𝑢𝑟 , 𝑢𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 , 𝑣𝜃 are continuous everywhere except at 𝑧 = 0. Thus log z satisfies all the sufficient conditions
for the existence of the derivative except at the origin. The derivative is
1
𝑢𝑟 +𝑖𝑣𝑟 ( )+𝑖(0) 1 1
′( 𝑟
𝑓 𝑧) = = = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑧
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑓′(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = + 𝑖 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑟
Example: 3.10 Check whether 𝒘 = 𝒛 is analytics everywhere. [Anna, Nov 2001] [A.U M/J 2014]
Solution:
Let 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧
u+𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 = −𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = 1 𝑣𝑥 = 0
𝑢𝑦 = 0 𝑣𝑦 = −1
𝑢𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦 at any point p(x,y)
Hence, C−R equations are not satisfied.
∴The function 𝑓(𝑧) is nowhere analytic.
Example: 3.11 Test the analyticity of the function 𝒘 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒛.
Solution:
Let 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = sin(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = sin x cos iy + cos x sin iy
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = sin x cosh y + i cos x sin hy
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 𝑣𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 𝑣𝑦 = cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑦
∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥
C −R equations are satisfied.
Also the four partial derivatives are continuous.
Hence, the function is analytic.
Example: 3.12 Determine whether the function 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒊(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐) is analytic or not. [Anna, May 2001]
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑥 = −2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑢𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 ≠ −𝑣𝑥
𝝏𝟐 𝒘
= 𝟎. [Anna, Nov 2001]
𝝏𝒛𝝏𝒛
Solution:
Let 𝑤 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
As 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, we have 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥
𝒅𝒘
Now, = 𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦 = 𝑖(𝑢𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑦 )
𝒅𝒛
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 = −𝑖 [𝜕𝑦 + 𝑖 𝜕𝑦]
𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = −𝑖 𝜕𝑦 (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣)
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
= = −𝑖 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑤
We know that, =0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕 2𝑤
∴ 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑧 = 0
𝜕 2𝑤
Also =0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Example: 3.15 Prove that every analytic function 𝒘 = 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) + 𝒊𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚)can be expressed as a function
of z alone. [A.U. M/J 2010, M/J 2012]
Proof:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑧+𝑧 𝑧+𝑧
𝑥= and 𝑦=
2 2𝑖
Solution:
1 𝑦
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 tan−1 (𝑥 )
1 𝑦
(𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 tan−1 (𝑥 )
1 𝑦
𝑢 = 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑣 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥
1 1 1 𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = (2𝑥) 𝑣𝑥 = 2 [− 2 ]
2 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2 𝑦 𝑥
1+ 2
𝑥 𝑥
= 2 −𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦2 = 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2
1 1
𝑢𝑦 = (2𝑦) 11
2 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2
𝑣𝑦 = [ ]
𝑦2 𝑥
𝑦 1+ 2
= 2 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥
= 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2
Solution:
𝑧
(i) Let 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 2 −1)
𝑓′(𝑧) → ∞, 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑖
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is not analytic at 𝑧 = 𝑖.
Exercise: 3.1
1. Examine the following function are analytic or not
1. 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos y +𝑖 sin y) [Ans: analytic ]
2. 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos y – 𝑖 sin y) [Ans: not analytic]
3. 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 [Ans: analytic ]
4. 𝑓 (𝑧) = sin x cos y + 𝑖 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 [Ans: analytic ]
5. 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦) + 𝑖(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) [Ans: not analytic]
6. 𝑓 (𝑧) = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) [Ans: not analytic]
7. 𝑓 (𝑧) = cosh 𝑧 [Ans: analytic ]
8. 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑦 [Ans: not analytic]
9. 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) + 𝑖(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦) [Ans: analytic ]
𝑥−𝑖𝑦
10. 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 [Ans: analytic ]
𝜕 2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑
Note: (i) + 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2 = 0 is known as Laplace equation in three dimensions.
𝜕𝑥 2
−𝑢 −𝑣 𝑢 𝑢
𝑚1 . 𝑚2 = ( 𝑢 𝑥 ) ( 𝑣 𝑥 ) = (𝑢𝑥 ) ( 𝑢𝑦 ) = −1 by (1) and (2)
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
Given 𝑣 = 𝑐 [Constant]
⇒𝑣𝑥 = 0, 𝑣𝑦 = 0
We know that 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
= 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 by (1) = 0 + 𝑖0
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 0
Integrating w.r.to z, we get 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑐 [Constant]
Property: 6 If 𝐟(𝐳) and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐟(𝐳)are analytic in a region D, then show that 𝐟(𝐳) is constant in that region D.
Proof:
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) be an analytic function.
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖[−𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)]
Since, 𝑓 (𝑧) is analytic in D, we get 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥
Since, ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in D, we have 𝑢𝑥 = −𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
Adding, we get 𝑢𝑥 = 0 and 𝑢𝑦 = 0 and hence, 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 = 0 + 𝑖0 = 0
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) is constant in D.
Problems based on properties
Theorem: 1 If 𝐟(𝐳) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 is a regular function of z in a domain D, then 𝛁 𝟐 |𝒇(𝒛)|𝟐 = 𝟒|𝒇′(𝒛)|𝟐
Solution:
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
⇒ |𝑓 (𝑧)| = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
⇒ |𝑓(𝑧)|2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
⇒ ∇2 |𝑓(𝑧)|2 = ∇2 (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )
= ∇2 (𝑢2 ) + ∇2 (𝑣 2 ) . . . (1)
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕 2(𝑢 2 ) 𝜕 2(𝑢 2 )
∇2 (𝑢2 ) = (𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 ) 𝑢2 += + … (2)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2
(𝑢2 ) = 𝜕𝑥 [2𝑢 𝜕𝑥 ] = 2 [𝑢 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ] = 2𝑢 𝜕𝑥 2 + 2 (𝜕𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2
Similarly, 𝜕𝑦 2 (𝑢2 ) = 2𝑢 𝜕𝑦 2 + 2 (𝜕𝑦 )
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
(2)⇒ ∇2 (𝑢2 ) = 2𝑢 ( 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 ) + 2 [(𝜕𝑥 ) + (𝜕𝑦 ) ]
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
= 0 + 2 [(𝜕𝑥 ) + (𝜕𝑦 ) ] [∴ 𝑢 is harmonic]
= 4[𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑥2 ]
(𝑖. 𝑒. )∇2 |𝑓(𝑧)|2 = 4|𝑓′(𝑧)|2
Note : 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣; 𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 ;
(or) 𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑖𝑢𝑦 ; |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)| = √𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑥2 ; |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 = 𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑥2
Theorem: 2 If 𝐟(𝐳) = 𝐮 + 𝐢𝐯 is a regular function of z in a domain D, then 𝛁 𝟐 log |𝐟(𝐳)| = 𝟎 if
𝐟(𝐳) 𝐟′(𝐳) ≠ 𝟎 in D. i.e., log |𝐟(𝐳)| is harmonic in D. [A.U A/M 2017 R-13]
Solution:
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
|𝑓(𝑧)| = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
1
log |𝑓(𝑧)| = 2 log (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )
1 1 𝜕2 𝜕2
∇2 log|𝑓(𝑧)| = ∇2 log (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) = ( + )log(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )
2 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
1 𝜕2 1 𝜕2
= 2 𝜕𝑥 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )] + [𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )] . . . (1)
2 𝜕𝑦 2
1 𝜕2 1 𝜕2 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝑢𝑢𝑥 +𝑣𝑣𝑥
[𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )] = 2 𝜕𝑥 [𝑢2+𝑣 2 (2𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 2𝑣 𝜕𝑥)] = 𝜕𝑥 [ ]
2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑢 2 +𝑣 2
[∵𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)| = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 (or) 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦, |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 = 𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑥2
(or) |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 = 𝑢𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑦2
2
2(𝑢 2+𝑣 2)[|𝑓 ′ (𝑧)2|−2[𝑢 2|𝑓′ (𝑧)| +𝑣 2|𝑓′ (𝑧)2|+2𝑢𝑣(0)]
= (𝑢 2 +𝑣 2 )2
𝜕2 𝜕2
= 𝜕𝑥 2 (𝑢𝑝 ) + 𝜕𝑦 2 (𝑢𝑝 )
𝜕2 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(𝑢𝑝 ) = 𝜕𝑥 [𝑝𝑢𝑝−1 𝜕𝑥 ] = 𝑝𝑢𝑝−1 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑝 − 1)𝑢𝑝−2 (𝑢𝑥 )2
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2
Similarly, (𝑢𝑝 ) = 𝑝𝑢𝑝−1 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑝(𝑝 − 1)𝑢𝑝−2 (𝑢𝑦 )2
𝜕𝑦 2
𝑝
𝑝
+2𝑝 ( 2 − 1) (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 −2 [𝑢2 (𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑢𝑦2 ) + 𝑣 2 (𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 ) + 2𝑢𝑣(𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 𝑣𝑦 )]
𝑝 𝑝
𝑝
= 2𝑝(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 −1 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 + 2𝑝 ( 2 − 1) (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 −2 [𝑢2 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 +𝑣 2 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 + 2𝑢𝑣(0)]
𝑝 𝑝
𝑝
= 2𝑝(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 −1 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 + 2𝑝 ( − 1) (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 −2 (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )|𝑓′(𝑧)|2
2
𝑝 𝑝
−1 𝑝
= 2𝑝(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) 2 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 + 2𝑝 ( − 1) (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 −1 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2
2
𝑝
𝑝
= 2𝑝(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 −1 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 [1 + 2 − 1]
𝑝 𝑝−2
= 2𝑝(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 −1 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 = 𝑝2 (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) 2 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2
= 𝑝2 (√𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )𝑝−2 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2
= 𝑝2 |𝑓(𝑧)|𝑝−2 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 by (a) & (b)
Theorem: 5 If 𝐟(𝐳) = 𝐮 + 𝐢𝐯 is a regular function of z, in a domain D, then
𝝏 𝟐 𝝏 𝟐
[ |𝒇(𝒛)|] + [ |𝒇(𝒛)|] = |𝒇′(𝒛)|𝟐 [A.U A/M 2015 R8]
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
Solution:
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
|𝑓(𝑧)| = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
𝜕 𝜕
|𝑓 (𝑧)| = [√𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1 𝑢𝑢𝑥 +𝑣𝑣𝑥
= [2𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑣𝑥 ] =
2√𝑢 2+𝑣 2 √𝑢 2 +𝑣 2
𝜕 2 𝑢 2 𝑢𝑦
2 +𝑣 2 𝑣 2+2𝑢𝑣 𝑢 𝑣
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Similarly, [𝜕𝑦 |𝑓 (𝑧)|] = 𝑢 2 +𝑣 2
𝜕 2 𝜕 2 𝑢 2 [𝑢𝑥2 +𝑢𝑦
2 ]+𝑣 2[𝑣 2 +𝑣 2]+2𝑢𝑣 [𝑢 𝑣 +𝑢 𝑣 ]
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
[ |𝑓 (𝑧)|] + [ |𝑓 (𝑧)|] =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑢 2+𝑣 2
= 2[𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑢𝑦2 ]
Analytic Functions Page 19
Engineering Mathematics -II
= 2 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2
Theorem: 7 If 𝐟(𝐳) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 is a regular function of z, then prove that 𝛁 𝟐 |𝐈𝐦 𝐟(𝐳)|𝟐 = 𝟐|𝐟′(𝐳)|𝟐
Proof:
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
I m𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑣
|𝐼𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)|2 = 𝑣 2
𝜕
(𝑣 2 ) = 2𝑣𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2
(𝑣 2 ) = 2[𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 ] = 2[𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥2 ]
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2
Similarly, 𝜕𝑦 2 (𝑣 2 ) = 2[𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦2 ]
𝜕2 𝜕2
∴ (𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 ) |𝐼𝑚 𝑓 (𝑧)|2 = 2[𝑣(𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 ) + 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 ]
Proof:
Let x & y are functions of z and 𝑧̅
𝑧+𝒛̅ 𝑧−𝒛̅
that is 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =
2 2𝑖
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝜕 1 𝜕 1 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 (2) + 𝜕𝑦 [2𝑖 ] = 2 [𝜕𝑥 + 𝑖 𝜕𝑦]
𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕
2 𝜕𝑧 = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑖 𝜕𝑦 . . . (1)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑦
= +
𝜕𝑧̅ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧̅
𝜕 1 𝜕 −1 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 (2) + 𝜕𝑦 [ 2𝑖 ] = 2 [𝜕𝑥 − 𝑖 𝜕𝑦]
𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕
2 𝜕𝑧̅ = (𝜕𝑥 − 𝑖 𝜕𝑦) . . . (2)
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕
+ 𝜕𝑦 2 = (𝜕𝑥 + 𝑖 𝜕𝑦) (𝜕𝑥 − 𝑖 𝜕𝑦 ) [∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 ]
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 𝜕
= (2 𝜕𝑧) (2 𝜕𝑧̅ ) by (1) & (2)
𝜕2
= 4 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑧̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅
|𝑓(𝑧)|2 = 𝑓(𝑧)𝑓(𝑧)
𝜕 𝜕
∇2 | f(z)|2 = 4 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧̅ [𝑓(𝑧)̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓 ( 𝑧 )]
𝜕 𝜕
= 4 [𝜕𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)] [𝜕𝑧̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑓 (𝑧 )]
Example: 3.21 Find the value of m if 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒎𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 is harmonic. [A.U N/D 2016 R-13]
Solution:
Given 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑚𝑦 2 + 3𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
+ 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0 [∵ u is harmonic] . . . (1)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 4𝑥 + 3 = −2𝑚𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
=4 = −2𝑚
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
1 −𝑖
𝑓 (𝑧) = 2𝑢 [2 (𝑧 + 𝑎), (𝑧 − 𝑎)] − [𝑢(𝑎, 0), −𝑖𝑣(𝑎, 0)]
2
= 𝑧𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝐶
Example: 3.24 Determine the analytic function where real part is
𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏. [Anna, May 2001]
Solution:
Given 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 1
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 3𝑧 2 − 0 + 6𝑧
𝑢𝑦 = 0 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 0 − 6𝑦
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 0
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
Where, C is a complex constant.
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫(3𝑧 2 + 6𝑧)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 0 + 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
𝑧2 𝑧2
=3 +6 +𝐶
3 2
= 𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 2 + 𝐶
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
Example: 3.25 Determine the analytic function whose real part in
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒚−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧
(cosh 2y−cos 2x) (0) − sin 2x[2 sin 2y]
𝑢𝑦 = [cosh 2𝑦−cos 2𝑥]2
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 0
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
where C is a complex constant.
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 0 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑧 + 𝐶
𝟏
Example: 3.26 Show that the function 𝒖 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) is harmonic and determine its conjugate.
Also find 𝒇(𝒛) [A.U A/M 2008, A.U A/M 2017 R8]
Solution:
1
Given 𝑢 = 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
1 1 𝑥
𝑢𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 ) (2𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 ,
𝑧 1
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑧 2 = 𝑧
(𝑥 2+𝑦 2)[1]−𝑥[2𝑥] 𝑥 2+𝑦 2−2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = = = [𝑥 2 +𝑦 2]2 . . . (1)
[𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ]2 [𝑥 2+𝑦 2 ]2
1 1 𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 (2𝑦) = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 0
(𝑥 2+𝑦 2)[1]−𝑦[2𝑦] 𝑥 2−𝑦 2
𝑢𝑦𝑦 = = [𝑥 2+𝑦 2]2 . . . (2)
[𝑥 2+𝑦 2]2
To prove u is harmonic:
(𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 )+(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
∴ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = =0 𝑏𝑦 (1)&(2)
[𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ]2
⇒ 𝑢 is harmonic.
To find 𝒇(𝒛):
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
Where, C is a complex constant.
1
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 0 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 + 𝐶
Analytic Functions Page 24
Engineering Mathematics -II
To find 𝒗 :
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) [∵ 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = log 𝑟 + log 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = log 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟, 𝑣 = 𝜃
Note: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑟 = |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1
log 𝑟 = 2 log( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑥 ) 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑥 )
= 𝑖 [−(1 − 𝑧)𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 ] + 𝐶
= 𝑖𝑧𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝐶
𝑦
Example: 3.29 In a two dimensional flow, the stream function is 𝜓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑥 ). Find the velocity
𝑣𝑦 =
1
[ ]=
1 𝑥 𝑧 1
1+(𝑦/𝑥)2 𝑥 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 2
=
𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
1
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 0 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 = log 𝑧 + 𝐶
To find 𝝋:
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) [∵ 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = log 𝑟 + log 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = log 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃
⇒ 𝑢 = log 𝑟 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1
= 2 log( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 (−𝑧 2)
= 2𝑥 + (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )2 , 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 2𝑧 + (𝑧 2)
1
⇒ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2
0−𝑥(2𝑦)
𝑣𝑦 = 0 − 2𝑦 + (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )2
2𝑥𝑦
= 0 − 2𝑦 − (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )2
⇒ 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 0
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule]
Where, C is a complex constant.
1
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 0𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ (2𝑧 − 𝑧 2) 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
𝑧2 1 −1 1
= 𝑖 [2 + 𝑧] + 𝐶 [∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑧 ]
2 𝑧2
1
= 𝑖 [𝑧 2 + 𝑧] + 𝐶
Example: 3.31 If 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 is an analytic function and 𝒖 − 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚), find 𝒇(𝒛)
interms of 𝒛. [A.U Dec. 1997]
Solution:
Given 𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦), . . . (𝐴)
Differentiate (A) p.w.r. to x, we get
𝑢𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦),
𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 . . . (1)
Differentiate (A) p.w.r. to y, we get
𝑢𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦 − cos 𝑦)
𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 [−1]
i. e., 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = −𝑒 𝑧
−𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = −𝑒 𝑧 . . . (2) [by C−R conditions]
(1) + (2) ⇒ −2𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 0
⇒ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 0
(1) ⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule]
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖0 + 𝐶
= 𝑒𝑧 + 𝐶
Example: 3.32 Find the analytic functions 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 given that
1
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 5 𝑒 𝑧
2
(1) ⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = − 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑧
5
3
= 𝑒𝑧
5
= 𝑧 2 − 𝑖2𝑧 2 + 𝐶
= (1 − 𝑖2)𝑧 2 + 𝐶
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝐱
Example:3.34 Find an analytic function 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 given that 𝟐𝒖 + 𝟑𝒗 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝐲 –𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝐱
Example: 3.35 Find the analytic function 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 given that 𝟐𝒖 + 𝟑𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 – 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚)
[A.U A/M 22017 R-13]
Solution:
Given 2𝑢 + 3𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)
Differentiate p.w.r. to x, we get
2𝑢𝑥 + 3𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦)
Exercise: 3.4
Construction of an analytic function
1. Show that the function 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 is harmonic. Find the conjugate harmonic
function v and express 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 as an analytic function of z.
[Ans: 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶 , 𝑓(𝑧) = −𝑖𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 + 𝑖𝐶 where C is a real constant.]
2 sin 2𝑥
2. If 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is an analytic function of z, and if 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑦 +𝑒 −2𝑦 −2 cos 2𝑥 , find 𝑣.
−2 sinh 2𝑦
[𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑦 +𝑒 −2𝑦−2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶]
2−𝑦 2
3. Find v such that 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is an analytic function of z, given that 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥𝑦. Hence find w.
2−𝑦 2 2
[Ans: 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝐶]
𝑥
4. Find the analytic function 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 if 𝑤 = 𝑒 2 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 2𝑦).Hence find u.
[𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝑤 = 𝑖𝑧𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝐶, 𝑢 = −(𝑥 sin 2𝑦 + 𝑦 cos 2𝑦) 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑥−𝑦
5. If 𝑣 = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 find u such 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is an analytic function. What is the harmonic conjugate of v?
𝑥+𝑦 −(𝑥+𝑦) 1+𝑖
[𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 + 𝐶 Harmonic conjugate of v is – 𝑢 = , 𝑓 (𝑧 ) = +𝐶
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑧
sin 2𝑥
6. Find the analytic function whose real part is cosh 2𝑦+cos 2𝑥
[𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝐶]
𝑦
9. Prove that 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 and 𝑣 = − 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 are harmonic functions but not harmonic conjugates.
3.5 CONFORMAL MAPPING
Definition: Conformal Mapping
A transformation that preserves angels between every pair of curves through a point, both in
magnitude and sense, is said to be conformal at that point.
Definition: Isogonal
A transformation under which angles between every pair of curves through a point are
preserved in magnitude, but altered in sense is said to be an isogonal at that point.
Note: 3.4 (i) A mapping 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑧) is said to be conformal at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 , if 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) ≠ 0.
Note: 3.4 (ii) The point, at which the mapping 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) is not conformal,
(𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑓′(𝑧) = 0 is called a critical point of the mapping.
If the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) is conformal at a point, the inverse transformation 𝑧 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑤) is also
conformal at the corresponding point.
𝑑𝑧
The critical points of 𝑧 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑤) are given by 𝑑𝑤 = 0. hence the critical point of the transformation
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑧
𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) are given by = 0 and 𝑑𝑤 = 0,
𝑑𝑧
The identity mapping 𝑤 = 𝑧 has every point as a fixed point. The mapping 𝑤 = 𝑧̅ has infinitely
many fixed points.
1
𝑤 = 𝑧 has two fixed points, a rotation has one and a translation has none in the complex plane.
Example: 3.37 Find the image of the circle |𝒛| = 𝟏 by the transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛 + 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒊
Solution:
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 2 + 4𝑖
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2 + 4𝑖
= (𝑥 + 2) + 𝑖(𝑦 + 4)
Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 4,
𝑥 = 𝑢 − 2, 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 4,
Given |𝑧| = 1
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
(𝑢 − 2)2 + (𝑣 − 4)2 = 1
Hence, the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1is mapped into (𝑢 − 2)2 + (𝑣 − 4)2 = 1 in w plane which is also a
circle with centre (2, 4)and radius 1.
Let 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Given 𝑤 = 2𝑧
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 𝑖2𝑦
𝑢 𝑣
𝑢 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑣 = 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
Example: 3.39 Find the image of the circle |𝒛| = 𝝀 under the transformation 𝒘 = 𝟓𝒛.
Solution:
Given 𝑤 = 5𝑧
|𝑤 | = 5 |𝑧 |
i.e., |𝑤| = 5𝜆 [∵ |𝑧| = 𝜆]
Hence, the image of |𝑧| = 𝜆 in the 𝑧 plane is transformed into |𝑤| = 5𝜆 in the 𝑤 plane under the
transformation 𝑤 = 5𝑧.
Example: 3.40 Find the image of the circle |𝒛| = 𝟑 under the transformation 𝒘 = 𝟐𝒛
[A.U N/D 2012] [A.U N/D 2016 R-13]
Solution:
Given 𝑤 = 2𝑧, |𝑧| = 3
|𝑤| = (2)|𝑧|
Analytic Functions Page 35
Engineering Mathematics -II
1
Hence, under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 a circle in 𝑧 plane transforms to another circle in the 𝑤
plane. When the circle passes through the origin we have 𝑐 = 0 in (3). When 𝑐 = 0, equation (4) gives a
straight line.
𝟏
Problems based on 𝒘 = 𝒛
𝟏
Example: 3.42 Find the image of |𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊| = 𝟐 under the transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛
⇒ |1 − 2𝑤𝑖 | = 2|𝑤|
⇒ |1 − 2(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣)𝑖 | = 2|𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣|
⇒ |1 − 2𝑢𝑖 + 2𝑣| = 2|𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣|
⇒ |1 + 2𝑣 − 2𝑢𝑖 | = 2|𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣|
⇒ √(1 + 2𝑣)2 + (−2𝑢)2 = 2√𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
⇒ (1 + 2𝑣)2 + 4𝑢2 = 4(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )
⇒ 1 + 4𝑣 2 + 4𝑣 + 4𝑢2 = 4(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )
⇒ 1 + 4𝑣 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑣 = −4
𝟏
Example: 3.43 Find the image of the circle |𝒛 − 𝟏| = 𝟏 in the complex plane under the mapping 𝒘 =
𝒛
radius = 1
1 1
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑤
1
(1) ⇒ |𝑤 − 1| = 1
⇒ |1 − 𝑤 | = |𝑤 |
⇒ |1 − (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣)| = |𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣|
⇒ |1 − 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣| = |𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣|
⇒ √(1 − 𝑢)2 + (−𝑣)2 = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
⇒ (1 − 𝑢)2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
⇒ 1 + 𝑢2 − 2𝑣 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
⇒ 2𝑢 = 1
1
⇒ 𝑢=
2
Solution :
1
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 (given)
1
i.e., 𝑧 = 𝑤
1 𝑢−𝑖𝑣 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
𝑧 = 𝑢+𝑖𝑣 = (𝑢+𝑖𝑣)+(𝑢−𝑖𝑣) = 𝑢2+𝑣 2
𝑢−𝑖𝑣 𝑢 −𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 = [𝑢2+𝑣 2 ] + 𝑖 [𝑢2+𝑣 2 ]
𝑢 −𝑣
𝑥 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 … . (1), 𝑦 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 … . (2)
1 1
(i) Given strip is 4 < 𝑦 < 2
1
when 𝑦 = 4
1 −𝑣
= 𝑢2+𝑣 2 by (2)
4
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = −4𝑣
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 4𝑣 = 0
⇒ 𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 2)2 = 4
which is a circle whose centre is at (0, −2) in the 𝑤 plane and radius is 2k.
1
when 𝑦 = 2
1 −𝑣
= 𝑢2 +𝑣 2 by (2)
2
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = −2𝑣
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 = 0
⇒ 𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2 = 1 ……(3)
which is a circle whose centre is at (0, −1) in the 𝑤 plane and unit radius
1 1
Hence the infinite strip 4 < 𝑦 < 2 is transformed into the region in between circles 𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2 = 1 and
1
ii) Given strip is 0 < 𝑦 < 2
when 𝑦 = 0
⇒𝑣=0 by (2)
1
when 𝑦 = 2 we get 𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2 = 1 by (3)
1
Hence, the infinite strip 0< 𝑦 < 2 is mapped into the region outside the circle 𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2 = 1 in
𝟏
Example: 3.45 Find the image of 𝒙 = 𝟐 under the transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛 . [Anna – May 1998]
Solution:
1
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧
1
i.e., 𝑧 = 𝑤
1 𝑢−𝑖𝑣 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
𝑧 = 𝑢+𝑖𝑣 = (𝑢+𝑖𝑣)+(𝑢−𝑖𝑣) = 𝑢2 +𝑣 2
𝑢 −𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = [𝑢2+𝑣 2 ] + 𝑖 [𝑢2 +𝑣 2 ]
𝑢 −𝑣
i. e. , 𝑥 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 … . (1), 𝑦 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 … (2)
2(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) = 𝑢
1
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 − 2 𝑢 = 0
1 1
which is a circle whose centre is (4 , 0) and radius 4
Solution:
1
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧
1
i.e., 𝑧 = 𝑤
1 𝑢−𝑖𝑣 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
𝑧 = 𝑢+𝑖𝑣 = (𝑢+𝑖𝑣)+(𝑢−𝑖𝑣) = 𝑢2 +𝑣 2
𝑢 −𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = [𝑢2 +𝑣 2 ] + 𝑖 [𝑢2+𝑣 2 ]
𝑢
i. e. , 𝑥 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 … (1),
−𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 … (2)
𝑢 2+𝑣 2
[ ] = 𝑎2
(𝑢 2+𝑣 2)2
1
= 𝑎2
(𝑢 2+𝑣 2 )
1
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑎2
Therefore the image of circle passing through the origin in the 𝑋𝑌 −plane is a circle passing through the
origin in the 𝑤 − plane.
𝟏
Example: 3.47 Determine the image of 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 2 under the mapping 𝒘 = 𝒛
Solution:
1
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧
1
i.e., 𝑧 = 𝑤
1 𝑢−𝑖𝑣 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
𝑧= = (𝑢+𝑖𝑣)+(𝑢−𝑖𝑣) =
𝑢+𝑖𝑣 𝑢 2+𝑣 2
𝑢 −𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = [𝑢2+𝑣 2 ] + 𝑖 [𝑢2 +𝑣 2 ]
𝑢 −𝑣
i. e. , 𝑥 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 … . (1), 𝑦 = 𝑢2 +𝑣 2 … . (2)
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑢
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 − 𝑢 = 0
1 1
which is a circle whose centre is (2 , 0) and is 2
When 𝑥 = 2
𝑢
⇒ 2 = 𝑢2 +𝑣 2 by … . (1)
𝑢
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 2
𝑢
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 − 2 = 0
1 1
which is a circle whose centre is (4 , 0) and is 4
Hence, the infinite strip 1 < 𝑥 < 2 is transformed into the region in between the circles in the 𝑤 − plane.
𝟏
Example: 3.48 Show the transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛 transforms all circles and straight lines in the 𝒛 −
Now, 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
1 1 𝑢−𝑖𝑣 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
𝑧 = 𝑤 = 𝑢+𝑖𝑣 = 𝑢+𝑖𝑣+𝑢−𝑖𝑣 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2
𝑢 𝑣
i. e. , 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑢2 +𝑣 2 + 𝑖 𝑢2 +𝑣 2
𝑢 −𝑣
𝑥 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 … . (1 ), 𝑦 = 𝑢2+𝑣 2 … (2)
(𝑢 2+𝑣 2 ) 𝑢 𝑣
𝑎 (𝑢2+𝑣 2)2 + 2𝑔 𝑢2+𝑣 2 − 2𝑓 𝑢2+𝑣 2 + 𝑐 = 0
Given 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1
Analytic Functions Page 42
Engineering Mathematics -II
1 2 −1 2
⇒ [𝑅 cos 𝜙] − [ 𝑅 sin 𝜙] = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙−𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜙
=1
𝑅2
cos 2 𝜙 = 𝑅2 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑅2 = cos 2𝜙
which is lemniscate
4. Transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛𝟐
Problems based on 𝒘 = 𝒛𝟐
Example: 3.50 Discuss the transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛𝟐 . [Anna – May 2001]
Solution:
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 2
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑖𝑦)2 + 𝑖2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖2𝑥𝑦
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 … . (1), 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 … . (2)
Elimination:
𝑣
(2) ⇒ 𝑥 =
2𝑦
𝑣 2
(1) ⇒ 𝑢 = (2𝑦 ) − 𝑦 2
𝑣2
⇒ 𝑢 = 4𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2
⇒ 4𝑢𝑦 2 = 𝑣 2 − 4𝑦 4
⇒ 4𝑢𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 4 = 𝑣 2
⇒ 𝑦 2 [4𝑢 + 4𝑦 2 ] = 𝑣 2
⇒ 4𝑦 2 [𝑢 + 𝑦 2 ] = 𝑣 2
⇒ 𝑣 2 = 4𝑦 2 (𝑦 2 + 𝑢)
when 𝑦 = 𝑐 (≠ 0), we get
𝑣 2 = 4𝑐 2 (𝑢+𝑐 2 )
which is a parabola whose vertex at (−𝑐 2 , 0) and focus at (0,0)
Hence, the lines parallel to X-axis in the 𝑧 plane is mapped into family of confocal parabolas in the 𝑤 plane.
when 𝑦 = 0, we get 𝑣 2 = 0 i.e., 𝑣 = 0, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 i.e., 𝑢 > 0
Hence, the line 𝑦 = 0, in the 𝑧 plane are mapped into 𝑣 = 0, in the 𝑤 plane.
Elimination:
𝑣
(2) ⇒ 𝑦 =
2𝑥
𝑣 2
(1) ⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − ( )
2𝑥
𝑣2
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2
𝑣2
⇒ = 𝑥2 − 𝑢
4𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑣 2 = (4𝑥 2 )(𝑥 2 − 𝑢)
when 𝑥 = 𝑐 (≠ 0), we get 𝑣 2 = 4𝑐 2 (𝑐 2 − 𝑢) = −4𝑐 2 (𝑢 − 𝑐 2 )
which is a parabola whose vertex at (𝑐 2 , 0) and focus at (0,0) and axis lies along the 𝑢 −axis and
which is open to the left.
Hence, the lines parallel to 𝑦 axis in the 𝑧 plane are mapped into confocal parabolas in the 𝑤 plane
when 𝑥 = 0, we get 𝑣 2 = 0. i.e., 𝑣 = 0, 𝑢 = −𝑦 2 i.e., 𝑢 < 0
i.e., the map of the entire 𝑦 axis in the negative part or the left half of the 𝑢 −axis.
Example: 3.51 Find the image of the hyperbola 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 under the transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛𝟐 𝐢𝐟
𝒘 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 [Anna – May 1997]
Solution:
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 2
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖2𝑥𝑦
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 … … (1)
𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 … … (2)
Given 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 10
i.e., 𝑢 = 10
Hence, the image of the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 10 in the 𝑧 plane is mapped into 𝑢 = 10 in the 𝑤
plane which is a straight line.
Example: 3.52 Determine the region of the 𝒘 plane into which the circle |𝒛 − 𝟏| = 𝟏 is mapped by the
transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛𝟐 .
Solution:
In polar form 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , 𝑤 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜙
Given |𝑧 − 1| = 1
i.e., |𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 1| = 1
⇒ |𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 | = 1
⇒ |(𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 1) + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 | = 1
⇒ (𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 1)2 +( 𝑟 sin 𝜃)2 = 12
⇒ 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 1 − 2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
⇒ 𝑟 2 [cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜃
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟 cos 𝜃
⇒ 𝑟 = 2 cos 𝜃 … (1)
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 2
𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜙 = (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )2
𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜙 = 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖2𝜃
⇒ 𝑅 = 𝑟2, 𝜙 = 2𝜃
(1) ⇒ 𝑟 2 = (2 cos 𝜃)2
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1+cos 2𝜃
= 4[ ]
2
𝑟 2 = 2[1 + cos 2 𝜃]
𝑅 = 2[1 + cos 𝜙] 𝑏𝑦 (2),
which is a Cardioid
Example: 3.53 Find the image under the mapping 𝒘 = 𝒛𝟐 of the triangular region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟏,
𝒙 = 𝟏, and 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏 and plot the same. [Anna, Oct., - 1997]
Solution :
In Z-plane given lines are 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 2
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖
Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 … . (1)
𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 … (2)
When 𝑥 = 1 When 𝑦 = 1
(1) ⇒ 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑦 2 … . (3) (1 ) ⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1 … . (5)
(2) ⇒ 𝑣 = 2𝑦 … (4) (2) ⇒ 𝑣 = 2𝑥 … (6)
(4) ⇒ 𝑣 2 = 4𝑦 2 (6) ⇒ 𝑣 2 = 4𝑥 2
𝑣 2 = 4(1 − 𝑢) 𝑏𝑦 (3) = 4(𝑢 + 1)𝑏𝑦 (5)
i.e., 𝑣 2 = −4(𝑢 − 1)
when 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
(1) ⇒ 𝑢 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑢 = 𝑥−𝑦 [∵ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1]
𝑣 2 = −4(𝑢 − 1)
u 0 1
v ±2 0
𝑣 2 = 4(𝑢 + 1)
u 0 −1
v ±2 0
1
𝑢2 = −2 (𝑣 − )
2
u 0 1 −1
v 1/2 0 0
Problems based on critical points of the transformation
Example: 3.54 Find the critical points of the transformation 𝒘𝟐 = (𝒛 − 𝜶) (𝒛 − 𝜷).
[A.U Oct., 1997] [A.U N/D 2014] [A.U M/J 2016 R-13]
Solution:
Given 𝑤 2 = (𝑧 − 𝛼) (𝑧 − 𝛽 ) ...(1)
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑧
Critical points occur at = 0 and 𝑑𝑤 = 0
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑤
⇒ 2𝑤 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑧 − 𝛼) + (𝑧 − 𝛽 )
= 2𝑧 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 )
𝑑𝑤 2𝑧−(𝛼+𝛽)
⇒ = … (2)
𝑑𝑧 2𝑤
𝑑𝑤
Case (𝑖 ) 𝑑𝑧 = 0
2𝑧−(𝛼+𝛽)
⇒ =0
2𝑤
⇒ 2𝑧 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 ) = 0
⇒ 2𝑧 = 𝛼 + 𝛽
𝛼+𝛽
⇒ 𝑧= 2
𝑑𝑧
Case (𝑖𝑖) 𝑑𝑤 = 0
2𝑤
⇒ 2𝑧−(𝛼+𝛽) = 0
𝑤
⇒ 𝛼+𝛽 =0
𝑧−
2
⇒ 𝑤 = 0 ⇒ (𝑧 − 𝛼) (𝑧 − 𝛽 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝛼, 𝛽
𝛼+𝛽
∴ The critical points are , 𝛼 and 𝛽.
2
𝟏
Example: 3.55 Find the critical points of the transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 . [A.U A/M 2017 R-13]
Solution:
1
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 … (1)
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑧
Critical points occur at = 0 and 𝑑𝑤 = 0
𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑧4 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = ±1, ±𝑖
𝑑𝑧
Case (𝑖𝑖) 𝑑𝑤 = 0
𝑧3
⇒ 2𝑧 4 −2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 0
Solution:
1
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑧 ...(1)
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑧
Critical points occur at = 0 and 𝑑𝑤 = 0
𝑑𝑧
Solution:
2
Given 𝑤 = 1 + 𝑧 ... (1)
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑧
Critical points occur at = 0 and 𝑑𝑤 = 0
𝑑𝑧
upper half of the 𝒘 plane. What is the image of the circle |𝒛| = 𝟏 under this transformation.
[Anna, May – 2001]
Solution:
Given |𝑧| = 1 is a circle
Centre = (0,0)
Radius = 1
𝑧
Given 𝑤 = 1−𝑧
𝑤
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑤+1
𝑤 |𝑤|
⇒ |𝑧| = |𝑤+1| = |𝑤+1|
Given |𝑧| = 1
|𝑤|
⇒ |𝑤+1| = 1
⇒ |𝑤 | = |𝑤 + 1 |
⇒ |𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣| = |𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 + 1|
⇒ √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = √(𝑢 + 1)2 + 𝑣 2
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = (𝑢 + 1)2 + 𝑣 2
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑢 + 1 + 𝑣 2
⇒ 0 = 2𝑢 + 1
−1
⇒𝑢= 2
−1
Further the region |𝑧| < 1 transforms into 𝑢 > 2
Exercise: 3.5
1. Define Critical point of a transformation.
2. Find the image the circle |𝑧| = 𝑎 under the following transformations.
(i) 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 2 + 3𝑖
(ii) 𝑤 = 2𝑧 [A.U N/D 2016 R-13]
1
3. Find the image of the circle |𝑧 + 1| = 1 in the complex plane under the mapping = 𝑧 .
1
4. Find the image of |𝑧 − 3𝑖 | = 3 under the mapping 𝑤 = 𝑧
plane 𝑣 > 0.
1
7. Find the image of |𝑧 − 2𝑖 | = 3 under 𝑤 = 𝑧
upper half of the 𝑧 plane, 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) ≥ 0, goes onto the circular disc |𝑤| ≤ 1.
1+𝑖𝑧
10. Prove that 𝑤 = maps the line segment joining −1 and 1 onto a semi circle in the 𝑤 plane.
𝑖+𝑧
𝑧−𝑖
11. Show that the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧+𝑖 maps the circular disc |𝑧| ≤ 1 onto the lower half of the
𝑤 plane.
𝑧
12. Prove that 𝑤 = 1−𝑧 maps the upper half of the 𝑧 plane onto the upper half of the 𝑤 plane. What is the
Find also the images of the interior and exterior of the circle.
14. Plot the image under the mapping 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 of the rectangular region bounded by
(i) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2.
(ii) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2.
(iii) 𝑢 = 1, 𝑢 = 3, 𝑣 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 2.
15. Under the mapping 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 discuss the transforms of the lines.
𝜋
(i) 𝑦 = 0 , (ii) 𝑦 = 2 , (iii) 𝑦 = 2𝜋.
bilinear transformation.
This transformation was first introduced by A.F. Mobius, So it is also called Mobius transformation.
𝑎𝑧+𝑏
A bilinear transformation is also called a linear fractional transformation because is a fraction formed by
𝑐𝑧+𝑑
Proof:
𝑎𝑧+𝑏
If the required transformation 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑧+𝑑 .
𝑎𝑧+𝑏 𝑎𝑧 +𝑏 (𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐)(𝑧−𝑧1 )
⇒ 𝑤 − 𝑤1 = 𝑐𝑧+𝑑 − 𝑐𝑧 1+𝑑 = (𝑐𝑧+𝑑)(𝑐𝑧
1 1+𝑑)
(𝑧−𝑧 )(𝑧 −𝑧 )
= (𝑧−𝑧1)(𝑧2 −𝑧3 )
3 2 1
𝑤𝐴−𝑤1 𝐴 𝑧𝐵−𝑧1 𝐵
=
𝑤−𝑤3 𝑧−𝑧3
Cross ratio
Definition:
(𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧3−𝑧4)
Given four point 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 in this order, the ratio (𝑧 is called the cross ratio of the
2−𝑧3)(𝑧4 −𝑧1 )
points.
𝑎𝑧+𝑏
Note: (1) 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑧+𝑑 can be expressed as 𝑐𝑤𝑧 + 𝑑𝑤 − (𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏) = 0
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑖. 𝑒. , ≠0
(𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑)2
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0
If 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0, every point in the 𝑧 plane is a critical point.
𝑎𝑧+𝑏 −𝑑𝑤+𝑏
Note: (3) Now, the inverse of the transformation 𝑤 = is 𝑧 = which is also a bilinear
𝑐𝑧+𝑑 𝑐𝑤−𝑎
𝑎
transformation except 𝑤 = 𝑐 .
−𝑑
Note: (4) Each point in the plane except 𝑧 = corresponds to a unique point in the w plane.
𝑐
−𝑑
The point 𝑧 = corresponds to the point at infinity in the w plane.
𝑐
𝟐𝒛𝒊+𝟓
Example: 3.59 Find the fixed points of 𝒘 = .
𝒛−𝟒𝒊
Solution:
The fixed points are given by replacing 𝑤 𝑏𝑦 𝑧
2𝑧𝑖+5
𝑧= 𝑧−4𝑖
6𝑖±√−36+20
𝑧= ∴ 𝑧 = 5𝑖, 𝑖
2
𝟏+𝒛
Example: 3.60 Find the invariant points of 𝒘 = 𝟏−𝒛
Solution:
The invariant points are given by replacing 𝑤 𝑏𝑦 𝑧
1+𝑧
𝑧=
1−𝑧
⇒ 𝑧 − 𝑧2 = 1 + 𝑧
⇒ 𝑧 2 = −1
⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑖
𝟐
Example: 3.61 Obtain the invariant points of the transformation 𝒘 = 𝟐 − 𝒛 . [Anna, May 1996]
Solution:
The invariant points are given by
2 2𝑧−2
𝑧 = 2−𝑧 ; 𝑧= 𝑧
2 2
𝑧 = 2𝑧 − 2; 𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0
2±√4−8 2±√−4 2±2𝑖
𝑧= = = =1±𝑖
2 2 2
𝟔𝒛−𝟗
Example: 3.62 Find the fixed point of the transformation 𝒘 = . [A.U N/D 2005]
𝒛
Solution:
The fixed points are given by replacing 𝑤 = 𝑧
6𝑧−9 6𝑧−9
i.e., 𝑤 = ⇒ 𝑧=
𝑧 𝑧
2
⇒ 𝑧 = 6𝑧 − 9
⇒ 𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 9 = 0
⇒ (𝑧 − 3)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 3,3
The fixed points are 3, 3.
𝟐𝒛+𝟔
Example: 3.63 Find the invariant points of the transformation 𝒘 = . [A.U M/J 2009]
𝒛+𝟕
Solution:
The invariant (fixed) points are given by
2𝑧+6
𝑤= 𝑧+7
⇒ 𝑧 2 + 7𝑧 = 2𝑧 + 6
⇒ 𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 − 6 = 0
⇒ (𝑧 + 6)(𝑧 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = −6, 𝑧 = 1
Example: 3.64 Find the invariant points of𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟐 . [A.U M/J 2014 R-13]
Solution:
The invariant points are given by 𝑧 = 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧)
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑧2
⇒ 𝑧2 − 𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝑧(𝑧 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧=1
𝒛𝟑 +𝟕𝒛
Example 3.65 Find the invariant points of a function 𝒇(𝒛) = . [A.U D15/J16 R-13]
𝟕−𝟔𝒛𝒊
Solution:
𝑧 3+7𝑧
Given 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 7−6𝑧𝑖
⇒ 7 − 6𝑧𝑖 = 𝑧 2 + 7
⇒ −6𝑧𝑖 = 𝑧 2 ⇒ 𝑧 2 + 6𝑧𝑖 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧(𝑧 + 6𝑖) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = −6𝑖
PROBLEMS BASED ON BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
Example: 3.66 Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points 𝒛 = 𝟎, −𝟏, 𝒊 into the points 𝒘 =
𝒊, 𝟎, ∞ respectively. [A.U. A/M 2015 R-13, A.U N/D 2013, N/D 2014]
Solution:
Given 𝑧1 = 0, 𝑧2 = −1, 𝑧3 = 𝑖,
𝑤1 = 𝑖, 𝑤2 = 0, 𝑤3 = ∞,
𝑤−𝑖 (𝑧−0)(−1−𝑖)
⇒ = (𝑧−𝑖)(−1−0)
0−𝑖
𝑤−𝑖 𝑧
⇒ = (𝑧−𝑖) (1 + 𝑖)
−𝑖
𝑧
⇒ 𝑤 − 𝑖 = (𝑧−𝑖) (−𝑖 + 1)
𝑧 −𝑖𝑧+𝑧+𝑖𝑧+1 𝑧+1
⇒ 𝑤 = (𝑧−𝑖) (−𝑖 + 1) + 𝑖 = (𝑧−𝑖)
= 𝑧−𝑖
𝑏 = 𝑑𝑖 ⇒ −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐𝑖 + 𝑑 = 0
⇒𝑎=𝑏 ⇒ 𝑑 = −𝑐𝑖
∴ 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑐
𝑎𝑧+𝑎 𝑧+1 𝑧+1
∴ (1) ⇒ 𝑤 = 𝑎 = 1 =
𝑎𝑧+ 𝑧+ 𝑧−𝑖
𝑖 𝑖
Example: 3.67 Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points ∞, 𝒊, 𝟎 onto 𝟎, 𝒊, ∞ respectively.
[Anna, May 1997] [A.U N/D 2012] [A.U A/M 2017 R-08]
Solution:
Given 𝑧1 = ∞, 𝑧2 = 𝑖, 𝑧3 = 0, 𝑤1 = 0, 𝑤2 = 𝑖, 𝑤3 = ∞,
Let the required transformation be
(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2 −𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧 )(𝑧 −𝑧 )
(𝑤−𝑤3 )(𝑤2 −𝑤1 )
= (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2−𝑧3 )
3 2 1
Example: 3.68 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points 𝟏, 𝒊, −𝟏 onto the points
𝟎, 𝟏, ∞, show that the transformation maps the interior of the unit circle of the 𝒛 − plane onto the
upper half of the 𝒘 − plane. [A.U. May 2001] [A.U M/J 2014] [A.U D15/J16 R-13]
Solution:
Given 𝑧1 = 1, 𝑧2 = 𝑖, 𝑧3 = −1
𝑤1 = 0, 𝑤2 = 1, 𝑤3 = ∞,
Let the transformation be
(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2−𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧 )(𝑧 −𝑧 )
(𝑤−𝑤3 )(𝑤2−𝑤1 )
= (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2−𝑧3 )
3 2 1
(𝑧−1)(𝑖+1)
⇒ 𝑤 = (𝑧+1)(𝑖−1)
𝑧−1
= 𝑧+1 [−𝑖 ]
(−𝑖)𝑧+𝑖 𝑎𝑧+𝑏
⇒𝑤= [∵ 𝑤 = , 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0 Form]
(1)𝑧+1 𝑐𝑧+𝑑
To find 𝒛:
⇒ 𝑤𝑧 + 𝑤 = −𝑖𝑧 + 𝑖
⇒ 𝑤𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 = −𝑤 + 𝑖
⇒ 𝑧[𝑤 + 𝑖] = −𝑤 + 𝑖
(𝑤−𝑖)
⇒𝑧= 𝑤+𝑖
⇒ |𝑤 − 𝑖 | < |𝑤 + 𝑖 |
⇒ |𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 − 𝑖 | < |𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 + 𝑖 |
⇒ |𝑢 + 𝑖(𝑣 − 1)| < |𝑢 + 𝑖(𝑣 + 𝑖)|
⇒ 𝑢2 + (𝑣 − 1)2 < 𝑢2 + (𝑣 + 1)2
⇒ (𝑣 − 1)2 < (𝑣 + 1)2
⇒ 𝑣 2 − 2𝑣 + 1 < 𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 + 1
⇒ −4𝑣 < 0
⇒𝑣>0
Example: 3.69 Determine the bilinear transformation that maps the points −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, in the 𝒛 plane onto
the points 𝟎, 𝒊, 𝟑𝒊 in the 𝒘 plane. [Anna, May 1999]
Solution:
Given 𝑧1 = −1, 𝑧2 = 0, 𝑧3 = 1,
𝑤1 = 0, 𝑤2 = 𝑖, 𝑤3 = 3𝑖,
Let the required transformation be
(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2−𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧 )(𝑧 −𝑧 )
(𝑤−𝑤3 )(𝑤2−𝑤1 )
= (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2−𝑧3 )
3 2 1
(𝑤−0)(𝑖−3𝑖) [𝑧−(−1)][0−1]
⇒ (𝑤−3𝑖)(𝑖−0)
= (𝑧−1)[0−(−1)]
𝑤(−2𝑖) (𝑧+1)(−1)
⇒ (𝑤−3𝑖)(𝑖)
= (𝑧−1)(1)
−2𝑤 𝑧+1
⇒ = 𝑧−1
𝑤−3𝑖
2𝑤 𝑧+1
⇒ = 𝑧−1
𝑤−3𝑖
⇒ 2𝑤𝑧 − 2𝑤 = 𝑤𝑧 + 𝑤 − 3𝑧𝑖 − 3𝑖
⇒ 2𝑤𝑧 − 2𝑤 − 𝑤𝑧 − 𝑤 = −3𝑖(𝑧 + 1)
⇒ 𝑤[2𝑧 − 2 − 𝑧 − 1] = −3𝑖(𝑧 + 1)
⇒ 𝑤[𝑧 − 3] = −3𝑖(𝑧 + 1)
(𝑧+1)
⇒ 𝑤 = −3𝑖 (𝑧−3)
Note: Either image or object or both are infinity should not apply the following Aliter method.
Aliter:
Given 𝑧1 = −1, 𝑧2 = 0, 𝑧3 = 1,
𝑤1 = 0, 𝑤2 = 𝑖, 𝑤3 = 3𝑖,
Let the required transformation be
(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2 −𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧 )(𝑧 −𝑧 )
(𝑤−𝑤3 )(𝑤2 −𝑤1 )
= (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2−𝑧3 )
3 2 1
𝑤 −𝑤 𝑖−3𝑖 −2𝑖
Let 𝐴 = 𝑤2 −𝑤3 = 𝑖−0
= 𝑖
= −2
2 1
𝑧 −𝑧 0−1
𝐵 = 𝑧2 −𝑧3 = 0+1 = −1
2 1
⇒ 𝑎 = 𝐴𝑤1 − 𝐵𝑤3 = 0 + 3𝑖 = 3𝑖
⇒ 𝑏 = 𝐵𝑤3 𝑧1 − 𝐴𝑤1 𝑧3 = (−1)(3𝑖 )(−1) − 0 = 3𝑖
⇒ 𝑐 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 = (−2) − (−1) = −1
⇒ 𝑑 = 𝐵𝑧1 − 𝐴𝑧3 = (−1)(−1) − (−2)(1) = 3
𝑎𝑧+𝑏
We know that, 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑧+𝑑 , 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0
(3𝑖)+𝑧(3𝑖)
∴𝑤= (−1)𝑧+3
Example: 3.70 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points −𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟐 into the points 𝒘 =
𝟎, 𝟏, −𝒊 respectively. [Anna, May 2002]
Solution:
Given 𝑧1 = −1, 𝑧2 = 0, 𝑧3 = 2,
𝑤1 = 0, 𝑤2 = 𝑖, 𝑤3 = −𝑖,
Let the required transformation be
(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2−𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧 )(𝑧 −𝑧 )
(𝑤−𝑤3 )(𝑤2−𝑤1 )
= (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2−𝑧3 )
3 2 1
𝑤 −𝑤 𝑖+𝑖 2𝑖
Let 𝐴 = 𝑤2 −𝑤3 = 𝑖−0 = =2
2 1 𝑖
𝑧 −𝑧 0−2
𝐵 = 𝑧2−𝑧3 = 0+2 = −1
2 1
Example: 3.71 Find the bilinear transformation which maps 𝒛 = 𝟏, 𝒊, −𝟏 respectively onto 𝒘 = 𝒊, 𝟎, −𝒊.
Hence find the fixed points. [A.U, May 2001] [A.U April 2016 R-15 U.D]
Solution:
Given 𝑧1 = 1, 𝑧2 = 𝑖, 𝑧3 = −1,
𝑤1 = 𝑖, 𝑤2 = 0, 𝑤3 = −𝑖,
Let the required transformation be
(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2 −𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧 )(𝑧 −𝑧3 )
(𝑤−𝑤3 )(𝑤2 −𝑤1 )
= (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2
3 2−𝑧1 )
𝑤 −𝑤 0+𝑖
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑤2 −𝑤3 = 0−𝑖 = −1
2 1
𝑧 −𝑧 𝑖+1
𝐵 = 𝑧2 −𝑧3 = 𝑖−1 = −𝑖
2 1
Example: 3.72 Find the bilinear transformation which maps 𝒛 = 𝟎 onto 𝒘 = −𝒊 and has −𝟏 and 1 as
the invariant points. Also show that under this transformation the upper half of the 𝒛 plane maps onto
the interior of the unit circle in the 𝒘 plane. [A.U A/M 2017 R-13]
Solution:
Given 𝑧1 = 0, 𝑧2 = −1, 𝑧3 = 1,
𝑤1 = −𝑖, 𝑤2 = −1, 𝑤3 = 1,
Let the required transformation be
(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2 −𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧 )(𝑧 −𝑧 )
(𝑤−𝑤3 )(𝑤2 −𝑤1 )
= (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2−𝑧3 )
3 2 1
𝑤2 −𝑤3 −1−1 −2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴=𝑤 = = −1+𝑖 = 1 + 𝑖
2 −𝑤1 −1+𝑖
𝑧 −𝑧 −1−1
𝐵 = 𝑧2−𝑧3 = −1−0 = 2
2 1
1−𝑢 2−𝑣 2
⇒ 𝑦 = (1−𝑣)2 +𝑢2
⇒ 1 − 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 ≥ 0
⇒ 1 ≥ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ≤ 1
Therefore the upper half of the 𝑧 −plane maps onto the interior of the unit circles in the 𝑤-plane.
Example: 3.73 Find the Bilinear transformation that maps the points 𝟏 + 𝒊, −𝒊, 𝟐 − 𝒊 of the 𝒛 −plane
into the points 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝒊 of the 𝒘-plane. [A.U M/J 2007, N/D 2007]
Solution:
Given 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 𝑤1 = 0
𝑧2 = −𝑖 𝑤2 = 1
𝑧3 = 2 − 𝑖 𝑤3 = 𝑖
Let the required transformation be
(𝑤−𝑤1 )(𝑤2−𝑤3 ) (𝑧−𝑧 )(𝑧 −𝑧 )
(𝑤−𝑤3 )(𝑤2−𝑤1 )
= (𝑧−𝑧1 )(𝑧2−𝑧3 )
3 2 1
𝑧 −𝑧 −𝑖−2+𝑖 −2 2
𝐵 = 𝑧2 −𝑧3 = −𝑖−1−𝑖 = −1−2𝑖 = 1+2𝑖
2 1
3+𝑖 2 −2𝑖
⇒ 𝑎 = 𝐴𝑤1 − 𝐵𝑤3 = (1+2𝑖 ) (0) − (1+2𝑖 ) (𝑖) = 1+2𝑖
2 −2+2𝑖
⇒ 𝑏 = 𝐵𝑤3 𝑧1 − 𝐴𝑤1 𝑧3 = (1+2𝑖 ) (𝑖 )(1 + 𝑖) − 0 = 1+2𝑖
3+𝑖 2 1+𝑖
⇒ 𝑐 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 1+2𝑖 − 1+2𝑖 = 1+2𝑖
2 3+𝑖 −5+3𝑖
⇒ 𝑑 = 𝐵𝑧1 − 𝐴𝑧3 = (1+2𝑖 ) (1 + 𝑖 ) − (1+2𝑖 ) (2 − 𝑖) = 1+2𝑖
𝑎𝑧+𝑏
We know that, 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑧+𝑑 , 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0
−2𝑖 2𝑖−2
( )𝑧+( )
1+2𝑖 1+2𝑖
⇒ 𝑤= 1+𝑖 3𝑖−5
( )𝑧+( )
1+2𝑖 1+2𝑖
(−2𝑖)𝑧+(2𝑖−2)
⇒ 𝑤 = (1+𝑖)𝑧+(3𝑖−5)
Verification:
(i) If 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖,then
(−2𝑖)(1+𝑖)+(2𝑖−2)
𝑤 = (1+𝑖)(1+𝑖)+(3𝑖−5)
−2𝑖+2+2𝑖−2
= (1+𝑖)(1+𝑖)+(3𝑖−5) = 0
Exercise: 3.6
1. Find the fixed points of the following mappings
2𝑧−5
(i) 𝑤= Ans. 𝑧 = −1 ± 2𝑖
𝑧+4
𝑧−2
(ii) 𝑤 = 𝑧+3 Ans. 𝑧 = −1 ± 𝑖
1
(iii) 𝑤 = 𝑧−2𝑖 Ans. 𝑧 = 𝑖
5𝑧+4
(iv) 𝑤= Ans. 𝑧 = ±2
𝑧+5