Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2022

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced

Subsidiary Level
In Chemistry (WCH12)
Paper 01: Energetics, Group Chemistry,
Halogenoalkanes and Alcohols
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Summer 2022
Question Paper Log Number P70965A
Publications Code WCH12_01_2206_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2022
General Marking Guidance

 All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark
the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
 Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded
for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
 Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to
their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
 There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should
be used appropriately.
 All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners
should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the
mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if
the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according to the mark
scheme.
 Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the
principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be
limited.
 When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark
scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
 Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced
it with an alternative response.
 Using the mark scheme

Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does NOT mean
giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing candidates to be
rewarded for answers showing correct application of principles and knowledge. Examiners should
therefore read carefully and consider every response: even if it is not what is expected it may be
worthy of credit.

The mark scheme gives examiners:

 an idea of the types of response expected
 how individual marks are to be awarded
 the total mark for each question
 examples of responses that should NOT receive credit.

/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full credit. ( ) means
that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but helps the examiner to get the
sense of the expected answer.

Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is essential to
the answer. ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier part of
a question is used correctly in answer to a later part of the same question.

Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make sure that the
answer makes sense. Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put together in a
meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct context.
Question Answer Mark
number
1 (1)
The only correct answer is A (2Al(s) + 1½O2(g) → Al2O3(s))

B is incorrect because oxygen exists as O2 in its standard state

C is incorrect because standard enthalpy change of formation is for the formation of 1 mol of a compound
D is incorrect because standard enthalpy change of formation is for the formation of 1 mol of a compound and oxygen
exists as O2 in its standard state

Question Answer Mark

number
2 (1)
The only correct answer is A (gains electrons and decreases in oxidation number)

B is incorrect because oxidising agents are reduced during a reaction so there is a decrease in oxidation number
C is incorrect because oxidising agents are reduced during a reaction so they gain electrons
D is incorrect because oxidising agents are reduced during a reaction so they gain electrons and there is a decrease
in oxidation number

Question Answer Mark

number
3 (1)
The only correct answer is B (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH)

A is incorrect because branching in the carbon chain reduces the boiling temperature of isomeric alcohols
C is incorrect because alkanes do not have hydrogen bonding and have lower boiling temperatures than alcohols
with a similar number of electrons
D is incorrect because alkanes do not have hydrogen bonding and have lower boiling temperatures than alcohols
with a similar number of electrons
Question Answer Mark
number
4 (1)
The only correct answer is B (potassium chlorate(III))

A is incorrect because the oxidation number of chlorine in KClO2 is +3

C is incorrect because the oxidation number of chlorine in KClO2 is +3
D is incorrect because the oxidation number of chlorine in KClO2 is +3

Question Answer Mark

number
5(a) (1)
The only correct answer is D (Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2)

A is incorrect because CaO is not a product of the reaction

B is incorrect because CaO2 is an incorrect formula for calcium oxide
C is incorrect because CaOH is an incorrect formula for calcium hydroxide

Question Answer Mark

number
5(b) (1)
The only correct answer is A (calcium oxidised, hydrogen reduced)

B is incorrect because oxygen is not reduced

C is incorrect because hydrogen is not oxidised and calcium is not reduced
D is incorrect because hydrogen is not oxidised and oxygen is not reduced
Question Answer Mark
number
6 (1)
The only correct answer is A (BaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ba2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l))

B is incorrect because Ba2CO3 is not the formula for barium carbonate

C is incorrect because solid barium carbonate should not be split up into ions
D is incorrect because hydrochloric acid is in solution and should be split up into ions and Cl− are spectator ions

Question Answer Mark

number
7 (1)
The only correct answer is D (Reagent: NaOH(aq), Test for gas: damp red litmus paper turns blue)

A is incorrect because hydrochloric acid does not react with ammonium ions
B is incorrect because hydrochloric acid does not react with ammonium ions
C is incorrect because ammonia is produced and it is alkaline so turns damp red litmus paper blue

Question Answer Mark

number
8 (1)
The only correct answer is D (violet)

A is incorrect because iodine is produced in the reaction and it is brown in aqueous solution but violet in a non-polar
organic solvent
B is incorrect because chlorine gas is green
C is incorrect because bromine is orange in a non-polar organic solvent
Question Answer Mark
number
9(a) (1)
The only correct answer is C (yellow to orange)

A is incorrect because methyl orange is yellow in alkaline solution

B is incorrect because methyl orange is yellow in alkaline solution and turns red when excess acid has been added
D is incorrect because methyl orange turns red when excess acid is added

Question Answer Mark

number
9(b) (1)
The only correct answer is C (22.80, 22.35, 22.40 (cm3))

A is incorrect because the first titre should be higher than the other two titres
B is incorrect because the second and third titres should be concordant and lower than the first titre
D is incorrect because the second and third titres should be lower than the first titre

Question Answer Mark

number
9(c) (1)
The only correct answer is B (0.0668 (mol dm−3))

A is incorrect because the volumes have been used the wrong way round
C is incorrect because the mole ratio of 2 : 1 has not been used
D is incorrect because the mole ratio has been used as 2 H2SO4 : 1 NaOH
Question Answer Mark
number
10(a) (1)
The only correct answer is D (decreasing the activation energy of the reaction)

A is incorrect because only an increase in temperature causes the average kinetic energy of the molecules to increase
B is incorrect because only a decrease in temperature causes the average kinetic energy of the molecules to decrease
C is incorrect because if the activation energy increased, the rate of decomposition would decrease

Question Answer Mark

number
10(b) (1)
The only correct answer is D (0.833 (mol dm−3))

A is incorrect because the volume of oxygen has not been converted into moles
B is incorrect because the 2 : 1 mole ratio has been used the wrong way around
C is incorrect because the 2 : 1 mole ratio has not been used

Question Answer Mark

number
11 (1)
The only correct answer is A (change in equilibrium position: left, enthalpy change: endothermic)

B is incorrect because an exothermic reaction would decrease the concentration of iodine

C is incorrect because the equilibrium position would shift to the left
D is incorrect because the equilibrium position would shift to the left
Question Answer Mark
number
12 (1)
The only correct answer is C (nucleophile)

A is incorrect because electrophiles attack atoms with a slight negative charge

B is incorrect because free radicals attack neutral atoms
D is incorrect because oxidising agents remove electrons from a species

Question Answer Mark

number
13 (1)
The only correct answer is B (P and Q only)

A is incorrect because Q is also primary alcohol and will be oxidised to a carboxylic acid
C is incorrect because R is a secondary alcohol and will be oxidised to a ketone
D is incorrect because R is a secondary alcohol and will be oxidised to a ketone and S is a tertiary alcohol so is not
easily oxidised

Question Answer Mark

number
14(a) (1)
The only correct answer is C (concentrated phosphoric(V) acid)

A is incorrect because acidified potassium manganate(VII) converts an alkene into a diol

B is incorrect because aqueous bromine reacts with an alkene to form a bromoalcohol
D is incorrect because phosphorus(V) chloride reacts with an alcohol to form a chloroalkane
Question Answer Mark
number
14(b) (1)
The only correct answer is C (C6H11OH + [O] → C6H10O + H2O )

A is incorrect because [O] is needed from the oxidising agent and hydrogen gas would not be produced
B is incorrect because [O] is needed from the oxidising agent and hydrogen atoms would not be produced
D is incorrect because the oxidising agent is not oxygen gas

Question Answer Mark

number
14(c) (1)
The only correct answer is C (3750-3200, 1669-1645)

A is incorrect because there is a C-H bond in both compounds

B is incorrect because there is a C-H bond in both compounds and there is no C=O in cyclohexene
D is incorrect because there is no C=O in cyclohexene
(Total for Section A = 20 marks)
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
15(a) An explanation that makes reference to the following Penalise omission of ‘ion’ or just magnesium / Mg / calcium (3)
points: / Ca without charge once only in M1 and M2
Allow reverse argument for magnesium ions in M1 and M2

Allow size for radius or just ‘bigger / smaller’

 Size (and charge) Allow ionic radius / size of cation increases down the group
calcium ion / Ca2+ has a larger (ionic) radius than a / decreases up the group
magnesium ion (but the same charge) Allow calcium carbonate has a larger cation
or Allow calcium ions have a lower charge density
magnesium ion / Mg2+ has a smaller (ionic) radius / is Allow calcium ions have more shells of electrons
smaller than a calcium ion (but the same charge) (1)
Ignore effective nuclear charge / mass : charge ratio
Ignore atomic radius
Ignore omission of same charge
Do not award M1 if mention of different / incorrect charges
on magnesium and calcium ions
 Polarising power
so calcium ion / Ca2+ causes less polarisation / Allow polarising power of cation decreases down the group
distortion Allow Ca2+ causes less weakening of bonds for polarisation
or
Do not award just ‘the carbonate ion is less polarisable’ for
magnesium ion / Mg2+ causes more polarisation /
M2, although this can score M3
distortion (1)

 What is polarised Allow electron cloud for ion

of the carbonate ion / CO32− / anion / negative ion / Do not award reference to nitrate / N-O bonds
C−O bonds / C=O bonds /CO bonds (1) Do not award reference to breaking unspecified bonds /
(ionic) bond between cation and anion
Do not award references to intermolecular forces
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
15(b)(i) Example of calculation: (3)

 calculation of mol of CO2 (1) mol CO2 = 100 = 0.0041667 / 4.1667 x 10−3 (mol)
24 000

 calculation of mol of HCl (1) mol HCl = 2 x 0.0041667 = 0.0083333 / 8.3333 x 10−3 (mol)
TE on M1

 calculation of volume of HCl vol HCl = 0.0083333 x 1000 = (16.667)

and 0.500
corresponding volume unit (1) = 16.6 cm3 / 0.0166 dm3
Do not award incorrect units e.g. cm−3 / dm−3

Allow 16.67 / 16.7 cm3 as the theoretical volume of CO2 is

100.02 / 100.2 cm3
Do not award 17 cm3 as the theoretical volume of CO2 is 102
cm3 so would exceed the measurable volume of the syringe

Allow any number between 16 and 16.7 cm3 / 0.016 and 0.0167
dm3 inclusive
TE on M2
Ignore SF except 1 SF

Correct answer with units and no working scores (3)

Accept fractions / correct working not evaluated for M1 and M2

e.g. 1/240, 1/120
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
15(b)(ii) Example of working: (3)

 tangent drawn at t = 0 Tangent must touch the curve for at least 24 s (2 small squares
horizontally) and extend to at least 20 cm3

 gradient Gradient = 100 = 0.27778 (expected value 0.25 to 0.33 for tangent
360 at t = 0)
TE on tangent drawn at any time value
If no tangent drawn, allow a selected point and y/x value e.g. 32/120
= 0.27

Stand alone mark

 units cm3 s−1 or cm3 / s or cm3
s
3 −
Allow cm s
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
15(b)(iii) An answer that makes reference to the following point: (1)

 initial rate halves Allow initial rate decreases

and and
final volume of CO2 halves / is 45 (cm3) final volume of CO2 decreases

Do not award any specific decrease (e.g.

decrease by a factor of 4) except for half

(Total for Question 15 = 10 marks)

 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
16(a) An explanation that makes reference to the following (2)
points:

 atomic radius increases Allow size of atoms increases / gets bigger

or Allow just ‘more shells of electrons’
distance between the nucleus and outer electrons Allow effective nuclear charge decreases
increases Do not award nuclear charge decreases
or Do not award reference to ions / ionic radius for M1 only
there are more shells / energy levels of inner electrons
between the nucleus and the outer shell electrons (1)

 so there is less attraction (by the nucleus with a higher Allow greater shielding between the nucleus and the
charge) for the bonding electrons / shared pair of bonding electrons / shared pair of electrons
electrons (1) Note – bonding / shared pair can be mentioned anywhere
in the answer
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
16(b) An answer that makes reference to the following points: (2)
Allow oxidation numbers written near species in the
 three oxidation numbers of I: equation
IO3− = (+)5
I− = −1 Ignore oxidation numbers of H and O
I2 = 0 (1) Do not award O.N. I2 is neutral / I− is −5

 two different species / ions / compounds (of iodine) are Allow I2 / iodine is oxidised and reduced in the
oxidised and reduced (to form the same species) reverse reaction
or Allow (iodine in) IO3− is only being reduced
there is not one species / ion / compound that is being or (iodine in) I− is only being oxidised
oxidised and reduced
Ignore just ‘the reaction is only oxidation / reduction’
or
2 different oxidation states are not produced from one Ignore just ‘comproportionation’
oxidation state (of iodine) Ignore just ‘I / iodine is not simultaneously oxidised
or and reduced’
only one species / oxidation state of iodine is formed (1)

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
16(c) Example of table: (1)
Hydrogen halide Compound produced with
the lowest oxidation number
 sulfur dioxide / sulfur (IV) oxide / SO2 produced from of sulfur
HBr (HBr) sulfur dioxide / SO2
and (HI) hydrogen sulfide / H2S
hydrogen sulfide / H2S produced from HI Ignore Br2 and I2
Note - If name and formula are given, both must be
correct
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
16(d) An explanation that makes reference to the Allow van der Waals’ forces / dispersion forces / attractions (4)
following points: between instantaneous dipoles and induced dipoles for
London forces or a description of London forces

 all hydrogen halides have London forces (and Ignore London forces omitted from HF
dipole-dipole forces between molecules) (1) Do not award this mark if ions mentioned in answer
Do not award this mark if breaking H-Cl, H-Br or H-I bonds

 the strength of the London forces increases Ignore the strength of the London forces increases as the size
as the number of electrons increases (so the of the molecule / Mr increases
boiling temperature increases from HCl to
HI)
or
the strength of the London forces increases as
the polarisability of the molecules increases
from HCl to HI (1)

 (only) HF has hydrogen bonding (between Do not award M3 if hydrogen bonding in any other hydrogen
molecules) (1) halide

 hydrogen bonding is (much) stronger than Allow more heat energy is needed to overcome hydrogen
London forces / dipole-dipole forces (so HF bonding than London forces
has the highest boiling temperature) (1) Allow hydrogen bonding is the strongest intermolecular force
/ bond
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
16(e) An answer that makes reference to the following point: Example of calculation: (3)
Method 1
 calculation of mol of AgCl (1) mol AgCl = 0.226 = 0.0015760 / 1.5760 x 10−3
143.4

 calculation of mass of Cl− (1) mass Cl− = 1.5760 x 10−3 x 35.5 = 0.055948 (g)

 calculation of percentage of Cl− (1) % Cl− = 0.055948 x 100 = 57.09 / 57.1 / 57 (%)
0.098
OR
Method 2
 calculation of % by mass of Cl in AgCl (1) % by mass of Cl in AgCl = 35.5 x 100 = 24.756 (%)
143.4

 calculation of mass of Cl in residue (1) mass of Cl = 24.756 x 0.226 = 0.055948 (g)

 calculation of percentage of Cl− (1) % by mass of Cl− in residue = 0.055948 x 100

0.098
= 57.09 / 57.1 / 57 (%)

Correct answer with no working scores (3)

Allow TE at each stage

Allow alternative methods

Ignore SF except 1 SF

Accept fractions / correct working not evaluated for M1

and M2
(Total for Question 16 = 12 marks)
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
17(a) Example of table: (1)
 both classifications correct Halogenoalkane Classification

secondary

primary

Allow 2o for secondary

Allow 1o for primary
Ignore halogenoalkane
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
17(b) An explanation that makes reference to the following (3)
points:
Stand alone mark
 2-chloro-2-methylpropane should react faster than Allow tertiary / branched chain / more branched
1-iodobutane because it is tertiary (1) halogenoalkanes have a higher rate of hydrolysis than
primary halogenoalkanes
Do not award secondary for 2-chlor-2-methylpropane
Do not award tertiary carbocation
 1-iodobutane should react faster than Stand alone mark
2-chloro-2-methylpropane because the C−I bond
enthalpy is lower than C−Cl (1) Allow just ‘the C−I bond is weaker / has a lower
bond enthalpy than C−Cl’
Ignore just ‘bonds in 1-iodobutane are weaker’
Do not award H−I / H−Cl bonds
 it is not possible to predict the relative effects of these Conditional on two opposing factors
two opposing factors / structure and bond enthalpies If M1 and M2 scored, allow ‘so it is not possible to
(1) predict the relative rate of hydrolysis’

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
17(c)(i) (1)
 ammonia (gas) would escape (from the condenser when Ignore just ‘ammonia will evaporate’
heated under reflux) Ignore concentrated alcoholic
or
to prevent ammonia (gas) escaping (from the condenser Ignore references to safety
when heated under reflux) Ignore just ‘gas / reactant escapes’
Do not award any other substance escaping
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
17(c)(ii) Penalise missing lone pair on N once only (4)
Penalise negative charge on NH3 once only
 lone pair on N of NH3 Penalise half-arrow heads once only
and
curly arrow from lone pair on N to, or towards C (1)

 dipole on C-Br
and
curly arrow from C-Br bond to, or just beyond, Br (1)

 lone pair on N of NH3

and
curly arrow from lone pair on N to, or towards H (1)

 curly arrow from N-H bond to, or towards N (1) Do not award any charge / dipole on H
Ignore any changes to final products
Example of mechanism:

+ Br−

+ NH4+
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
17(d) Example of calculation: (3)
 calculation of amounts of KBr and H2SO4 (1) amount KBr = 14.90 = 0.12521 (mol)
119
amount H2SO4 = 16.35 = 0.16667 (mol)
98.1
Allow use of 98 for Mr of H2SO4 giving 0.16684 (mol)

 calculation of amount of C2H5OH amount C2H5OH = 4.65 = 0.10109 / 0.10 / 0.1 (mol)
and 46
statement or implication that this is the limiting and
quantity (1) any indication that the limiting reagent is C2H5OH e.g. by
use of mol of ethanol in M3

 calculation of maximum mass of C2H5Br formed (1) (maximum amount C2H5Br formed = 0.10109 (mol)
maximum mass C2H5Br formed = 0.10109 x 108.9
= 11.008 / 11.01 / 11.0 / 11 (g)
Allow use of 109 for Mr of C2H5Br giving 11.018 (g)

Ignore SF except 1 SF, but allow 0.1 for mol C2H5OH

Question
Acceptable Answers Additional Guidance Mark
Number
17(e)* This question assesses a student’s ability to show a coherent and Guidance on how the mark scheme should be (6)
logically structured answer with linkages and fully-sustained applied:
reasoning. The mark for indicative content should be added to
the mark for lines of reasoning. For example, an
Marks are awarded for indicative content and for how the answer answer with five indicative marking points that is
is structured and shows lines of reasoning. partially structured with some linkages and lines of
reasoning scores 4 marks (3 marks for indicative
The following table shows how the marks should be awarded for content and 1 mark for partial structure and some
indicative content. linkages and lines of reasoning).
If there are no linkages between points, the same
Number of Number of marks five indicative marking points would yield an
indicative awarded for overall score of 3 marks (3 marks for indicative
marking points indicative content and no marks for linkages).
seen in answer marking points
6 4
5–4 3
3–2 2
1 1
0 0

The following table shows how the marks should be awarded for
structure and lines of reasoning.
 Number of marks
awarded for
structure of answer In general it would be expected that 5 or 6
and sustained line of indicative points would get 2 reasoning marks, and
reasoning 3 or 4 indicative points would get 1 mark for
Answer shows a coherent and logical reasoning, and 0, 1 or 2 indicative points would
2
structure with linkages and fully score zero marks for reasoning.
sustained lines of reasoning
demonstrated throughout.
Answer is partially structured with 1
some linkages and lines of reasoning.
Answer has no linkages between 0 General points to note
points and is unstructured. If there is any incorrect chemistry, deduct mark(s)
from the reasoning. If no reasoning mark(s)
awarded do not deduct mark(s).
Comment:
Look for the indicative marking points first, then consider the
mark for structure of answer and sustained line of reasoning
Indicative content Penalise use of incorrect halogenoalkane once only

 IP1 –Similarity Allow OH− shown with both reactions anywhere in

Both reactions involve hydroxide ions / OH− the answer e.g. in the equations
Allow both reactions need heat (under reflux)
 IP2 – Type of reaction
Reaction with aqueous solution is substitution Ignore displacement for substitution
and
reaction with ethanolic solution is elimination Ignore dehydration for elimination
Do not award dehydrogenation for elimination
 IP3 – Type of reagent
(OH− is a) nucleophile in aqueous solution If IP2 and IP3 not awarded, allow 1 IP for just
and ‘nucleophilic substitution’ or ‘elimination by a
a base in ethanolic solution base’

 IP4 – Products
In aqueous solution propan-2-ol / an alcohol forms This can be scored from the equations
and
in ethanolic solution propene / an alkene forms

 IP5 – Equation in aqueous solution

CH3CHBrCH3 + OH− → CH3CHOHCH3 + Br− In IP5 and IP6, allow displayed formulae / any
combination of displayed and structural formulae /
 IP6 – Equation in ethanolic solution skeletal formula
CH3CHBrCH3 + OH− → CH3CH=CH2 + H2O + Br− Allow KOH / KBr / K+ + OH− / K+ + Br−
The equations must be balanced
Ignore state symbols even if incorrect
Ignore mechanisms even if incorrect

(Total for Question 17 = 18 marks)

 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
18(a)(i) (1)
Allow ‘a specified / stated temperature’
 (temperature) 298 K / 25°C Ignore just ‘room temperature’
and
(pressure) 1 atm / 100 kPa / 101 kPa / 1 x 105 Pa / 1.01 x 105 Pa Do not award 298°K
Do not award incorrect pressure units e.g. 101 Pa

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
18(a)(ii) Example of equation: (2)

 molecular formula for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (1) C8H18 + 12½O2 → 8CO2 + 9H2O

 rest of equation correct Accept 25/2 for 12½

conditional on use of C8H18
or use of structural / displayed / skeletal formula for Allow multiples
2,2,4-trimethylpentane (1) e.g. 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O

Ignore state symbols even if incorrect

 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
18(a)(iii) Example of diagram; (2)

reactants

enthalpy Δ cH
products

progress of reaction
Allow energy / H / enthalpy level as label for y axis
 y axis labelled enthalpy Do not award ΔH / enthalpy change / energy change as label for y
and axis
products line drawn at a lower level than
reactants line (1) Allow names / formulae of reactants and products but both must be
there e.g. C8H18 + O2 for reactants and CO2 + H2O for products
Ignore missing / incorrect balancing numbers if formulae given
Ignore label / missing label on x axis
Ignore activation energy hump(s)

 downwards arrow labelled with ΔcH (1) M2 Conditional on reactants higher than products
Allow label as ΔH / −5461 / other label that indicates enthalpy
change of combustion / reaction
Do not award double headed arrow / or just a line with no arrow /
arrow labelled −∆H
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
18(a)(iv) Example of calculation: (3)
Method 1
 calculation of energy given out by 1 g (1) enthalpy change / g = 5461 = 47.904 (kJ)
114

 calculation of energy given out by 1 cm3 (1) enthalpy change / cm3 = 47.904 x 0.692 = 33.149 (kJ)
TE on M1

 calculation of energy given out by 1 dm3 (1) enthalpy change / dm3 = 33.149 x 1000
= 33 149 / 33.149 x 103 (kJ)
TE on M2

Method 2
mass of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in 1 dm3
= 0.692 x 1000 = 692 (g) (1)
mol in 1 dm3 = 692 = 6.0702 (mol) (1)
114
TE on M1
enthalpy change / dm3 = 6.0702 x 5461
= 33 149 / 33.149 x 103 (kJ) (1)
TE on M2

Allow alternative methods

Correct answer with some working scores (3)
Ignore SF except 1 SF
Ignore minus sign
Ignore units, even if incorrect
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
18(b)(i) Example of calculation: (4)

 calculation of heat evolved (1) heat evolved = 100.0 x 4.18 x 13.2

= 5517.6 (J) / 5.5176 kJ
Do not award 100.305 x 4.18 x 13.2 = 5534.4 (J)

 calculation of moles of ethanol used (1) amount of ethanol = 0.305 = 0.0066304 / 6.6304 x 10−3 (mol)
46

 working for heat evolved per mole (1) heat evolved per mole = 5.5176 ( = 832.17)
6.6304 x 10−3
TE on M1 and M2

 value of ΔcH to 2 / 3 SF (1) ΔcH = − 830 / − 832 kJ mol−1

and Allow units kJ/mol or kJ or kJ mol−
negative sign mol
and Ignore letter case in units e.g. k or K, J or j
units Accept – 830 000 / − 832 000 J mol−1
TE on M3

Ignore SF except 1 SF in M1, M2 and M3

Correct answer with some working to 2/3 SF with sign and units
scores (4)
Question Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
18(b)(ii) Example of calculation: (1)
 calculation of percentage error (2 x 0.05 x 100) = 0.75758 (%)
13.2

Allow 0.7576 / 0.758 / 0.76 / 0.8

Correct answer with no working scores (1)
Ignore signs
Do not award 0.75 / 0.757 / 0.80

Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
18(b)(iii) An answer that makes reference to any two of the following (2)
points:

 heat loss (to the surroundings) (1)

 incomplete combustion (of ethanol) (1) Allow insufficient oxygen for combustion
Ignore not all of the ethanol was burned

 some ethanol evaporates (1) Ignore product(s) / water evaporates

 calculation does not take into account the heat capacity of the Allow some heat is used to heat up the beaker
beaker (1) Ignore thermometer
Ignore ethanol was impure
Ignore water was not stirred
Ignore no lid on beaker
 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
18(c) Example of calculation: (3)
Method 1
 calculation of bond energies of O−H bond energy O−H = 928/2 = (+)464 (kJ mol−1)
and and
C−H (1) bond energy C−H = 1740/4 = (+)435 (kJ mol−1)

 calculation of bond energy of C−O (1) bond energy C−O = 2105 – (3 x 435) – 464
= (+)336 (kJ mol−1)
TE on M1

 calculation of bond energy of C−C (1) bond energy C−C = 3322 – (5 x 435) – 464 −336
= (+)347 (kJ mol−1)
Method 2
3322 – 2105 = 1217 = C−C + 2 x C−H (1)
bond energy 2 x C−H = 1740/2 = (+)870 (kJ mol−1) (1)
C−C = 1217 – 870 = (+)347 (kJ mol−1) (1)

M3 TE on M1 and M2 in both methods

Correct answer with some working scores (3)

 Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
18(d) An answer that makes reference to the following points: Ignore effect of temperature (2)
Ignore effect on rate of reaction

 there are fewer (gas) molecules on the right hand side / more Allow moles for molecules
(gas) molecules on the left hand side (1) Allow 2 (gas) molecules on the left and 1 (gas)
molecule on the right
Allow higher pressure favours the side with fewer
(gas) molecules

 so the equilibrium position will shift to the right / product side Allow forward reaction is favoured and
and the equilibrium yield of ethanol will increase
the equilibrium yield of ethanol will increase (1)
(Total for Question 18 = 20 marks)

Total for Section C = 20 marks

Total for paper = 80 marks
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