A SEMINAR REORT ON

LANDMINE DETECTORS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:-

YOGENDRA KUMAR KATIYAR ROLL NO: 0816431107 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTONICS AND COMMUNICATION

PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DE L

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Major Project entitled L DMINE DETE T in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of

Technology in Electronics and Communication affiliated to Gautam Buddh Technical University and submitted to the Department of Electronics and Communication of Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from eb 2011 to March 2011. The matter represented in this report has not been submitted by me for award of any other degree of this or any other institute/university.

Date 12-04-2011

MR. AB ISHEK SINGH RATHOUR (SEMINAR INCHARGE)

MR. D.S.KUSHWAHA (HOD, ECE DEPTT.)

ABSTRACT
Landmines are one of t e bi est problems in t e terrorist and revolts countries causing a big damage to t e human life and wealth. Landmine detectors are the onl way to overcome this disastrous creation of man. Landmine detectors helps in locating the actual position of the buried landmines and also to understand the technology used in the landmine for the safely diffusion and removing of landmines. Initially these techniques were not very effective and useful but increase in the use of landmines brings out a boom in the development of the landmine detectors science 1975. The kernel of this report deals about an implementation of LANDMINE DETECTORS.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sense of gratitude and my sincere thanks to the following persons who have made the completion of this S mi Mr A hish k S i r R por possible:

h Rathour, Seminar Incharge for his vital encouragement, support, constant

reminders and much needed motivation. Mr D.S.Kushwaha, HOD, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering for his understanding and assistance. Great deals appreciated go to the contribution of my Faculty member of Electronics and Communication department for assisting in the collection of the topic for seminar and for extending a helping at every juncture of need. Last but not least I would like to thank my family and y friends for their co-operation and suggestion for this seminar report.

YOGENDRA KUMAR KATIYAR 0816431107 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION (6th SEMESTER)

CONTENTS

Introduction ....................................................................... .............................. 6 Technology used for landmine detection .........................................................7 Impulse ground penetrating radar system ..........................................................7
y Hardware discription ......................................................... ......................8

 Impulse generator .................................................... ...........................8  Antenna system ........................................................................... ...... .9  Pulse Extender .................................................... ................................9  D/A converter ................................................................................ .....9  Processor ........................................................ .....................................9  Visual display ....................................................................... .............10
y Sensors Employed ................................................................ ...................11 y Ground Penetrating Radar .......................................................................11 y Overview of the System ............................................................. .............12

 A-Scan ........................................................ ........................................13  B-Scan............................................................................................... ...14

y Testing and evaluation ............15 X-Ray backscatter technology............................................................................. 15 y Principle Of Working.15 y Hardware description.16 y Overview of the system..17 Conclusion Refrences.

INTRODUCTION

Landmin s and un xplod d ordnan acti ity.

(UXO are a le a y of war insurrection, and guerilla

Landmines kill and maim approximately 26,000 people annually. In Cambodia, whole areas of arable land cannot be farmed due to the threat of landmines. United Nations relief operations are made more difficult and dangerous due to the mining of roads and unfortunately our country is also facing same problem in moists dominated regions. Current demining techniques are heavily reliant on metal detectors and prodders.

Technologies are used for landmine detection are:

Metal detectors :-> Capable of finding even low-metal content mines in Mineralized soils. Nuclear magnetic resonance :-> Fast neutron activation and thermal neutron are used for detection.

Thermal imaging and electro-optical sensors :-> Detect evidence of buried objects. Biological sensors :-> Such as dogs, pigs, bees and birds. Chemical sensors :-> Such as thermal fluorescence--- detect airborne and waterborne presence of explosive vapors.

There are basically two most efficient landmine detectors are available in todays era
y Impulse ground penetrating radar system y X-ray backscatter techology

Impulse ground penetrating radar system :->

It is used widely around the world for the landmine detection which works by detecting the metal container of the landmines contains explosive materials.It works on a straight line path with movements controlled by stepper motors and a whole system with detection and alarming devices.
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HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

The impulse GPR system developed in the International Research Centre for Telecommunications-transmission and Radar (IRCTR . Impulse GPR system comprises a Impulse generator, Transmitter, Receiver, Pulse extender, A/D converter, Processor and Visual display.

IMPULSE GENERATOR
The pulse generator delivered by SATIS Co. produces 0.8 ns monocycle pulses. The uni ue feature of this generator is its small trailing oscillations, which are below 2.4% of maximum amplitude during the first 2 ns and below 0.5% afterwards. The advantage of a monocycle in comparison with a mono pulse is that the fre uency spectrum of the first one decreases to ero at low fre uencies, which cannot be efficiently transmitted via the antenna system, while the fre uency spectrum of the second one has a global maximum there. As a result, the magnitude of the field radiated by an antenna system fed by a monocycle is considerably larger than the magnitude of the field radiated by the antenna system fed by a monopulse with the same magnitude. The generator spectrum covers a wide fre uency band from 500M z till 2GHz on 3dB level. At fre uencies below 1GHz, attenuation losses in the ground are small and considerable penetration depth can be achieved.

output signal from the 0.8ns generator

However, landmines detection requires down-range resolution of the order of several centimeters, which can be achieved using frequencies above 1GHz. It was found experimentally that the 0.8ns monocycle satisfies penetration and resolution requirements. This output signal from 0.8ns generator is shown in figure. The spectrum of this pulse has a maximum at frequencies where the attenuation losses in the ground start to increase. So the spectral content of the monocycle below this maximum penetrates deep into the ground and the spectral content above this maximum provides sufficient down-range resolution.

ANTENNA SYSTEM
The antenna system is one of the most critical parts of GPR system, because its performance depends strongly on the antenna system. The antenna system should satisfy a number of demands. The antenna system contains transmitter and receiver.

The transmit antenna should:->  Radiate short ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse with small ringing.  Radiate electro magnetic energy within a narrow cone in order to filter out undesirable back scattering from surrounding objects.  Produce an optimal footprint on the ground surface and below it.  The waveform of the radiated field on the surface and in the groundshould be the same.  The waveform of the radiated field in the ground should not depend on type of the ground.

 The receiver antenna should:->

    Allow time windowing to isolate the direct air wave from the ground reflection. Provide sufficient sensitivity in order to receive very weak fields. Receive the field in a local point; effective aperture should not be larger than 1cm2. Be elevated at least 10cm above the ground surface. Additionally a possibility to measure simultaneously backscattered field in two orthogonal polarizations is desirable.

Pulse extender
Pulse extender will amplify the ground reflection signal up to the maximum level acquired by A/D converter.

A/D Converter
The transmitter sends out a series of electromagnetic pulses then listens with the receiver connected to high speed sampler which in turn feeds A/D Converter. A dielectric anomaly in the soil may cause the signal to be reflected back to a separate receiver antenna. This information is converted from nanoseconds to milliseconds so that it may be digitized by a conventional A/D converter for processing and display. The center frequency and band width of the transmitted pulse can be varied by changing the antenna and are chosen with respect to the required depth of penetration, soil type and size of the object to be detected. In this experiment, we used antennas with a center frequency 1.4GHz and 80% band width. The precision of sampling converter is sufficiently high to do accurate measurements of scattered transient field. This A/D converter 12 bit accuracy. This provides 66 dB linear dynamic ranges. A/D converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to the processor

PROCESSOR
A/D converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to the processor. Processor filters the signal. This signal shows presence or absence of surrogate mine in the soil. Processor allows passing the presence of mine detecting signal. Processor selects the mine detecting signal and passes to the visual display

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VISUAL DISPLAY

Visual display helps to see the range of targets. It displays the exact position of landmine.

SENSORS EMPLOYED
If all mines were cased or had substantial metallic content, all that would be required for detection are metal detectors. The widespread use of plastic landmines necessitates development and deployment of additional detection technologies. Because there is no such thing as a plastic detector, other sensors attempt to exploit ancillary disturbances in the background, such as thermal, chemical, or dielectric.

GROUND PENETRATING RADAR

Because of the difficulty detecting the tiny amounts of metal in a plastic landmine with a metal detector, technology development has been funded in other areas. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used for nearly 70 years for a variety of geophysical subsurface imaging applications
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including utility mapping and hazardous waste container location and has been actively applied to the problem of landmine detection for nearly 20 years. When parameters such as frequency range, antenna size, antenna separation, and system timing are optimized for detection of mine-sized objects in the near subsurface, GPR is quite effective in detecting both metal and plastic landmines in a variety of soils. The depth of penetration is a function of both the frequency range produced and the soil attenuation. Lower frequency components penetrate further, but it is a higherfrequency component that is necessary to image and resolve smaller targets. Both impulse- based and swept frequency GPR systems have been employed in Army-sponsored research programs. Generally a system with a bandwidth of roughly 1 to 4GHz is effective for detection of landmines.

Ultimately, GPR images the dielectric properties of the soils, and any discontinuities appear as a signal. If soil were perfectly homogeneous, a discontinuity caused by a land mine would stand out as an anomaly against the background. Unfortunately, even under near-ideal test track conditions, soil itself is a remarkably inhomogeneous medium, and false alarms areeasily generated from the background itself .

Because of this, automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithms employed by impulsebased GPR systems typically calculate and remove background and try to detect the hyperbolic signatures that arecharacteristic in size and shape of landmine targets in GEO-CENTERS 400 Series energy in focusing ground penetrating radar (EFGPR), we employ a fuzzy logic-based algorithm that use prototypes, or feature sets, for landmines, and prototypes than to clutter. At each location in a data set, we look inside a neighborhood of adjacent points, extract a feature set, and calculate if the features set is closer to the mine prototypes .The output is a plan view of the confidence, at each point along a test lane, that there is a lade mine .A blob detector then runs on this confidence plane view, outputting target reports when a blob is of an appropriate size and shape. Although GPR has been shown to be effective on the test track against a variety of land mines in a range of soil conditions, it is technologically complex . The weight and power requirements are not overwhelming, but they make GPR most easily deployed on a vehicular platform .Through NVESD at Fort Belvoir, the U.S Army is deploying GPR in a variety of hand held and vehicular land mine detection technology development programs .

OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM

A series of measurements has been taken using a set of targets buried in the various types of soil. An FR-127-MSCB impulse ground penetrating radar (ImGPR) system developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia, has been used for these measurements. The system collects 127 returns, or surroundings, per second, each composed of 512 samples with 12 bit accuracy. The sounding range may vary from 4 ns to 32ns. The GPR system uses bistatic bow-tie antennas which transmit wideband, ultrashort duration pulses.

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The GPR unit is suspended above the ground surface at a height of between 0.5 to 2cm. Its motion is controlled by a stepper motor unit running along a track at a constant velocity as shown in fig.4. Since the motion of the GPR is controlled by a stepper motor, with constant speed, running on a straight track, these samples corresponds to distances from starting point of the run. GPR images the dielectric properties of the soil and any discontinuities appear as a signal. If the soil were perfectly homogeneous a discontinuity caused by a land mine would stand out as an anomaly against the background. Automatic targets recognition (ATR) algorithms employed by impulse based GPR system. The measurements form a two dimensional matrix, referred to as a radargram or B scan and A scan are used for visual inspection of data on the acquisition computer and in laboratory analysis.

 A SCAN
Impulse GPR produces measurements of electromagnetic field scattered from the subsurface. This is detecting the graph as shown in figure. A scan is a method for detecting the presence and absence of surrogate mine in clay soil. The electromagnetic field is scattered by the GPR. Scattering pulses are detecting by the graph. This graph is Amplitude Vs Time. This graph is helpful to find the landmine and is used for visual inspection. The normal pulses are showing the absence of mines. The amplitude of the pulses are large as compared to other area. This shows the presence of mine. So we can detect the presence of mine in that clay soil.

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Fig:-> A scans in the presence (dashed) and absence (solid) of a surrogate mine in clay soil

 B SCAN
A scan shows the presence of mine but we cannot expect the exact target. This problem is solving in B scan. B scan or Radargram is used to visualize the target of surrogate mine. A sample radargram is shown in figure. This showing the targets at approximately 55 cm and 100 cm. B scan calculating the distance from the soil to the mine. In this sample radargram showing the exact position. A scan and B scan is used for laboratory analysis. A return at a certain position along the distance axis is called an A scan. B scan is a graph which is Time delay Vs Distance. So B scan helps to calculate the penetration length. This graph helps to calculate the distance from ground to the mine.

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TESTING AND EVALUATION

The U.S Army performs objective blind and scored testing at their testing facilities, which include carefully constructed mine lines. In this testing and evaluation environment, land mines are live (filed with explosive) because certain detection technologies such as Quadrople Resonance rely on detection of the actual explosive charge. However, on this test lines, the mines are unfused and thus do not detonate if they are run over by detection system. Dirt and gravel lanes are maintained. Typically, the lanes are very smooth, largely free of bumps and ditches that would cause the sensor arrays to maintain an inconsistent sensor height that would substantially affect data quality. Off-road lanes are also used. They are not as pristine as dirt or gravel lanes but are still a substantially more controlled environment than a Jeep train through the Khyber Pass. Each lane has an associated calibration lanes where the ground truth is known and contactors may run and rerun their system to iteratively optimize detection performance. GPR systems typically need calibration or timing alignment, and infrared cameras generally need bore sighting. The feature extraction and ATR algorithms on the individual sensor subsystems usually need to be tweaked to maximize the detection rate and minimize the false alarm rate for the particular environment. This can entail adjusting detection thresholds or determining optimum blob sizes. When acceptable performance is achieved on the calibration lane, the contractor is ready to run the blind, scored section of the lane.

X-RAY BACKSCATTER TECHNOLOGY

Principle Of Working:->
X-ray Backscatter Technology works on the Compton scattering principle. As a result when the x-ray get reflected from the ground attenuation, scattering and reflection occurs in which scattering cause maximum loss of strength of the x-ray which is analyzed for the presence of landmines Compton scattering is a type of scattering in which Xrays and gamma rays undergo in matter. The inelastic scattering of photons in matter results in a decrease in energy(increase in wavelength) of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, which is known as
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Compton effect. A part of the energy of the X-ray is transferred to a scattering electron, which recoils and is ejected from its atom (which becomes ionized) and the rest of the energy is taken by the scattered, "degraded" photon

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

Robotic base

X-ray detector system

mine

X-ray tube

X-ray backscatter prototype is consist of a high flux 450 kV X-ray tube and a multi-channel Xray detector system mounted on a robotic base.

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Overview of Operation
As this is a new technology, it is not widely used. Hence, its prototype result for different mines are as follows

Results on anti-personnel mines:->

As long as the anti personal mines are on ground the danger is some way limited. But, A large fraction of such landmines are buried in the ground. XBT provides two layers Output images.

Layer 1 image:->
This picture is showing most commonly Used anti-personal mine of 12 cm diameterBuried at depth of 2 to 4cm in the ground .This image provides top view of the mine but since it can be a resembling stone or object we also require second layer image to verify its presence.

Second layer image:->

This image provide the confirmation for the presence of the explosive material TNT in the first layer image identified object. Any image different from this shows the presence of resembling objects which are not dangerous.

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Results on anti-tank mines:->

Since the anti tank mines are buried deep in the ground hence there detection is difficult. Here, first and second layer images for the anti tank mines shows the presence of mine of 35 cm diameter at two different depths 6 and 10 cm in the ground.

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CONCLUSION

Impulse Ground Penetrating Radar System is a quiet efficient system and used all around the world but provide false alarms when an uneven concentration of soil or resembling objects like stones or scraps of metals are present resulting into a huge amount and time wastage in debugging the results in mines affected areas. From the results of XBT it has been proven that direct imaging of buried landmines of all types is not only possible, but it can also reveal a broad range of details inside mines. Thus, with XBT a technology has been found that provides a high potential for identification of mines. A good identification clearly helps to determine the appropriate method for subsequent mine removal or destruction actions

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REFERENCE

 www.wikipedia.com  www.google.com  www.yxlon.com  www.wikipedia.org

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