Mathematics in the

Modern World
GEd 102
Lesson 2 (Part 3)
 Lesson Objectives
•  Lesson 2
•  Use and construct different types of reasoning to justify
statements and arguments made about mathematics and
mathematical concepts, clear and logical proofs.
•  Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language.

•  Lesson 3
•  Brief introduction on the concept of inductive and
deductive reasoning.
 Operations on Sets
Four Basic Operations on Sets
•  Union of Sets A and B
•  A ∪ B = set of all elements found in A or
B or both
• {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
• Example: {a, b, c, d, e} ∪ {b, e, f, g}
•  {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
 Operations on Sets
Four Basic Operations on Sets
•  Intersection of Sets A and B
•  A ∩ B = set of all elements common to
both
• {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
• Example: {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {0, 2, 3, 4, 9}
•  {2, 3, 4}
 Operations on Sets
Four Basic Operations on Sets
•  Complement of A
•  A’ = set of all elements found in the
universal set but not in A
• A’ = {x | x ∈ U and x not ∈ A}
• A’ = {x | x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
• Example: A = {1, 2}, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
•  A’ = {3, 4, 5}
 Operations on Sets
Four Basic Operations on Sets
•  Difference of Sets A and B
•  A\B is referred to as the set difference of sets A
and B, or the relative complement of B in A.
•  A\B = the set of elements in A but not in B
•  A\B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∉ B}
•  Example: A = {4, 5, 6, 7}, B = {1, 6, 7, 8, 9}
•  A\B = {4, 5}
 Operations on Sets
(Additional)
Cartesian Product
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and
B, denoted by A x B, is the set of all ordered pair
(a,b) where a is in A and b is in B. Symbolically:
•  A x B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
•  Note that A x B is not equal to B x A.
 Operations on Sets
(Additional)
Cartesian Product
•  Illustration:
•  If A = { 1, 2} and B = {a, b}, what is A x B?
•  A x B = {(1,a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}
 Laws of Sets
•  Sets involving the operations union, intersection,
complement and difference satisfy properties which shall
refer to as the law of sets.
•  There are five laws of sets, and these are:
•  Commutative Law
•  Associative Law
•  Identity Law
•  Inverse Law
•  Distributive Law
 Laws of Sets
•  Commutative Law – the order in which the sets
are taken does not affect the result.
•  A ∪ B = B ∪ A
•  A ∩ B = B ∩ A
•  Examples:
•  {2} ∩ {3} = {3} ∩ {2}
•  {2} ∩ {3} = {3} ∩ {2}
 Laws of Sets
•  Associative Law – the grouping in which the sets
are taken does not affect the result.
•  A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
•  A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
•  Example:
•  [{a} ∪ {b, c}] ∪ {c, e, f} = {a} ∪ [{b, c}] ∪ {c, e, f}]
 Laws of Sets
•  Identity Law – A set operated to another set
called the identity element gives the set itself.
•  A ∪ Ø = A
•  For union of sets, the identity is the empty set.

•  A ∩ U = A
•  For intersection of sets, the identity element is the
universal set.
 Laws of Sets
•  Inverse Law – also called a Complement Law, this
involves inside and outside of the set.
•  A ∪ A’ = U
•  A ∩ A’ = Ø
 Laws of Sets
•  Distributive Law – These laws involve three sets
with two different operations, distributing the first
operation over the second one.
•  A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
•  Left Distributive Law of ∪ over ∩

•  (A ∩ B) ∪ C = (A ∪ C) ∩ (B ∪ C)
•  Right Distributive Law of ∪ over ∩
 Relations
•  Relations abound in daily life:
•  People are related to each other in many ways.
•  In business things that are bought are related to their cost
and amount paid.
•  In geometry, the area is also related to the volume.

•  It is a correspondence between two things or

quantities.
 Relations
•  It is a set of ordered pairs
•  First coordinate is called DOMAIN.
•  Second coordinate is called RANGE.
•  (x,y)

•  A relation may be expressed through different

means, such as a statement, by arrow diagram,
through table, by an equation, etc.
 Relations (Concepts)
•  Example:
•  R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10)}

•  Types of Relations:
•  One-to-One
•  One-to-Many
•  Many-to-One

•  Equivalence Relation has the following properties:

•  Reflexive: x~x
•  Symmetric: If x~y, then y~x
•  Transitive: If x~y & y~z, then x~z
 Functions

•  A function is a relation such that each element of

the domain is paired with exactly one element of
the range.
•  It is also a relation in which no two ordered pairs
have the same coordinate. To denote this
relationship, we use the functional notation:
•  y = f(x)
•  Where: f indicates that a function exists between variables x
and y.
 Functions (Example)

When f(x) = 2x – 3, find f(2)

Solution:
f(2) = 2(2) – 3
f(2) = 4 – 3
Thus, f(2) = 1

•  Examples:
•  If f(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 5, find a. f(4), b. f(-3), c. f(5), d. f(9)
•  a. 25
•  b. 32
•  c. 40
•  d. 140
 Inverse Functions

•  The inverse of a function is another

function that undoes it, and that it undoes.
•  Example: n to n-5, its inverse is n +5

•  What is the inverse of y = 2x?

•  x = (1/2)y or x = y/2
 Binary Operations

•  A binary operation on a set G, then, is simply a

method by which the members of an ordered pair
from G combine to yield a new member of G.
This condition is called closure.
•  The most familiar binary operations are ordinary
addition, subtraction, and multiplication of
integers.
 Additional Definition of
Binary Operations

•  In mathematics, a binary operation on

a set is a calculation that combines two
elements of the set (called operands) to
produce another element of the set.
 Properties of Binary
Operations
•  Commutative
•  x*y = y*x

•  Associative
•  x*(y*z) = (x*y)*z

•  Identity
•  e*x = x*e

•  Inverse
•  x*y = y*x = e
 Other terminologies

Computation
•  It is the manipulation of numbers and other symbols to arrive at some
new mathematical statement.

Variable
•  It is a symbol that assumes many values used to represent the
unknown in a problem

Constant
•  It is the quantity that assumes specific value and it remain unchanged.
 Other terminologies

Example of Variable and Constant

•  5r + 6

Algebraic expression
•  It is a collection of algebraic symbols, of constant variables or finite
number of indicated operations involving variables and constants.

Equation
•  It is a statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.

•  Example: 2x +4 = 16
Mathematics as a language

•  RECAP: Mathematics build a foundation of basic

understandings in number, operations, and
quantitative reasoning; patterns, relationships and
algebraic thinking, etc.

•  They use numbers in ordering, labelling, and

expressing quantities and relationships to solve
problems and translate informal language into
mathematical language and symbols.
Mathematics as a language

•  Mathematics holds on to definitions. The concepts

needed in mathematics are defined properly (clear
and unambiguous).

•  Definition in mathematics is a concise statement as

it should contain basic properties of an object or
concept.

•  Example:
•  Good Definition: A rectangle is a quadrilateral all four
of whose angles are right angles.
 Mathematics as a language
•  Examples:
•  A rectangle is a parallelogram in which the diagonals have the
same length and all angles are right angles. It can be inscribed
in a circle and its area is given by the product of two adjacent
sides.

•  A rectangle is a parallelogram whose diagonals have equal

lengths.

•  A rectangle is a quadrilateral with right angles.

 Logic and Reasoning

•  Logic
•  It is the science of reasoning, proof, thinking or
inference.
•  It allows us to analyze a piece of deductive
reasoning and determine whether it is correct or
not – to determine if the argument is valid or
invalid.
•  It is a tool used in mathematical proofs.
 Logic and Reasoning

•  Logic
•  It is a tool for working with complicated
compound statements, and it includes:
•  A language for expressing them
•  A concise notation for writing them.
•  A methodology for objectively reasoning about
their truth or falsity.
•  It is the foundation for expressing formal proofs in
all branches of mathematics.
 Logic and Reasoning
•  The five basic logical connectives are:
•  Conjunction, disjunction, implication, biconditional, and
negation.

Name Connective (Key Word) Symbol

Conjunc'on And ∧
Disjunc'on Or ∨
Implica'on If… then… →
Bicondi'onal … if and only if… ↔
Nega'on Not ~
 Logic and Reasoning
•  Conditional statements play an essential role in
mathematical reasoning.

•  p → q
•  p is implies q

•  Negation of mathematical statement P is denoted by

¬P.
•  If P is true, then ¬P is not true.
 Truth Table

•  A truth table shows how the truth or falsity

of a compound statement depends on the
truth or falsity of the simple statements from
which it's constructed.
 Logic and Reasoning
•  Assigning P as the antecedent or hypothesis and Q
as the consequent or conclusion; the conditional
and the implications or transformation of it is as
follows:
•  CONDITIONAL: P → Q
•  CONVERSE: Q → P
•  INVERSE: ¬P → ¬Q
•  CONTRAPOSITIVE: ¬Q → ¬P