Cloud Computing

Dr. Elangovan G M.E., Ph.D

Associate Professor

Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
(Deemed to be University)
Green fields, Vaddeswaram, AP-522502, India
 20AD3102 Cloud Computing 3-0-2-0
• CO1 Understand cloud computing and NIST reference models
• CO2 Apply and understand the need for virtualization in the
cloud and the pros and cons of virtualization
• CO3 Understand both Service and Deployment Models of Cloud
• CO4 Explore some important cloud computing driven commercial
systems
• CO5 Implement, monitor, and manage important cloud services
and components using Open Source Tools and commercial
systems
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EVALUATION PLAN
• End Semester Summative Evaluation Total= 40%
• SEM End Project
• End Semester Exam
• Lab End Semester Exam
• In Semester Summative Evaluation Total= 40%
• Semester in Exam-I
• Semester in Exam-II
• Lab In Semester Exam
• In Semester Formative Evaluation Total= 20%
• ALM
• Assignment and Text book
• Continuous Evaluation – Lab Exercise

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 Text Books
1. Cloud Computing: Methodology, Systems, and Applications by Wang, Lizhe
Ranjan, Rajiv Chen,
2. Distributed and Cloud Computing: From Parallel Processing to the Internet of
Things By Book by Geoffrey C. Fox, Jack Dongarra, and Kai Hwang
3. Cloud Computing Bible: Barrie Sosinsky. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN-13: 978-
0470903568.
4. Cloud Computing: Concepts and Practices by Naresh Kumar Sehgal, Pramod
Chandra P. Bhatt, 2018, ISBN: 9783319778396, 3319778390
5. MarkWilkins - Learning Amazon Web Services (AWS)_ A Hands-On Guide to the
Fundamentals of AWSCloud-Addison-Wesley Professional (2019)
6. Anthony T. Velte Toby J. Velte, Robert Elsenpeter, “Cloud Computing: A Practical
Approach”, 2010, The McGraw-Hill.
7. Dr. Kris Jamsa, “ Cloud Computing: SaaS,PaaS, IaaS, Virtualization and more” ,
Wiley Publications, ISBN: 978-0-470-97389-9
8. Gautam Shrof, “ENTERPRISE CLOUD COMPUTING Technology Architecture,
Applications, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9780511778476
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Overview of Cloud Computing
• Introduction to Cloud Computing
• History of Cloud computing
• Cloud computing elements
• Essential characteristics
• Cloud service models
• Cloud deployment models
• NIST cloud computing reference architecture
• ITU-T cloud computing reference architecture
• Network requirements for cloud computing
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Cloud Applications
• Scientific Applications – Health care
• Geoscience and Biology
• Business and Consumer Applications- CRM and ERP
• Social Networking
• Media Applications and Multiplayer Online Gaming.

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Cloud Computing
• On-demand delivery of compute, database, storage,
application and other IT resources through a cloud service
platform via internet with pay-as-you-go pricing

• Advantages of cloud computing

1. No Capital Investment

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2. Only Operational costs
with pay-as-go prices

3. Flexibility in Capacity

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4. Speed and Agility

5. Users can
concentrate more on
their core business
processes with no
Datacenter
maintenance
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6. Go Global in Minutes

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Types of Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is usually described in one of two
ways. Either based on the deployment model, or on
the service that the cloud is offering.

• Based on Service models, we are speaking of either

o Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS)
o Platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
o Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
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Comparison for IaaS, PaaS, SaaS

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Deployment models
• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud

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 Public Cloud
• Public cloud usually uses shared resources and it also means,
if all parts of the application run in the cloud which built on
low-level infrastructure prices.

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Private Cloud
The deployment of resources on-premises, using virtualization
and resource management tools, is
sometimes called the “private cloud”. It also means using a
cloud infrastructure (network) solely by one
customer/organization.

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Hybrid Cloud
• A hybrid deployment is a way to connect infrastructure and
applications between cloud- based resources and existing
resources that are not located in the cloud.

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Virtualization
• It is the process of creating virtual format of resources
like hardware, software, etc.

• Virtualization is nothing but a software layer that

creates in between OS and host machine.

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Uses/Benefits
• Cloud Service providers are able to create virtual machines in cloud
computing. The applications are deployed in virtual machines so that
it can be accessed from anywhere in the world in its virtualized form.
• The VM image is created, and when a user sends request for
accessing a particular resource, the VM instance is created and
access is provided.
• The advantage of virtualization is that the CPU is shared among
different OS.
• Multiplexing hardware resources to many OS is done by Virtualization
Layer
• Reduced capital and operating costs.
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History of Cloud computing

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Cloud Computing Elements
1. Client Infrastructure
It is the part of the frontend - provides a graphic user
interface to interact with the cloud.
2. Application
It is any platform like an app or software by which the clients
access the cloud.
3. Service
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Plat form as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
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Cloud Computing Elements
4. Runtime Cloud
It provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual
machines.
5. Storage
It provides the storage capacity - storing and managing data. The data
can be accessible to multiple clients simultaneously.
Public cloud, Private cloud, and Hybrid cloud.
6. Infrastructure
It provides services on the host level, application level, and network
level. Software and hardware components - storage network devices
server and any other storage resource required to support the cloud
computing model.
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Cloud Computing Elements
7. Management
It is used for managing the components such as storage services,
applications, runtime cloud infrastructure, and security issues in the
backend and for establishing coordination.
8. Security
It is the backend component, which insurance the security of data in the
cloud. The security system in the cloud includes a broad set of policies,
technologies, applications, and controls that are used for protecting the
IP’s, data, applications, infrastructure, and the services offered in cloud
computing.
9. Internet
Internet is the medium using which the frontend and backend
components communicate and interact with each other.
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Essential Characteristics

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Essential Characteristics
1. Resources Pooling
• To provide services to multiple customers with the help of a multi-tenant
model.
• Different physical and virtual resources assigned and reassigned which
depends on the demand of the customer.
• The customer has no control or information over the location of the
provided resources but is able to specify location at a higher level of
abstraction
2. On-Demand Self-Service
• User can continuously monitor the server uptime, capabilities, and
allotted network storage.
• The user can also monitor the computing capabilities.

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Essential Characteristics
3. Easy Maintenance
• The downtime is very low or even no downtime.
• Update coming every time is gradually making it better.
• The updates are more compatible with the devices and
perform faster than older ones along with the bugs which
are fixed.
4. Large Network Access
• The user can access the data or upload the data from
anywhere
• These capabilities are available all over the network and
accessed with the help of internet.
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Essential Characteristics
5. Availability
• The capabilities of the Cloud can be modified as per the use
and can be extended a lot.
• It analyzes the storage usage and allows the user to buy
extra Cloud storage if needed for a very small amount.
6. Automatic System
• Cloud computing automatically analyzes the data needed
and supports a metering capability at some level of services.
• Can monitor, control, and report the usage.
• It will provide transparency for the host as well as the
customer.
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Essential Characteristics
7. Economical
• It is the one-time investment
• Only the amount which is spent is on the basic maintenance
and a few more expenses which are very less.
8. Security
• It creates a snapshot of the data stored so that the data may
not get lost even if one of the servers gets damaged.
• The data is stored within the storage devices, which cannot
be hacked and utilized by any other person. The storage
service is quick and reliable.
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Essential Characteristics
9. Pay as you go
The user has to pay only for the service or the space they have utilized.
There is no hidden or extra charge which is to be paid.
The service is economical and most of the time some space is allotted
for free.
10. Measured Service
To monitor and the company uses it for recording.
This resource utilization is analyzed by supporting charge-per-use
capabilities.
The resource usages which can be either virtual server instances that
are running in the cloud are getting monitored measured and reported
by the service provider.
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Cloud Computing Architecture

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 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
It defines five major performers

1. Cloud Provider
2. Cloud Carrier
3. Cloud Broker
4. Cloud Auditor
5. Cloud Consumer

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The Conceptual Reference Model

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Actors in Cloud Computing
Cloud Consumer
• A person or organization that maintains a business relationship with,
and uses service from, Cloud Providers.
Cloud Provider
• A person, organization, or entity responsible for making a service
available to interested parties. (IAAS, PAAS, SAAS)
Cloud Auditor
• A party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud services,
information system operations, performance and security of the
cloud implementation. (Security Audit, Privacy Impact Audit,
Performance Audit)
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Actors in Cloud Computing
Cloud Broker
• An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of
cloud services, and negotiates relationships between Cloud
Providers and Cloud Consumers. (Service Intermediation,
Service Aggregation, Service Arbitrage)
Cloud Carrier
• An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of
cloud services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.
(Internet networks, telecommunication, and other access
devices. Service Level Agreements (SLA))
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Interactions bn the Actors in Cloud Computing

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Usage Scenario

Usage Scenario for Cloud Brokers

Usage Scenario for Cloud Carriers

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Usage Scenario

Usage Scenario for Cloud Auditors

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Cloud Consumer
• Principal stakeholder
• A cloud consumer represents a person or organization that maintains
a business relationship with, and uses the service from a cloud
provider.
• Browses the service catalog from a cloud provider, requests the
appropriate service, sets up service contracts with the cloud provider,
and uses the service.
• The cloud consumer may be billed for the service provisioned, and
needs to arrange payments accordingly.
• Cloud consumers need SLAs
• SLAs can cover terms regarding the quality of service, security,
remedies for performance failures.

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Example Services Available to a Cloud Consumer

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Cloud Consumer
SaaS
• Accessible via a network to the SaaS consumers
• End users who directly use software applications
• Or software application administrators who configure
applications for end users.
• Billed based on the number of end users, the time of use,
the network bandwidth consumed, the amount of data
stored or duration of stored data.

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Cloud Consumer
PaaS
• Develop, test, deploy and manage the applications hosted in a cloud
environment
• Developers - design and implement application software
• Testers - run and test applications in cloud-based environments,
• Deployers - publish applications into the cloud
• Administrators - configure and monitor application performance on a
platform.
• Billed according to, processing, database storage and network
resources consumed by the PaaS application, and the duration of the
platform usage
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Cloud Consumer
IaaS
• Access to virtual computers, network-accessible storage, network
infrastructure components, and other fundamental computing
resources on which they can deploy and run arbitrary software.
• System developers, system administrators and IT managers who are
interested in creating, installing, managing and monitoring services
for IT infrastructure operations.
• Billed according to the amount or duration of the resources
consumed, such as CPU hours used by virtual computers, volume and
duration of data stored, network bandwidth consumed, number of IP
addresses used for certain intervals.

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Cloud Provider
• A cloud provider is a person, an organization; responsible for a service
available to interested parties.
• Acquires and manages the computing infrastructure required for providing
the services
• Runs the cloud software that provides the services, and makes
arrangement to deliver the cloud services
• SaaS - Deploys, configures, maintains and updates the operation of the
software applications
• PaaS - Runtime software execution stack, databases, and other middleware
components - development, deployment and management process
• IaaS - Acquires the physical computing resources underlying the service,
including the servers, networks, storage and hosting infrastructure
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Cloud Provider - Major Activities

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Cloud Auditor
• It is a party that can perform an independent examination of cloud
service controls with the intent to express an opinion thereon.
• Audits are performed to verify conformance to standards through
review of objective evidence.
• A cloud auditor can evaluate the services provided by a cloud
provider in terms of security controls, privacy impact, performance,
etc.
• Security controls - management, operational, and technical
safeguards or countermeasures - to protect the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of the system and its information

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Cloud Auditor
• For security auditing, a cloud auditor can make an assessment of the
security controls in the information system to determine the extent to
which the controls are implemented correctly, operating as intended, and
producing the desired outcome with respect to the security requirements
for the system.
• The security auditing should also include the verification of the compliance
with regulation and security policy
• For example, an auditor can be tasked with ensuring that the correct
policies are applied to data retention according to relevant rules for the
jurisdiction.
• The auditor may ensure that fixed content has not been modified and that
the legal and business data archival requirements have been satisfied.

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Cloud Broker
• As cloud computing evolves, the integration of cloud services
can be too complex for cloud consumers to manage.
• A cloud consumer may request cloud services from a cloud
broker, instead of contacting a cloud provider directly.
• A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use,
performance and delivery of cloud services and negotiates
relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers.
• Service Intermediation
• Service Aggregation
• Service Arbitrage
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Cloud Broker

Service Intermediation
• A cloud broker enhances a given service by improving some
specific capability and providing value-added services to
cloud consumers.
• The improvement can be managing access to cloud services,
identity management, performance reporting, enhanced
security, etc.

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Cloud Broker

Service Aggregation
• A cloud broker combines and integrates multiple services
into one or more new services.
• The broker provides data integration and ensures the secure
data movement between the cloud consumer and multiple
cloud providers.

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Cloud Broker

Service Arbitrage
• Service arbitrage is similar to service aggregation except that
the services being aggregated are not fixed.
• Service arbitrage means a broker has the flexibility to choose
services from multiple agencies.
• The cloud broker, for example, can use a credit-scoring
service to measure and select an agency with the best score.

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Cloud Carrier
• It acts as an intermediary – It provides connectivity and transport
of cloud services between cloud consumers and cloud providers.
• Cloud carriers provide access to consumers through network,
telecommunication and other access devices.
• For example - network access devices, such as computers,
laptops, mobile phones, mobile Internet devices (MIDs), etc.
• The distribution of cloud services is normally provided by
network and telecommunication carriers or a transport agent
• A cloud provider will set up SLAs with a cloud carrier to provide
services consistent with the level of SLAs offered to cloud
consumers
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Scope of Controls between Provider and Consumer

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Scope of Controls between Provider and Consumer

• The Cloud Provider and Cloud Consumer share the control of

resources in a cloud system.
• Different service models affect an organization’s control over
the computational resources and thus what can be done in a
cloud system.
• The application layer includes software applications targeted
at end users or programs.
• The applications are used by SaaS consumers, or installed /
managed / maintained by PaaS consumers, IaaS consumers,
and SaaS providers.
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Scope of Controls between Provider and Consumer
• The middleware layer provides software building blocks (e.g., libraries,
database, and Java virtual machine) for developing application software in
the cloud.
• The middleware is used by PaaS consumers, installed / managed /
maintained by IaaS consumers or PaaS providers, and hidden from SaaS
consumers.
• The OS layer includes operating system and drivers, and is hidden from
SaaS consumers and PaaS consumers.
• An IaaS cloud allows one or multiple guest OS’s to run virtualized on a
single physical host.
• Consumers have broad freedom to choose which OS to be hosted among
all the OS’s that could be supported by the cloud provider.
• The IaaS consumers should assume full responsibility for the guest OS’s,
while the IaaS provider controls the host OS.

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Service Deployment: Public Cloud

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Service Deployment: Private Cloud
Out-sourced Private Cloud On-site Private Cloud

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Service Deployment: Onsite Community Cloud

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Service Deployment: Outsourced Community Cloud

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Service Deployment: Hybrid Cloud

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ITU-T Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
• This architecture is somewhat broader in scope than the NIST
architecture, and views it as a layered functional
architecture.
• ITU-T - Is the primary international body for fostering
cooperative standards for telecommunications equipment
and systems, Geneva, Switzerland.
The ITU-T document defines the three actors:
• Cloud service customer or user
• Cloud service provider
• Cloud service partner
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ITU-T Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud service customer or user
• A party that is in a business relationship for the purpose of
using cloud services.
• The business relationship is with a cloud service provider or
a cloud service partner.

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ITU-T Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud service provider
• A party that makes cloud services available.
• The Cloud service provider focuses on activities necessary to provide
a cloud service and activities necessary to ensure its delivery to the
cloud service customer as well as cloud service maintenance.
• The Cloud service provider includes an extensive set of activities
• e.g., Deploy and monitor service, manage business plan, provide
audit data etc…
• As well as numerous sub-roles
• e.g., business manager, service manager, network provider, security
and risk manager and the like
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ITU-T Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
Cloud service partner
• A party that is engaged in support of, or auxiliary to,
activities of either the cloud service provider or the cloud
service customer or both.
• A cloud service partner’s activities vary depending on the
type of partner and their relationship with the cloud service
provider and the cloud service customer.
• Examples of cloud service partners include cloud auditor
and cloud service broker.

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ITU-T Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

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ITU-T CLOUD
COMPUTING
REFERENCE
ARCHITECTURE
LAYERED
ARCHITECTURE

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Layered Architecture
• The user layer is the user interface through which a cloud
service customer interacts with a cloud service provider
and with cloud services, performs customer-related
administrative activities, and monitors cloud services.
• The access layer provides a common interface for both
manual and automated access to the capabilities available
in the services layer. These capabilities include both the
capabilities of the services and also the administration and
business capabilities.

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Layered Architecture
• The service layer contains the implementation of the services
provided by a cloud service provider (e.g., SaaS, PaaS, IaaS). The
service layer contains and controls the software components that
implement the services (but not the underlying hypervisors, host
operating systems, device drivers, etc.), and arranges to offer the
cloud services to users via the access layer.
• The resource layer consists of physical resources available to the
provider and the appropriate abstraction and control mechanisms.
For example, hypervisor software can provide virtual network,
virtual storage, and virtual machie capabilities

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Layered Architecture
• The multilayer functions include a series of functional components
that interact with functional components of the four other layers to
provide supporting capabilities.
• It includes five categories of functional components:
Integration
• Responsible for connecting functional components in the
architecture to create a unified architecture. The integration
functional components provide message routing and message
exchange mechanisms within the cloud architecture and its functional
components as well as with external functional component

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Layered Architecture
Security systems
• Responsible for applying security- related controls to mitigate the
security threats in cloud computing environments. The security
systems’ functional components encompass all the security facilities
required to support cloud services.
Operational support system (OSS)
• Encompasses the set of operational- related management capabilities
that are required in order to manage and control the cloud services
offered to customers. OSS is also involved in system monitoring,
including the use of alarms and events.

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Layered Architecture
Business support system (BSS)
• Encompasses the set of business-related management capabilities
dealing with customers and supporting processes, such as billing and
accounts.
Development function
• Supports the cloud computing activities of the cloud service
developer. This includes support of the development and/or
composition of service implementations, build management and test
management.

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 ITU-T Cloud Computing Functional
Reference Architecture
User End-User Partner Administrator Cross-
Function Function Function
Layer Layer
Functions

Access Endpoint Inter Cloud

Function Function Operational
Layer
Management
Function

SaaS / CaaS
Cloud
Services Performance
PaaS
Service Function
Layer IaaS
Orchestration
NaaS Security &
Privacy
Function
Resource Orchestration
Resources Pooling & Software & Virtual Path
VN VS VM
& Virtualization Platform Assets Virtual Circuit

Network Core
Physical Intra Cloud Inter Cloud
Layer Resources Network
Storage Computing Transport
Network
Network

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 ITU-T Cloud Computing Functional
Reference Architecture
Access layer
• Endpoint : controls cloud traffic and improves cloud service delivery
• Inter Cloud: addresses delivering any cloud service across two or more CSPs
Services layer
• Service Orchestration: is the process of deploying and managing “Cloud
Services“
• Cloud Services: provides instances (and composition) of CaaS, SaaS, PaaS,
IaaS & NaaS
Resources & Network Layer
• Resource orchestration
• Pooling Virtualization: compute, storage, network, software & platform
assets Physical resources
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 ITU-T Cloud Computing Functional
Reference Architecture
• The resources and network layer. This layer consists of three
sub layers as defined in the list that follows:
• Resource orchestration, Pooling and virtualization, Physical
resources
• Resource orchestration: The management, monitoring, and
scheduling of computing, storage, and network resources
into consumable services by the upper layers and users.
• It controls the creation, modification, customization, and
release of virtualized resources.

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 ITU-T Cloud Computing Functional
Reference Architecture
• Pooling and virtualization: The virtualization function
turns physical resources into virtual machines, virtual
storage, and virtual networks.
• These virtual resources are in turn managed and
controlled by the resource orchestration, based on user
demand.
• Software and platform assets in the pooling and
virtualization layer are the runtime environment,
applications, and other software assets used to
orchestrate and implement cloud services.

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 ITU-T Cloud Computing Functional
Reference Architecture
•Physical resources: The computing, storage, and network
resources that are fundamental to providing cloud services.
•These resources may include those that reside inside cloud
data canters
•e.g., computing servers, storage servers, and intra cloud
networks
•and those that reside outside data canters, typically
networking resources, such as inter cloud networks and
core transport networks
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Network requirements for cloud computing
• Adequate bandwidth is required to provide a responsive
experience.
• Bandwidth requirements vary based on the volume at a
client site.
• Bandwidth is not the only determining factor for application
responsiveness.
• Among other factors, network related items such as latency
and reliability of the network service may affect the
application response.

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Network requirements for cloud computing
• To calculate the bandwidth required at a site, the
determining factors are the number of users at the site, split
into number of RF device users and number of Desktop Web
interface users.
• This information will be used by Oracle Warehouse
Management Cloud to recommend a bandwidth for the site.
• To provide some rough guidance, we recommend a
minimum of 1.5Mbps dedicated and that can support about
60 users (45 RF and 15 Desktop UI).
• Even if user counts are lower than that, we do not
recommend going below this minimum bandwidth at a site.
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Network requirements for cloud computing
• Dedicated Bandwidth
• Shared non-commercial internet services such as cable
internet or DSL are not recommended.
• The bandwidth should be primarily allocated for WMS, and
not shared for other purposes.
• For example a laptop user on the same Wi-Fi network
playing streaming music or video does not affect the
bandwidth available to the WMS.
• Ideally, the RF Wi-Fi network should not be used for other
purposes.
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Network requirements for cloud computing
• New Computing models for virtualization and cloud require
an ultra-scalable network infrastructure with a very large
number of 1/10 Gigabit and future 40/100G higher-speed
Ethernet connections.
• Clouds necessitate a high network availability since a
network failure could affect thousands of servers and new
levels of open integration.
• Finally, clouds require automated ways to rapidly bring-up,
provision, virtualize, and administer the network.

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The Shift to Green Clouds and 10 Gigabit
• Cloud networking is different from traditional enterprise
network designs.
• Large content providers are building public clouds of
100,000+ servers in physical containers while smaller private
clouds are being constructed for thousand servers still co-
existing with classical enterprise designs.
• In many ways, the difference between building a Cloud
verses traditional racks is the difference between pre-
fabricated houses and full-custom house construction.

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The Shift to Green Clouds and 10 Gigabit
• In a cloud, the networking layer is an integral part of the computing
cloud and is part of the overall solution rather then a separate piece.
• The operational and acquisitions costs as well as power consumption
are significant.
• In today’s market, green clouds and power efficiencies are a bigger
and growing part of the equation.
• Depending on the location, power costs can be as low as $0.03/KWh
(Pacific northwest) to $0.30/KWh in Europe.
• Power efficient 10 Gigabit Ethernet such as Arista’s 7050, 7100, and
7500 family can reduce total power consumption and therefore cost
by 10-20%.
• This can result in significant cost savings in a typical cloud where costs
can mount into thousands of dollars.
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5 Steps to Prepare Your Network for Cloud Computing
• Here are 5 key considerations organizations should make when
planning, employing, and managing cloud computing applications and
services
Conduct Pre-Deployment and Readiness Assessments
• Determine existing bandwidth demands per user, per department,
and for the organization as a whole.
• With the service provider’s help, calculate the average bandwidth
demand per user for each new service you plan to deploy.
• This allows the IT staff to appropriately scale the Internet connection
and prioritize and shape traffic to meet the bandwidth demands of
cloud applications.
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5 Steps to Prepare Your Network for Cloud Computing
Shift the Network Management Focus
• Cloud computing’s advantage lies in placing the burden of applications and
data storage and processing on another network.
• This shifts management priorities from internal data concerns to external
ones.
• Currently, organizations have larger network pipes and infrastructure at the
network core, where the computer processing power is located.
• With cloud computing and Software as a Service (SaaS) applications, the
importance of large bandwidth capacities shift away from the core to the
Internet connection.
• The shift in focus will significantly impact the decisions you make from
whether your monitoring tools adequately track WAN performance to the
personnel and resources you devote to managing WAN-related issues.

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5 Steps to Prepare Your Network for Cloud Computing

Determine Priorities
• With a massive pipeline to the Internet handling online
applications and processing, data prioritization becomes
critical.
• Having an individual IP consuming 30 percent of the
organization’s bandwidth becomes unworkable.
• Prioritize cloud and SaaS applications and throttle traffic to
make sure bandwidth is appropriately allocated.

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5 Steps to Prepare Your Network for Cloud Computing
Consider ISP Redundancy
• Thoroughly assess the reliability of your existing Internet
Service Provider.
• When the Internet connection is down or degraded, business
productivity will also be impacted.
• Consider having multiple providers should one have a
performance issue.

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5 Steps to Prepare Your Network for Cloud Computing
Hold Service Providers Accountable
• Today, if a problem occurs within the network core, the
engineer can monitor the entire path of network traffic from
the client to the server in order to locate the problem
source.
• With service providers controlling the majority of
information in cloud computing, it becomes more difficult to
monitor, optimize, and troubleshoot connections.

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A New Cloud Stack
• Unlike the traditional OSI stack model of Layers 1 though 7
with distinct separation between network layers (Layer
2/3/4) and application layers (Layer 7),
• Cloud Networking transcends the layers and blurs these
boundaries by coupling the network infrastructure with
machines and modern web applications.
• Stateless Servers that separate persistent state from the
server resource pool require a non-blocking network fabric
that is robust, resilient and able to isolate application
domains.
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 A New Cloud Stack
Stack Layer Examples Benefits
Application SAAS, PAAS, Web apps, On-Demand Scheduler maximizes
Internal apps application access
OS Any version of Linux, Windows, Any version of Linux, Windows, Solaris
Solaris
Hypervisor ESX, Hyper-V, KVM, XVM Decouples App + OS from Hardware
Server Bare-Metal Stateless Server Minimizes Server Administration Cost
Storage Network Attached File Storage No separate SAN needed
Network Cloud Networking, Enables dynamic network bring-up,
CloudVision provisioning, configuration, and
deployment
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Cloud Networking Attributes
• Scalability: The cloud network must scale to the overall level of
throughput required to ensure that it does not become the
bottleneck. This means the cloud networking fabric must handle
throughputs that will reach trillions of packets per second in the near
future.
• Low Latency: The cloud network must deliver microsecond latency
across the entire network fabric since low latency improves
application performance and server utilization.

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Cloud Networking Attributes
• Guaranteed Performance: The cloud network must provide
predictable performance to service a large number of simultaneous
applications in the network, including video, voice and web traffic.
• Self-Healing Resilience: Cloud networks operate 24x7, so downtime is
not an option. This requires a network architecture that offers self-
healing and the ability for transparent in service software updates.
• Extensible Management: Real-time upgrades and image/patch
management in a large cloud network is a daunting challenge to
network administrators. A vastly simpler approach is required to
handle networks of this size, which automates provisioning,
monitoring.

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Overview of Cloud Computing
Introduction to Cloud Computing
History of Cloud computing
Cloud computing elements
Essential characteristics
Cloud service models
Cloud deployment models
NIST cloud computing reference architecture
ITU-T cloud computing reference architecture
Network requirements for cloud computing
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 CO1
End of Part 1
98419 66509
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