THEORISTS BACKGROUND PURPOSE OF THE THEORY

MARGARET NEWMAN  Margaret A. Newman was born on October 10, 1933. Health as Expanding Consciousness :
 She received a doctorate from New York University in 1971.
 Newman is a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing. Theory of health as expanding consciousness
 She has been honored as an outstanding alumna by both the was developed to describe how consciousness
University of Tennessee and New York University. expands in all human experience. The theory
 She received the Distinguished Scholar in Nursing Award from asserts that every person in every situation, no
New York University, the Founders Award for Excellence in Nursing matter how disordered and hopeless it may
Research from Sigma Theta Tau International, and the E. Louise seem, is part of a process of becoming more of
Grant Award for Nursing Excellence from the University of one's self.
Minnesota
ROSEMARIE RIZZO  The Human Becoming Theory of Nursing, developed by Human Becoming Theory: enables nurses to
PARSE Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, addresses this very issue. focus on quality of life as a goal of nursing. It
 Rosemarie Rizzo Parse graduated from Duquesne University in contrasts with most other nursing theories,
Pittsburgh, and earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees from the which are either bio-medical or bio-psycho-
University of Pittsburgh. social-spiritual. The Human Becoming Theory
 Parse is the founder and current editor of Nursing Science states that a person is a unitary being in
Quarterly, and is president of Discovery International, Inc. She is also constant interaction with their environment. It
an active Fellow in the American Academy of Nursing. has three main themes: meaning, rhythm, and
 Throughout her career, Parse has published nine books and more transcendence. A person's reality is given
than 100 articles and editorials about the nursing field. meaning by the experiences he or she lives in
 Then, in 2008, she received the New York Times Nurse Educator the environment, according to the meaning
of the Year Award. theme. Rhythmicity explains that a person and
their environment cocreate rhythmical patterns
of relating to the universe. Human Becoming,
according to Transcendence, refers to
transcending one's own limitations. It explains
that a person is more than the sum of their
parts, that the environment and a person are
inseparable, and that nursing is a human
science and art that helps people. The theory
allows nurses to build stronger nurse-patient
 relationships by focusing on the patient as a
whole person experiencing life through his or
her environment.

MADELEINE  Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012) was an Transcultural Nursing Theory: The
LEININGER internationally known educator, author, theorist, administrator, Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care
researcher, consultant, public speaker, and the developer of the Theory by Madeleine Leininger involves
concept of transcultural nursing that has a great impact on how knowing and understanding different cultures
to deal with patients of different culture and cultural background. concerning nursing and health-illness caring
 She was the first in the 1960s to coin the concept of "culturally practices, beliefs, and values to provide
congruent care," which was the goal of the Theory of Culture meaningful and efficacious nursing care
Care, and today the concept is being used globally. services to people's cultural values health-
 Leininger was appointed Professor of Nursing and Anthropology illness context.
at the University of Colorado — the first joint appointment of a It focuses on the fact that different cultures
nursing professor and a second discipline in the United States. have different caring behaviors and different
 As for being a pioneer nurse anthropologist, Leininger was health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns
appointed Dean of the University of Washington, School of of behaviors.
Nursing in 1969 and remained in that position until 1974. The cultural care worldview flows into
 She is considered by some to be the "Margaret Mead of nursing" knowledge about individuals, families, groups,
and is recognized worldwide as the founder of transcultural communities, and institutions in diverse health
nursing, a program that she created at the School in 1974.From care systems.
1974 to 1980, Leininger served as Dean, Professor of Nursing, The next focus is on the generic or folk system,
Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, and Director of the Center professional care system(s), and nursing care.
for Nursing Research and the Doctoral and Transcultural Information about these systems includes the
Nursing Programs at the University of Utah College Nursing. characteristics and the specific care features of
each.
ANNE BOYKIN AND  Born in 1944, Anne Boykin grew up in Wisconsin; the second The Nursing as Caring theory is a
SAVINA eldest of six children. She began her career in nursing in comprehensive nursing theory that provides a
SCHOENHOFER 1966,graduating from Alverno College in Milwaukee, broad philosophical framework with practical
Wisconsin. Today she enjoys the beauty of South Florida as the implications for practice transformation.
dean and professor of the College of Nursing at FAU. Nursing as Caring views nursing as a
 Born in 1940, Savina Scheonhofer was born the 2nd child and discipline of knowledge and a professional
 oldest daughter in a family on nine and spent her formative years service with the objective of "nurturing
on the family cattle ranch in Kansas. Her initial nursing study persons living and growing in caring."
was completed at Wichita State University, where she earned
undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing, psychology, and • In their Theory of Caring as Nursing, Anne
counselling. Society has moved from an era of "standard Boykin and Sarvina Schoenhofer emphasize
families" to a society where social norms are being excused. the fundamental idea that all persons are
Mothers have now moved from home to the workforce, many caring; that being human entails being caring;
children are raised in single parent homes, and racially diverse and that being a person entails living in caring.
and same sex families now exist. It is becoming more acceptable Caring is inherent in an individual, and as they
and understood to move out of the realms of societies live their lives, they develop their capacity for
expectations for a typical family and branch off into what is caring.
acceptable to self. (National Academy of Sciences, 1997)
• The 1990s through 2013 became known as the constructed and
integrated knowledge stages in nursing theory. There was an
increased call to develop substance in theory and focus more on
concepts grounded in practice and research. More attention was
focused on middle range and practice theories rather than grand
theories, and evidence based practice was formally introduced in
1992 (McEwen & Wills 2014). In this era, the United States fought
many challenges including, destruction of the World. The 1990's
proved to be a profitable time for our country. It was a time of
economic growth and the unemployment rates stood lower than they
had in over 30 years. Moving into the beginning of the 21st century,
times began to change. Global economy, the housing collapse, and
increased national debt played an important role in the fall of the
economy in 2008. The country is still attempting to recover from this
fall. (U.S. Department of State, Suny Suffolk

JOYCE FITZPATRICK  Joyce Fitzpatrick is a nurse educator and advocate for  The Life Perspective Rhythm Model:
nursing, geriatrics, psychological care, and nursing theory. The Life Perspective Rhythm Model
 Born in 1944, she developed her interest in health care at an states the fact that human development
early age, and she had a great desire to learn and participate is centered along a variety of rhythms
 in nursing as an educator and leader to her peers. that allow humans to learn to
 She continued to obtain higher degrees in nursing, including communicate and interact with others.
serving a year as Fulbright scholar.  Nursing uses these rhythms to achieve
 She has become best known for her new theory of nursing maximum wellness for clients.
that involves lifetime health and care.  She believes that human development
 She then completed MBA from Case Western Reserve has rhythms that cover four major
University to thoroughly understand the business and areas:
fundraising opportunities in health care.  Person consists of individual
 Currently, she sits in the Elizabeth Brooks Ford Professor of biological, emotional, social,
Nursing Chair at the Frances Payne Bolton School of psychological, cultural, and spiritual
Nursing, Case Western Reserve University. attitudes.
 She is a multi-published author with 395 articles in  Health is a dynamic reaction between
professional journals and over 65 books, including nursing the individual and the environment
teaching texts. around him or her.
 Fitzpatrick was the dean of the Bolton School of Nursing at  Wellness-Illness is the promotion of
Case Western for 10 years. health by the nursing profession.
 During her tenure, the first chair for geriatric nursing in the  Metaparadigm is how all of these
nation was established. interact with each other.
 Her work on geriatric nursing theory has opened this field to  This is distinct in each individual and
supported research and training. changes throughout the life span.
 Other major research supported during her tenure included  It also involves all persons the
the first research in the care provided by African-American individual interacts with.
grandparents to children, a process to follow up coronary
bypass artery grafts at home using computerized data, new
resources to teach chronically ill adults, and research into the
problems of care-givers of the elderly.
 Fitzpatrick is also an adjunct professor in the Geriatric
Department at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
 She is the former head of the American Nursing Foundation,
now serving as Vice Chair.
 She remains an editor of three professional journals: Nursing
Education Perspectives, Applied Nursing Research and the
 Archives of Psychiatric Nursing.
 This nursing theorist is the founder and head of the Bolton’s
World Health Collaborating Center for Nursing.
 This center provides guidance to countries all over the world
on how to establish nursing education and care centers.
 This center also seeks funds to elevate the standard of
medical care in less privileged areas of the world.
 This includes all levels of care, from birth to senior care.
 She has published 13 books on her own, including 301
Careers in Nursing, Nursing Leadership: Views from the
Outside and Advancing Professional Nursing Practice.
 Some of these books are written with other health
professionals, and some are written on her own.
 This nursing professor has won the National Journal of
Nursing’s Book of the Year 18 times.

JOSEPHINE PATERSON  Paterson was born in Freeport, NY, on September 1, 1924.

AND LORETTA Lenox Hill Hospital and St. John's University nursing
ZDERAD graduates Her Doctor of Nursing Science (1969) is from
Boston University School of Nursing, Boston,
 Humanistic nursing theories have a
Massachusetts, where she specialized in Mental Health and
foundation in the belief that patients can
Psychiatric nursing. Dr. Paterson taught humanistic nursing grow in a healthy and creative way.
to graduate students, faculty, and staff. • She retired in 1985  The model was created by Josephine
as a clinical nurse specialist from the Northport Veterans Paterson and Loretta Zderad.
Administration Medical Center in Northport, New York.  This approach to nursing places an
 Zderad was born on June 7, 1925 in Chicago, Illinois. • She emphasis on the nurse-patient
is a St. Bernard's Hospital School of Nursing and Loyola relationship, in which both people
influence the outcome of the nursing
University graduate. She earned a Master of Science degree
interventions.
from Catholic University in Washington, DC, and a Doctor  The function of the nursing approach
of Philosophy degree from Georgetown University in shows that the relationship between the
Washington, DC, in 1968. • She has taught at several nurse and patient has as much to do with
 universities and led groups on humanistic nursing. Dr. the patient’s healing as medical
Zderad also taught at the State University of New York at interventions.
Stonybrook. She retired in 1985 from the Northport Veterans  Humanistic nursing focuses closely on
how the relationship between the patient
Administration Medical Center in Northport, New York, as
and nurse develops in addition the
the Associate Chief for Nursing Education. patient’s physical and mental health.
 They met in the 1950s while working at Catholic University  The humanistic model of nursing looks at
on a new program that would include Psychiatric and the patient as an individual, and each
Community Health components as part of the graduate situation as unique.
program. Friendship that has lasted for more than 35 years.  In this nursing approach, there is no
Shared experiences, ideas, and insights helped to shape a formulaic method or process in order to
care for patients.
concept that evolved into the Formal Theory of Humanistic
Nursing.
EXERCISE NO 1

REFERENCES:

https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Margaret-A-Newman.php

https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Rosemarie-Rizzo-Parse.php

https://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Rosemary_Pars_Human_Becoming_Theory.html

https://nurseslabs.com/madeleine-leininger-transcultural-nursing-theory/

https://www.slideshare.net/kharang/anne-boykin-savina-schoenholer

https://www.slideshare.net/kharang/anne-boykin-savina-schoenholer

https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/the-theory-of-nursing-as-caring/

https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Dr-Joyce-Fitzgerald.php

https://www.slideshare.net/vaisakhgopakumar/humanistic-nursing-theory-ppt

https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/humanistic-model.php
https://nursology.net/nurse-theories/humanistic-nursing/

https://pmhealthnp.com/josephine-paterson-loretta-zderad-humanistic-nursing-theory/

 Madeleine Leininger was born on July 13, 1925 in Sutton, Nebraska.

 She earned several degrees, including a Doctor of Philosophy, a Doctor of Human Sciences, a Doctor of Science, and is a
Registered Nurse.
 She earned several degrees, including a Doctor of Philosophy, a Doctor of Human Sciences, a Doctor of Science, and is a
Registered Nurse.
 After graduation from Sutton High, she was in the U.S. Army Nursing Corps while pursuing a basic nursing program.
 And in 1965, Leininger embarked upon a doctoral program in Cultural and Social Anthropology at the University of Washington in
Seattle and became the first professional nurse to earn a Ph.D. in anthropology.