INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

E-NOTES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING – 2

BTECH 6th SEM
UNIT-1 :
 SEWARAGE SYSTEM
 CHARACTERIZATION OF SEWAGE
UNIT – 2 :
 TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
UNIT – 3 :
 SEWAGE TREATMENT UNITS DESIGN
 TREATED EFFLUENT DISPOSAL
UNIT – 4 :
 LOW COST SANITATION SYSTEM
 PLUMBING
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

UNIT-1
SEWARAGE SYSTEM &
CHARACTERIZATION
OF SEWERS
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

General Consideration
Generally, sewers are laid at steeper gradients falling towards the outfall point with circular pipe
cross section. Storm water drains are separately constructed as surface drains at suitable gradient,
either rectangular or trapezoidal section. Sewers are designed to carry the maximum quantity of
sanitary sewage likely to be produced from the area contributing to the particular sewer. Storm water
drains are designed to carry the maximum storm runoff that is likely to be produced by the
contributing catchment area from a rain of design frequency and of duration equal to the time of
concentration.

Requirements of Design and Planning of Sewerage System

The sewerage scheme is designed to remove entire sewage effectively and efficiently from the
houses to the point of treatment and disposal. Following aspects should be considered while
designing the system.

 The sewers provided should be adequate in size to avoid overflow and possible health
hazards.

 For evaluating proper diameter of the sewer, correct estimation of sewage discharge is
necessary.

 The flow velocity inside the sewer should neither be so large so as to require heavy
excavation and high lift pumping, nor should be so small causing deposition of the solid in
the sewers.

 The sewers should be laid at least 2 to 3 m deep to carry sewage from basement.

 The sewage in sewer should flow under gravity with 0.5 to 0.8 full at designed discharge, i.e.
at the maximum estimated discharge.

 The sewage is conveyed to the point usually located in low-lying area, where the treatment
plant is located.

 Treatment plant should be designed taking into consideration the quality of raw sewage
expected and to meet the discharge standards.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Difference Between Water Supply Pipes and Sewer Pipes :

The major difference between the water distribution network and sewerage system is presented in the
table :

Table : Comparison between the water distribution network and sewage collection system

Water Supply Pipes Sewer Pipes

 It carries pure water It carries contaminated water containing

organic or inorganic solids which may

settle in the pipe. It can cause corrosion

of the pipe material.

 Velocity higher than self-cleansing is not To avoid deposition of solids in the pipes
essential, because of solids are not present self-cleansing velocity is necessary at all in
suspension. possible discharge.

 It carries water under pressure. Hence, the It carries sewage under gravity.pipe can be
laid up and down the hills and Therefore it is required to be laid at a the
valieys within certain limits. continuous falling gradient in the
downward direction towards outfall point . downward direction towards outfall point .

 These pipes are flowing full under pressure. Sewers are design to run partial full at

maximum discharge. This extra space

ensures non-pressure gravity flow. This

will minimize the leakage from sewer,

from the faulty joints or crack, if any.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Provision of Freeboard in Sewers

Sanitary Sewers

Sewers with diameter less than 0.4 m are designed to run half full at maximum discharge, and sewers
with diameter greater than 0.4 m are designed to flow 2/3 to ¾ full at maximum discharge. The extra
space provided in the sewers provides factor of safety to counteract against the following factors:

1. Safeguard against lower estimation of the quantity of wastewater to be collected at the end of
design period due to private water supply by industries and public. Thus, to ensure that sewers
will never flow full eliminating pressure flow inside the sewer.

2. Large scale infiltration of storm water through wrong or illegal connection, through
underground cracks or open joints in the sewers.

3. Unforeseen increase in population or water consumption and the consequent increase in sewage
production.

Storm Water Drains

Storm water drains are provided with nominal freeboard, above their designed full supply line
because the overflow from storm water drains is not much harmful. Minimum of 0.3 m free board is
generally provided in storm water drains.

Hydraulic Formulae for Determining Flow Velocities

Sewers of any shape are hydraulically designed as open channels, except in the case of inverted
siphons and discharge lines of pumping stations. Following formulae can be used for design of
sewers.

1. Manning’s Formula :

This is most commonly used for design of sewers. The velocity of flow through sewers can be
determined using Manning’s formula as below:
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

2. Chezy’s Formula

3. Crimp and Burge’s Formula

4. Hazen- Williams Formula

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

The Hazen-Williams coefficient ‘C’ varies with life of the pipe and it has high value when the pipe is
new and lower value for older pipes. For example for RCC new pipe it is 150 and the value
recommended for design is 120, as the pipe interior may become rough with time. The design values
of ‘C; for AC pipes, Plastic pipes, CI pipes, and steel lined with cement are 120, 120, 100, and 120,
respectively. Modified Hazen-William’s equation is also used in practice.

Minimum Velocity: Self Cleansing Velocity

The velocity that would not permit the solids to settle down and even scour the deposited particles of
a given size is called as self-cleansing velocity. This minimum velocity should at least develop once
in a day so as not to allow any deposition in the sewers. Otherwise, if such deposition takes place, it
will obstruct free flow causing further deposition and finally leading to the complete blocking of the
sewers. This minimum velocity or self-cleansing velocity can be worked out as below:
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Hence, for removing the impurities present in sewage i.e., sand up to 1 mm diameter with
specific gravity 2.65 and organic particles up to 5 mm diameter with specific gravity of 1.2, it
is necessary that a minimum velocity of about 0.45 m/sec and an average velocity of about
0.9 m/sec should be developed in sewers.

 Hence, while finalizing the sizes and gradients of the sewers, they must be checked for the
minimum velocity that would be generated at minimum discharge, i.e., about 1/3 of the
average discharge.

 While designing the sewers the flow velocity at full depth is generally kept at about 0.8 m/sec
or so. Since, sewers are generally designed for ½ to ¾ full, the velocity at designed
discharge’ (i.e., ½ to ¾ full) will even be more than 0.8 m/sec. Thus, the minimum velocity
generated in sewers will help in the following ways:

 Adequate transportation of suspended solids,

 Keeping the sewer size under control; and

 Preventing the sewage from decomposition by moving it faster, thereby preventing evolution
of foul gases.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Maximum Velocity or Non-scouring Velocity

The interior surface of the sewer pipe gets scored due to the continuous abrasion caused by
suspended solids present in sewage. The scoring is pronounced at higher velocity than what can be
tolerated by the pipe materials. This wear and tear of the sewer pipes will reduce the life span of the
pipe and their carrying capacity. In order to avoid this, it is necessary to limit the maximum velocity
that will be produced in sewer pipe at any time. This limiting or non- scouring velocity mainly
depends upon the material of sewer. The limiting velocity for different sewer material is provided in
Table.

Table ; Limiting or non-scouring velocity for different sewer material

Sewer Material Limiting velocity, m/sec

Vitrified tiles 4.5 – 5.5

Cast iron sewer 3.5 – 4.5

Cement concrete 2.5 – 3.0

Stone ware sewer 3.0 – 4.5

Brick lined sewer 1.5 – 2.5

The problem of maximum or non-scouring velocity is severe in hilly areas where ground slope is
very steep and this is overcome by constructing drop manholes at suitable places along the length of
the sewer.

Effect of Flow Variations on Velocities in a Sewer

The discharge flowing through sewers varies considerably from time to time. Hence, there occur
variation in depth of flow and thus, variation in Hydraulic Mean Depth (H.M.D.). Due to change in
H.M.D. there occur changes in flow velocity, because it is proportional to (H.M.D.) 2/3. Therefore, it is
necessary to check the sewer for minimum velocity of about 0.45 m/sec at the time of minimum flow
(1/3 of average flow) and the velocity of about 0.9 to 1.2 m/sec should be developed at a time of
average flow. The velocity should also be checked for limiting velocity i.e. non-scouring velocity at
the maximum discharge.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

For flat ground sewers are designed for self-cleansing velocity at maximum discharge. This will
permit flatter gradient for sewers. For mild slopping ground, the condition of developing self-
cleansing velocity at average flow may be economical. Whereas, in hilly areas, sewers can be
designed for self-cleansing velocity at minimum discharge, but the design must be checked for non-
scouring velocity at maximum discharge.

Hydraulic Characteristics of Circular Sewer Running Full or

Partially Full :
(i) A circular section gives the least perimeter for a given area, and therefore has the
maximum hydraulic mean depth for running full and half full conditions. It is therefore the
most efficient section at these flow conditions.
(ii) It is the most economical section since it requires minimum quantity of material for its
construction.
(iii) The section has uniform curvature and hence prevents the possibility of deposits
anywhere within the section.
(iv) These can be easily manufactured.

A circular sewer may run either full or partially full.

The hydraulic elements of circular sewers for both the conditions viz., running full
and running partially full are indicated below:

(a) Circular Sewers Running Full:

Let D be the internal diameter of the sewer.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

(b) Circular Sewers Running Partially Full:

Fig. 4.2 shows a circular sewer running partially full.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Let D be the internal diameter of the sewer, d be the depth of flow, and θ be the angle
subtended by the wetted perimeter at the centre of the sewer.

Let a be the area of flow section;

p be the wetted perimeter;
r be the hydraulic mean depth, i.e., r = (a/p); and
v and the velocity of flow
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Waste Water Engineering

Qualities of waste water/Sewage:

Waste water is the combination of water and liquid waste originated from locality after different
activities.

Sewage can be classified into three categories:

 Domestic waste
 Industrial waste
 Drainage discharge/storm water/drainage

1.Domestic Sewage:It is mixer of water and liquid waste originated due to domestic activities like
washing,cooking, bathing.

2.Industrial Sewage:Waste water originated due to industrial activities is termed as industrial sewage.

1. Combination of domestic and industrial waste water is termed as Sanitary Sewage.

2. Combination of Kitchen and bathroom waste is termed as Sullage.

3.Storm water/drainage: It is sewage that is originated due to rainstorm water.

Sewers: Pipes used for carrying sewage from one point to another are called sewers.

Sewarage System:

1. It is method of collection, treatment and disposal of the treated sewage.

2. Sewerage system is generally of three types:
1.1.1.Seperate sewerage system
1.1.2.Combined sewerage system
1.1.3.Partially seperate

1.Physical Waste water parameters:

All physical WQ parameters are applicable here also.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

1. Total solids
2. Settalable solids
3. Dissolved solids
4. Suspended solids
 80% of water supplied goes into the sewage.
 Sewage consist of both organic and inorganic particles.
 Organic particles are decomposed by the chemical and the biological actions.
 Organic particles are decomposed by the biological action are termed as biodegradable
organic matter.
 This biological decomposition can be carried out either in the presence or absence of
oxygen. If it is carried out in the presence of Oxygen is termed as aerobic & if carried out in
absence of Oxygen are called anaerobic.
 The end products obtained depends upon the method by which decomposition is carried
out.

Aerobic decomposition:
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

The method of treatment employed for sewage depends on condition whether it is carried out
anaerobically or aerobically.

Method based on Anaerobic condition:

 Trickling filter(TF)
 Activated sludge process(ASP)
 Oxidation pond(OP)
 Rotating biological contractor(RBC)

Methods based on aerobic conditions:

 Septic tank
 Inhoff tank
 Anaerobic lagoons
 Upflow Anaerobic sludge blanked reactor(UASBR)
 Sewage consist of more than 99.9% of solids.(0.1%)
 If 1000kg of sewage is considered it consists of only 0.45kg of total solids.
Total solids=organic solids(45%)+dissolved solids(0.225kg)+suspended solids
(0.125kg)+settalable solids (0.125kg)+inorganic solids(55%)

Settalable solids:The solids settled at the base of the Inhoff come when sewage is allowed to stand in
this cone for 120minutes are termed as settalable solids.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

2.Chemical waste water quality parameters:

Dissolved oxygen:

 At a particular temperature max quantity of Oxygen present in water is termed as Saturation

dissolved oxygen.
 Any deficiency observed in value of DO indicates the presence of biological activity in water.
 A min of 4ppm DO is required at all the temperature for survival of fishes in water.(effluent)
 DO in water can be computed using wrinkler's method:
Sample +MnSO4+NaOH+KI=Mn(OH)2/MnO2
If Mn(OH)2[white ppt. form]then it means NO DO.
If MnO2[Red ppt.form]then it means DO is present.
Now
MnO2+2I+ O2= I2
I2+ I=I3(blue complex)
Now this blue complex titrate against std Na2S2O3 gives volume of 0.01 N Na2S2O3 ( to
decolourised blue solution).

2. Chemical waste water quality parameters-chemical oxygen demand (COD):

 It is amount of oxygen required to decompose both biodegradable and non biodegradable organic
matter.
 It can be calculated by adding potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) along with Sulphur acid(H2SO4) and
noting down the amount of oxygen consumed for decomposition of organic matter.
Note: As potassium dichromate is strong oxidizing agent,it carries out decomposition of some of
inorganic matter present in water, hence it is also known as dichromate demand.

3. Theoretical Oxygen Demand(TOD):

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 If exact formula and conc. of organic matter present in waste water is known then quantity of
Oxygen required for decomposition of organic matter can be computed theoretically and is termed
as Theoretical oxygen demand.

4.Total Organic Carbon (TOC):

 Total organic carbon is just another method for expressing organic matter present in the water in
the form of its carbon content.

5. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 It is the amount of oxygen required by the micro organisms to carry out the decomposition of
biodegradable organic matter present in waste water.

 BOD of water during 5 days at 20°C as taken as standard biological Oxygen demand and is
approximately equals to 68% of ultimate BOD.
 BOD is determined by diluting known volume of waste water sample with known volume of aerated
water sample and calculating DO of diluted sample ,before and after incubation of 5days and at 20°C.
 Normally 300ml sized bottles are used and all sources of light must be excluded from incubator in
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

order to prevent the growth of algae (performs photosynthesis and release oxygen adding
to calculated DO). which results in decreased value of BOD in comparison to actual value of

BOD.calculated DO). which results in decreased value of BOD in comparison to actual value of BOD.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Here K or KD are deoxygenation constants at base e and base 10 respectively.KD=0.434K

 The deoxygenation constant represents rate at which BOD reaction takes place without affecting
ultimate BOD.
For ultimate BOD
UBOD=Lo(1-10)(-KD×infinity)
UBOD=Lo
 De-oxygenation constant for given sample depends on type of impurities present in it .
 For simple impurities deoxygenation constant will be more e.g. sugar and for complex
compounds like phenols it will be less.
 In general deoxygenation constant at base 10(KD) varies between 0.05 to 0.2,for municipal
sewage per day.
 For tap water it varies between 0.01-0.05 per day. For the surface water it varies between
0.05-0.1 per day at 20°C.
 For untreated sewage it varies between 0.1-0.15 Per day & for treated sewage it has value
0.05-0.1per day at 20°C.
 With increase in temperature of system biolo activity increases and so does deoxygenation
constant.

KD at t°C = KD at 20°C [1.047] (T-20°C)

NOTE :

2. Wastewater sample consists of different types of organic matters, hence requires different
microorganisms.
3. Micro organisms obtain carbon for their self growth either from the organic carbon or from
molecular carbon like CO2.
4. Microorganisms which utilizes organic carbon for their growth are heterotrophs and those utilising
CO2 are termed as autotrophs.
5. Conversion of carbon from CO2 to cellular carbon requires production process which is energy
consumpted hence autotropic microorganisms utilizes more of their energy to extract carbon from
CO2 resulting into lower cell mass growth.
6. Nitrogenous BOD is satisfied by autotrophs, while the carbonaceous BOD is by heterotrophic.
7. For Municipal sewage BOD is in the range of 100 to 500 milligram perr leter.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

UBOD / COD :

UBOD / COD ≤ 1

5. This ratio represents quality of sewage entering in the treatment plant, hence decides the method
of treatment adopted for removal of organic impurities.
BOD5 / COD ≤ 0.68
6. this ratio is less than 0.8 or this ratio is less than 0.5 it is assumed to be treated non biologically.

COD / TOC :

COD / TOC = 0 to 5.33

It is zero for those organic compounds which cannot be oxidised by K2 cr2 O7. Thus giving COD equal to
zero.

This ratio also signifies quality of sewage and the method of treatment.

Population Equivalent (PE) :

 Average standard BOD of domestic sewage is 80 gram per capita per day.
 the number of persons producing the amount of BOD at a rate of 80 milligram per capita per day
equal to that produced in industrial sewage is termed as population equivalent.
DOD 5 of industrial is equal to BOD5 of a domestic × potential equivalent.
 This parameter is used to find strength of industrial sewage and its corresponding cost of
treatment.

Relative stability :

 It is defined as the ratio of oxygen available in the effluent to the total oxygen required of 1st Stage
building , it is denoted by S.
S = oxygen in effluent ( in form of DO - NO3-,NO2-,SO4-,CO3— )/ Total oxygen required for first stage
BOD.
 Here t20 and t37 are times in days required by wastewater samples to decolorize the standard
methylene blue solutions at 20 degree Celsius and 37 degree Celsius respectively.
 Decolorization of methylene blue is caused by enzymes released due to Anaerobic microorganisms.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 If decolorization takes place is less than 4 days at 20 degree Celsius at effluent is considered as
unstable and if it takes place more for more than 4 days effluentis considered as stable.

NUMERICAL :

Que 1.) Following observations permit was made for 4% dilution of waste water . Dissolve oxygen of
aerated water sample used for deletion is 3 milligram per later . Dissolved oxygen of original sample is
0.6 milligram per later. Calculate BOD5 and BODu the oxygenation cost at at 20 degree celcius is 0.23
per day . Dissolve oxygen of diluted sample after 5 days of incubation is 0.8 milligram per liter.

Que 2.) Calculate 1 day 37 degree Celsius body for sewage sample whose 5 day 20 degree Celsius BOD
is 100 milligram per Liter. Assume deoxygenation constant at 20 degree Celsius at base 10 to 20 0.1 for a
day.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

UNIT - 2
SEWAGE TEATMENT
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

1. First degree treatment is provided to remove the suspended impurities both organic
and inorganic from wastewater.
2. Screens are used to remove heavy suspended impurities present in wastewater.
3. Grit chamber remove the inorganic suspended solids and PST removes organic
suspended matter in sewage.
4. Disposal of inorganic matter is much convenient in comparison to that of organic matter,
hence these are being removed separately in the treatment plant.
5. biological treatment remove the organic matter present in sewage, by indusing the
biological activity in its which is being carried out by bringing the contact between
microorganisms and the organic matter.
6. This contact can be brought by any of the following mechanism:
 By suspending Biomass in wastewater
Suspended growth system - ASP, OP, ST
 Bypassing wastewater over the Biomass layer which is attached to medium
Attached growth system - TF, RBC
1. first degree treatment normally removes 60% of suspended impurities and also satisfied
30 to 40% be associated with it.
2. Secondary treatment satisfies 85 to 95% BOD associated with the waste water.
3. Anaerobic sludge / first degree sludge / raw sewage /primary sludge is treated
anaerobically in aerobic digester and secondary or biological sludge is treated
aerobically in Arabic digester.
4. The concentration of organic matter in PST is more than SST, thus the growth of
microorganisms may be uncontrollable in PST. To avoid this the first degree sludge is
treated anaerobically.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Primary treatment :

Primary waste water treatment is the physical or chemically enhanced settling of suspended
particles. It includes:

1. Aeration of the waste to remove odors and to oxidize Fe(II) to Fe(III). Many compounds
with intense odors, such as sulfides and thiols, can be oxidized in air to compounds that
don't have a bad smell.

2. The addition of Al2(SO4)3, Fe2(SO4)3, and Ca(OH)2. These materials precipitate as a

flocculant material that traps the suspended particles in the waste water.

3. The waste goes into a tank where the undissolved solids fall to the bottom.

Primary treatment removes only one-third of the BOD and virtually none of the dissolved
minerals. This doesn't remove soluble materials or toxic chemicals. The water retains a high
BOD.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Screening :
It removes large floating matters like Polythene bags it has of two type: fine screen and course
screen, it is placed in inclined way against the flow of water , Reasons : the floor area increases,
velocity reduces, larger floating matters could be collected.

Usually , we prefer coarse screen because fine screen get cloged frequently, so we avoid fine
screen.

Grit Chamber :
3. Grit Chambers are used to remove the inorganic suspended particles like clay, silt, sandd,
glass, and egg shelves and to pass forward organic suspended particles present in it for the
removal in primary settling tank.
4. These tanks are in the form of long narrow channels which may be rectangular or parabolic
in shape.
5. Velocity control devices such as proportional Weir and parshall flume are employed at the
end of this chambers.
6. Proportional Weir is used if rectangular section is adopted and partial flume is used if
parabolic section of grit chamber is adopted, in general partial flume is favoured over
proportional Weir as Head loss is similar in this case.
7. These units are designed generally in the form of two chambers one to carry average
discharge and 2nd to carry variation of the discharge in average discharge.
8. The septic tanks are designed to settle inorganic particles of size greater than 0.2 mm and
passed away organic particles, for removal of these particles the overflow rate is
approximately 2160 metre cube per metre square per day which is calculated using
translation law.
9. Detention time is normally in the range of 30 to 60 second generally 60 sec. adopted.
10. Horizontal velocity of flow is in the range of 0.15 to 0.3 metre per second.
11. Depth of tank is approximately 1 to 1.8, freeboard of 0.3 m is divided over district.(to avoid
overflow ) .
12. The length of tank is increased approximately by 25 to 30% in order to consider the
turbulence of inlet and outlet of Chamber.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Sedimentation :
Depending upon tendency of suspended particles to interact with each other and concentration
of particles, following types of settling may be observed in sedimentation tank :

1. Discrete settings (type 1 settling) :

 Shape, size and mass of particles remains same
 Setting is independent of another particle
 Stokes law is applicable
 Settling velocity can be also calculated using transition law example setting in grit
chamber.
2. Flocculating settling (type 2 settling ) :
 Size, shape and mass changes during settling
 Theoretical settling velocity cannot be calculated
 Flocs are formed
 This occurs when concentration of particles in water is very less
 Examples of primary settling tank where organic particles settle.
3. Zone of Hindered settling (type 3 settling ) :
 This type of settling is observed when concentration of the particles in water is in
medium range such that velocity fields of the particles during their settling settlement
overlaps each other.
 Particle settles in form of zone in order to maintain their relative position with respect
to each other.
 Example settling in secondary settling tank followed by activated sludge process in this
type of settling.
4. Compression settling (type 4 settling ) :
 The concentration of particles is very high such that they are in physical contact with
each other.
 Bottom layers of these particles support the weight of top players of particles due to
which any father settling results by compression of entire particles in the medium,
accompained by squeezing out of water from voids of particles.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Note :

Sedimentation tank is in which Type III and type IV of settling takes place are designed for solid loading
rate and are checked for surface flow rate.

Primary Settling tank (PST) :

 Overflow rate of the PST varies between 25 to 30 metre cube per metre square per day and
50 to 60 metre cube per metre square per day.(peak)
 Plan area of tank is computed using both the rates and maximum value is adopted,Qavg =
1/3 of Qpeak.
 Depth of tank is in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 metre.
 Detention time is to 2 to 2.5 hours.
 Horizontal velocity of flow is 0.3 metre per minute.
 Rate of tank is kept to be approximately 6 metres and length per width ratio is in the range
of 4 to 5 ratio 1.

Coagulation aided sedimentation :

 Coagulation aided sedimentation is mostly avoided in the treatment of sewage.

 It is avoided because :
 Coagulant added may destroy microorganisms required
 Flocs formed may increase volume of sludge formed
 The cost of coagulant used is more in this case as SS concentration is more in
wastewater than raw water.
 It may have ever may be adopted in hilly areas where the availability of areas is less(thus
increase in s-o-r is done by coagulation aided sedimentation to reduce plan area).
 Coagulation removes nutrients from water and wastewater also helps thus helps in
preventing eutrofication of lakes.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Secondary treatment :

 Secondary treatment involves biological treatment call the activated sludge process.
 Waste water is mixed with bacteria lead and sludge and oxygen which allowed the bacteria
to break down organic matter.
 The water is passed into a sedimentation tank where the activated sludge is collected and
removed.
 Aerobic process is a biological treatment process in presence of oxygen , the species of
bacteria which require oxygen for their survival , growth and for the process of
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

reproduction are called aerobic bacteria or aerobs. In wastewater treatment plants ,in
aeration tank, microorganism needs Oxygen for respiration and organic material as food. In
this way microorganisms biodegrade the organic material and treat the wastewater . Type
of some aerobic processes are suspended growth process, attached growth process and
hybrid or combined suspended attached growth process. where activated sludge process,
leggings and aerobic digestion are part of suspended growth process. Trickling filter,
rotating biological contactor and, packed bed reactor( like mbbr,fbr) are common name of
attached growth process, and trickling filter combine with growth process.
 Secondary treatment is the second wastewater treatment stage which involve the use of
microorganisms to remove high level of biodegradable organic pollutants present in the
water source . Now there are numerous process in secondary treatment, there are aerobic
or anaerobic and pond process now in both aerobic and anaerobic, there are divided into
two classes which are suspended and attached.
Attached growth system : it is the process in which microorganisms responsible for the
conversion of organic matters or other constitutes in the wastewater which microorganisms
are attached to some inert materials.
Basic principle of attached growth system: the attached growth system is the simple system
we have a solid media and then Biomass layer and also the water that will flow through the
system. Basically , the Biomass layer for the bacteria state and grow to the solid media, the
liquid waste water will pass through the Biomass layer forming a liquid layer, the
biochemical reactions such as organic matter oxidation. Nitrification is the biological
process where the conversion of Nitrogen to form nitrogen compounds such as Ammonia
nitrate or nitrite under aerobic condition. So, the end products such as carbon dioxide,
wastewater, nitrate flow will flow out with the water , leave the biofilm layer back to the
liquid layer and move out with the liquid flow into the applicant's stream, meaning that all
of those compounds will flow out . Denitrification can only be achieved where anoxic
condition axists. Denitrification means of biological process where bacteria convert nitrogen
nitrate and nitrite into nitrogen. Where anoxic means a condition in which oxygen available
only in a combined for such as nitrate and nitrite, and sulphate in an aquous environment.
So, the dead bacteria will be then removed by sedimentation in a final sedimentation tanks.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Examples of Attached growth system : the first one is trickling filter, also known as
biological Tower. Next we have rotating biological contactor, packed bed reactors and last
but not least, we have Fluidized bed Biofilm reactors.

Tertiary treatment :

1. Nitrates are highly soluble in water so that they cannot be removed by precipitation.
2. Ion exchange is used to remove nitrates from wastewater.
3. Nitrates can also be removed by biological method that is anaerobic organisms turn the
nitrogen in nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen.
4. Heavy metal ions such as cadmium, lead and mercury can be removed by precipitation as
their solubility in water is very low.
5. Phosphate ions can be removed by the addition of calcium and Aluminium.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Tertiary treatment includes a range of processes that improve the water quality of the effluent
before it is released into a lake, river, or into the ground. Not all sewage treatment plants use any
type of tertiary treatment.

These processes include:

1. Filtration

(a) sand (for particulates)

(b) activated carbon (for
organic compounds)

2. Lagooning
3. Constructed wetlands
4. Biological
nitrification/denitrification (removal
of ammonia)
5. Chemical precipitation of
phosphorus with Fe(III) or Al(III)
salts
6. Disinfection (removal of
Waste Chlorinator microorganisms)

(a) chlorination
(b) UV light
(c) ozonolysis
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Unit – 3

SEWAGE TREATMENT UNITS DESIGN :

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

TRICKLING FILTER (Aerobic attached growth system) :

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

3. As the wastewater trickles filter medium, Biomass layer grows and attaches
to the medium surface making filter ready for operation within two to three
weeks.
4. When the ww (waste water) flows through this Biomass layer organic
matter present in it, comes in contact with the microorganisms present in
the Biomass layers, which carries out oxidation of organic matters resulting
in formation of biomass which gets attached over filter medium.
5. The layer in which this process takes place is termed as a Slime layer.
6. The thickness of Slime layer varies from 0.1 to 2mm.
7. In the top surface of this layer aerobic process take place and in remaining
anaerobic process takes place.
8. Over a period of time Scarcity of food and oxygen takes place in bottom
layers due to increase in thickness of Slime leading to androgynous
respiration in bottom layers which leads to increase in concentration of
Dead cell mass in layer.
9. The presence of Dead cell mass weakens bond between medium particles
and Biomass layer, resulting in its sloughing (removal) due to continuous
flow of waste water through filter.
10.This Sloughed Biomass is finally taken to SST for removal.
11.The rate of removal of organic matter in system depends upon following
factors:
 Hydraulic loading rate
 organic loading rate
 temperature (high temperature increases rate of removal of organic
matter).
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

12.Large organic loading rate will produce more amount of organic matter
removed by more microorganisms. Thus Biomass formed will clog the filter
does reducing rate of removal of organic matter.
13.Hydraulic loading at high rate will cause sloughing of biomass layers thus
increase in rate of removal of organic matter.
14.Trickling filter used to carry out removal of organic matter is generally at
two types:
13.Standard rate trickling filter (above discussed)
14.High rate trickling filter

A.) Standard rate trickling filter:

8. in these types of trickling filter hydraulic loading rate is less as there is no
provision of recirculation in this case. ( we can manipulate hydraulic loading
rate not organic loading rate).
9. Distribution of wastewater on the filter in wastewater is done by the rotatory
distribution method or by spray nozzle method.
10.Rotatory distribution system is more effective source of no orderous gas forms
in the system.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Operational trouble in Standard rate trickling filter :

7. Fly nuisance:
 As TF is open to atmosphere, insects are generated over its surface which
attracts hies.
 This problem can be avoided by spraying is insecticides like DDT over
surface of TF ( dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane-DDT).
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

8. Odour problem :
 As the hydraulic loading rate is less in case of SRTF. The decomposition of
organic matter takes place for longer duration leading to evolution of order
of gases.
 To avoid this, hydraulic loading rate is increased.
9. Ponding problem :
 Due to the growth of fungi and algae in the trickling filter, chocking of voids
takes place leading to standing or ponding of wastewater above trickling
filters.
 It can be overcome by addition of any oxidizing agent like lime, copper
sulphate etc.
In standard rate trickling filter, oxidation of organic matter upto nitrate
level takes place ( nitrification) as hydraulic loading rate is less in this case
which provide sufficient time for nitrifying bacteria (autotrophs )for
satisfying nitrogenous BOD.

B.) High rate trickling filter :

 In high rate trickling filter hydraulic loading rate is increased by recirculating

the portion of the treated wastewater discharge.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 The efficiency of high rate trickling filter is more than standard rate trickling
filter as the contact between micro organisms and organic matters is brought
more than once.
 In HRTF, fly nuisance, odour and ponding problem is not formed due to high
loading hydraulic rate and reduces coaching of filter. It increases sloughing of
biomass layer and keeps filter ventilated .
 Body fluctuations and shock loadings are also dampness in HRTF due to mixing
of recirculated ww.
 In HRTF, nitrogenous BOD is not satisfied as sloughing takes place before the
action of autotrops.
 The recirculation of sewage in HRTF can be performed in various stages.
 Classification of high rate trickling filter on the basis of method of recirculation
of wastewater.

Accelo filter :

Aero filter :

Bio filter :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 The efficiency of second stage HRTF is more than that of first stage HRTF.
 2nd stage HRTF is generally used when influent BOD is very large. It is also
used when effluent BOD desired is 30 milligram per later.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Nitrogenous BOD is also satisfied in two stage high trickling filter.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Design date for trickling filter :

Design parameters SRTF HRTF SUPER HRTF

Hydraulic loading rate 1-4 10-40 40-200

(m3/m2/day)(including
recirculation)

Organic loading rate 0.08-0.32 0.32-1 0.6-0.8

(Kg/m3/day)(excluding
recirculation)

Depth(m) 0.8-2.5 0.9-3 4.5-12

Recirculation ratio 0 0.5-3 1-4

(R=Qr/Qo)

Surface area = Qo/HLR (excluding recirculation)

Or

Surface area = (Qo+Qr) /HLR (including recirculation)

Volume = Qo.So/OLR (excluding recirculation)

Or

Volume = (Qo.So + Qr.So) /OLR

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Efficiency of trickling filter :

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Numerical 1 :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Population of 30,000, domestic sewage produced is 120 lpcd having BOD of 200 milligram per leter.
Industrial sewage produced is 3 into 10 ki power 5 litre per day having BOD 800 gram per later. Design
HR single stage TF with following data:

BOD removed in PST - 35%

Organic loading rate - 10,000kg/ha.m/day ( exclu.recirculation)

Hydraulic loading rate - 170×106 lit/ha/day (inclu. recirculation)

Recirculation ratio - 1

Find efficiency of TF and BOD of effluent .

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Answer :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Numerical 2 :

Calculate the diameter required for single stage TF which is to yield effluent BOD of 120mg/L. When
treating settled domestic sewage of BOD 120mg/L. Waste water flow is 2200 metre cube per day and
recirculation discharge is 4000 metre cube per day, depth of tank is 1.5 metre.

ANSWER :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

hgjjjjhjxzjkjckzjxvjjxkkkxklk
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Activated Sludge Process (ASP):

(Aerobic Suspended Growth System)

The entire process of biological decomposition is believed to takes place in four phases.

1. First Log phase

15. In the phase micro organisms get accumulated to food and environment given to them.
16. If the micro organisms are already familiar with the environment and food given to
them then duration of log phase is less.
17. The growth of biomass in the phase is very less hence it is termed as Log phase.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

2. Second Log phase

 In log phase micro organisms reproduce rapidly by cell division leading to the rapid
increase in the growth of biomass at corresponding decrease in the organic matter in
waste water.
 In ASP, we try to maintain system in log phase .

3. Third Stationery phase

15. In this phase growth of biomass is slightly obstated due to endogenous respiration
resulting from scarctity of food.

4. Fourth Endogenous phase

11. In this phase endogenous process of respiration starts due to depletion of organic
matter from system.

A.) For biomass:

 dx/dt is directly proportional to X. (without considering endogenous respiration

stage fourth)

Where dx/dt= rate of biomass formation

X=biomass present at time ( MLSS/MLVSS)

dx/dt=kx. -------(I)

k=overall gri rate constant (depends on type of micro organism )

 MLSS ( Mixed liquor suspended solids)is generally taken as index for active micro

organisms present in waste water but it also comprises of dead cell mass and other
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

inorganic impurities considered in MLSS, the MLVSS is used to represent active micro

organisms in the system ( Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids)

Considering endogenous respiration

dx/dt is directly proportional to -x

dx/dt= -Ker.x. ---------(ii)

Where Ker= endogenous decay rate constant ( 0.06 per day for municipal sewage)

From I and ii

dx/dt = (K-Ker).x

B.) For organic matter /BOD/FOOD:

ds/dt is directly proportional to s

da/dt= -Kd.s

Some fraction of organic matter is reduced by consumption of carbon by micro

organisms.

-y(ds/dt)= dx/dt

Where y= organic matter fractionconverted into biomass.

This portion of organic matter converted to biomass is more for aerobic process and less

for anaerobic process because

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 microorganisms converted the organic matter into the large quantity of biomass

ds they consume less quantity of carbon and produce other products.

 In anaerobic process microorganisms consume carbon and produce less quantity

of biomass.

#####£####£######

 In activated sludge process secondary or biological sludge (sludge coming from SST)

which mostly comprises of living microorganisms also termed as active

microorganisms is recirculated back to aeration process to carry out oxidation of

organic matter. Hence process is termed as activated sludge process.

 Activated sludge process is suspended growth culture in which sludge return is done

by following any of the flow regime.

A.) Complete mix process:

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 It is adopted for plants having capacity less than 25 MLD.

 in this process incoming wastewater is completely makes with activated sludge

by inducing mixing in aeration tank.

 In complete mix process square or circular tanks are used provided with

mechanical aerators.

 Operational stability of this process with regard to shock loading is very high as

complete mixing is indused in the aeration tank.

 F/M ratio and oxygen demand is uniform to out the tank in this system (due to

mixing).

 This system is capable of holding high MLSS.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

B.) Plug Flow Process:

 It is conventional method used for plants of capacity more than 300 mld.

 Plug flow process represent the gradual flow of wastewater along the length of

tank in which activated sludge is mixed at the inlet.

 Long narrow channels are adopted in plug flow process.

 In this system F/M ratio and oxygen demand gradually decreases along the length

of tank.

 This process lacks operational with respect to shock loadings.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 In plug flow process decomposition of organic matter upto the nitrate levels

takes place as sufficient time is provided for nitrifying bacteria which satisfies

nitrogenous BOD.

 More efficiency of complete mix process than this method.

C.) Extended Aeration :

 Flow regime in extended aeration process is completely mixed.

 In this process primary sedimentation tank is avoided and at employs low organic

loading rate , high MLSS conc. resulting in low F/M ratio corresponding increased

efficiency.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 The entire process is carried out in long narrow channels and system in this case

is maintained in endogenous phase, resulting in high concentration of dead cell

mass in the sludge formed which does not requires digestion and can be disposed

directly on drying beds.

Assumptions in analysis of complete mix process :

 In fluent and effluent biomass concentration can be neglected.

 The entire biological process takes place in aeration tank only

Biomass entered + biomass grown=biomass out

QoXo +. V.dx/dt = (Qo-Qw)Xc + Qw.Xu

V(K-Ker).X =Qw.Xu

Nn K =Qu.Xu/V.x. + Ker .......(I)

Food entered - Food content =Food out

Qo.So - (-Y.ds/dt) = (Qo-Qw).S + Qw.S

Qo.So -. (dx/dL)V =Qo.S

Qo.So - (K-Ker)XV = Qo.S

Qo(So-S)/VX = K .......(ii)

From I and ii

Ker + We.Xu/VX =Qo.(So-S)/VX

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Design parameters used in ASP :

1. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) :

It is defined as volume of aeration tank to the rate of flow of waste water excluding

recirculation.

HRT = V/Qo (Hours)

2. Organic loading rate (OLR) :

It is defined as ratio of BOD applied to the mass of BOD applied to the system.

3
OLR = Qo.So/V (kg/m /day)

3. Specified food utilisation / substrate rate (U) :

It is defined as ratio of BOD removed in the system to the mass of biomass in the

aeration tank.

U = Qo(So-S)/VX ( Kg/kg/day)

4. Sludge age (Qc) :

It is the average time for which sludge remains in the system . It is defined as ratio of

mass of MLSS leaving the system per day.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Qc=Vx/[(Qo-Qw)Xc + We.Xu]

Qc=Vx/We.Xu

Sludge age determines the occurrence of nitrification in the system . More is sludge

age more are the chances for nitrification to takes place.

To avoid the nitrification , the wasted sludge discharge can be increased 2 decrease

sludge age.(because nitrification consumes oxygen required for carbonaceous.)

In the case, where Qc is reduced efficiency of system reduces to Less MLSS in

tank.(Q.Vu)

5. F/M ratio :

It is define as ratio of BOD applied to systemto the mass of biomass in aeration tank.

Efficiency of tank depends on F/M ratio.

-F/M = Qo.So/V.X

U = Lee+1/Qc
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

6.Re-Circulation ratio :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

7. Sludge volume index (SVI) :

Mass conc. In aeration tank is dependent on circulation ratio in which is determined

on the basis of sludge volume index.

Sludge volume represents physical state of sludge and signifies concentration of

sludge in aeration rate to obtain the desired MLSS and F/M ratio for the given degree of

treatment .

Sludge volume index is defined as volume occupied in ml by one gram of solids when

allowed to settle for 30 minutes.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Determination of sludge volume index (SVI) :

 The standard test involved to find SVI in laboratory collection of 1 litre of mixed

liquor from discharge end of the aeration tank.

 This mixed liquor is allowed to settle in graduated containers for 30 minutes and

volume occupied by solid in ml settled in container after 30 minutes is noted.

 Let the observed volume be Vob,which represents the volume of solids settled in

graduated container in 30 minutes someone liter of mixed liquor.

 The settled solids are again remixed in mixed liquor and standard test is

performed to find concentration of the ss in mixed liquor.

Let the observed concentration of ss be Can (mg/l)

Sludge volume index (SVI) = Vob/Xob

=(ml/l)/(mg/l)

= ml/mg

= 1000*Can/Xab
6
Concentration of solids aeration tank (Xu) = 10 /SVI
6
R= Qr/Qo = X/(Xu-X) = X/(10 /SVI - X)

 Sludge volume index normally veries between 80-150 ml/ gm.

Numericals :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

UNIT-4

LOW COST SANITATION TANK :

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

SEPTIC TANK(Anaerobic suspended growth system ) :

1. In septic tank designing is done similar to sedimentation tank with only difference
detention time of 26 to 36 hours is provided.
2. During this period solid present in waste water settles at the bottom of tank where it is
digested over period of 6 to 12 months anaerobically.
3. Additional volume is provided in septic tank for this digestion to take place.
4. to rising of oil, grease and soap to surface scum layer is formed which acts as thermal
insulator and does not allow odorous gases to escape into the atmosphere.
5. The flow of sewage in tank is taken to be 40 to 70 lpcd , if sullage is also
considered .The flow is taken as 90 to 150 lpcd.
6. Rate of accumulation of sludge varies between 30 to 40 litre per capita per year.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

7. Detention time-12 to 36 hours

Cleaning time-6to12hours
L/B ratio =2 to 3
Width(B) =0.9m
8. Volume of septic tank
V = V1 + V2
V1 = Qo.to
V2 = Rate of accumulation of sludge ×cleaning period
9. Effluent of septic tank is disposed of either in soak pits or in dispersion trenches.
10. Soak pit and dispersion trenches should possess sufficient permeability so as to allow
easy percolation of the effluent into the ground.
11. Percolation rate is defined as time required in min. by the effluent to seep into the
ground by the distance of 1 cm.
12. Soak pits are used if percolation rate is less than 30 min & dispersion trenches are used
if percolation rate is in range of 30 to 60 min.
13. The max. rate of effluent application on ground can be calculated by following empirical
relation.
14. Qˣ = 204/√t (t/m²/day)
t= percolation rate in min
plan area of soak pit/dispersion trenches
= Qo/Qˣ

NUMERICAL

Estimate size of septic tank having length to width ratio 2.25 and liquid depth of 2
m with 300 mm board. Also compute desludging interval in years and total trench
area in m square of percolation field of small colony of 300 people. Assuming
water supply 100 lpcd and sludge production 0.04 m cube per capita per year.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Detention time is 3 days . Desludging is done when tank one third full of sludge . A
percolation test indicates allowable hydraulic loading of 100 l/ m square/ day.

Solution :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

INHOFF TANK :

 Inhoff tank is improvement over Septic tank in which the incoming sewage is not allowed to get
mixed with sludge and effluent is not allowed to carry undigested sludge with it.
 It is a two storeyd tank in which sedimentation takes place in upper sedimentation chamber and
digestion of sludge takes place in lower chamber.
 All parameters are same as that of septic tank.\

OXYDATION POND(Aerobic suspended growth system):

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

1. Oxidation pond is in the form of long earthen channels which provides

comparitively large detention time during which waste water gets
oxidized by action of microorganisms.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

2. In this pond special relationship exist between aerobic microorganisms

and algae in aerobic zone.
3. oxygen released by algae during photosynthesis is utilised by

microorganisms to carry out decomposition of organic matter resulting in

biomass which again sewers as nutrient for algae.
4. Such mutual beneficial relationship is termed as the symbolic
relationship . This type of relationship also exist between aerobics
microorganisms in top zone and anaerobic microorganisms in bottom
zone .
5. Gases released by anaerobic microorganisms during decomposition rise
to surface and act as food for aerobic microorganisms settles down to
bottom layer to act as nutrient for anaerobic microorganisms.
6. In real terms oxidation pond is facultative process (practically).
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Design parameters of oxidation pond :

 Depth of tank is in the range of 1 to 1.8 metre.

 Detention time is approximately 2 to three weeks.
 Organic loading rate depends upon temperatures of locality where pond is to
be constructed and temperature of locally and turn depends on latitude.
Latitude (N) Organic loading rate

Kg/Ha/day

36 150

32 175

28 200

24 225

20 250

16 275

14 300

12 325

8 350

4 375

NOTE : Latitude for India is 24 and 20.

 L/B ratio is generally taken as 2.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Area of each unit varies from 0.5 to 1 hectare.

Plan area = BOD entering/Organic loading rate

= Qo.So/OLR

1. Pathogenic bacteria removal efficiency is approximately 99% while BOD

removal efficiency is 95%.

2. The effluent of oxidation pond are not discharged and are used for Sewage
farming as it is sufficiently clarified.

3. Rate of accumulation of sludge varies between 2 to 5 centimetre per year.

4. Due to accumulation order problem may persist in pond .To avoid it sodium
nitrate is headed which is strong oxidizing agent because

Removes odorous gases

Serves as nutrient for growth of algae.

5. Detention time of oxidation born can be computed empirically by following

relation.

LD = ( 1/Kd)log(1/L-Y)

Where. L = influent BOD in mg/l

Y = BOD removed in mg/l

11. oxidation pond is generally provided for small communities having no source
of power.

NUMERICAL :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Population of town is 20,000 with water supply of 150 lped.BOD of wastewater is

150 milligram per litre .design the most suitable wastewater treatment system
without power to the town.

SOLUTION :

Design discharge (Qo) = 20,000 ×150×0.8×10⁻³

= 2400 m³/day

Assume organic loading rate 200 kg/ ha/ day

plan area = 150× 10⁻⁶× 2400× 10³/200 (A= Qo.So/OLR)

= 1.8 ha

Provide 2 units each of 0.9 Ha

L/B = 2

2B×B = 0.9 × 10⁴

B = 67.08m

L = 134.16m

provide depth of 1.5 m ( assumed )

Detention time (Ld) = V/ Qo

= (67.08×134.16×1.5)×2/(2400× 7)

= 1.6 weeks ≤ 2 weeks Not Ok

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Let B = 70 m , L = 140 m , H = 1.8 m

Ld = (70×140×1.8)×2 / (2400×7)

= 2.1 weeks ≥ 2 weeks

PLUMBING :

What is plumbing system?

it is entire system of pipeline for providing water supply to the building or it is the system of
pipe for disposal of waste water from the building.

What is a sewage pumping station?

How sewage system functions?

A sewage system is made up of a network of pipes that carry sewage from home and business to
the main sewers .was ordinarily, the network of pipes relies on Gravity for the waste to flow into
the main sewer.

However, in low lying Areas where the main sewer sits on higher ground than the domestic
sewage pipes ,the Sewage needs to be transported to the main sewer in a different way. This is
where sewage pumping stations come in.

What is a sewage pumping station and how does it work?

A pumping station is made up of a large tank known as a wet well that acts as the receiver for
sewage from a building or a group of buildings. Sewage from individual houses flows into the
wet well. The Sewage will then sit in the Well until it reaches a predetermined level . Once it is
richest this level, a pump will kick in to pressurisee the Sewage so that it will travel out of the
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

wet well, up hill, to a point where it enters the main sewer, or that it can then travels into the
main sewer using Gravity.

When do you need a pump station ?

18. when the cost of ground works to allow sewage to flow by gravity outweighs the cost of
a sewage plump pumping station.
 When the sewer line passes over a ridge.
 If basement floors are too low to allow sewage flow by gravity .
16. where gravity system has not been built .

Advantages of a sewage pump station :

12. A pump station offers convenience when installing a sewage system, and has a potential
of cutting construction cost.
13. Pump station are fitted with remote monitoring systems, which keep operators updated .
14. it is pumped automatically without any human contact, which eliminates the risk of
health problems.
15. Different sizes of pumps are available for domestic applications and commercial
Applications.
16. The intake of the pumps is open wide to prevent blocking.
17. Sewage pumping systems are fitted with alarms to alert you to problems with the system.
This minimise the risk of sewer overflowing as you are alerted quickly.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Disadvantages :

10. Design and installation need to be done expertly to ensure that the system is reliable and
fit for purpose. This requirement for expertise means that it can be costly.
11. Although the pump systems generally don't use much power, there is still a cost to the
electricity over using a gravity system.
12. It can be difficult to source Parts for you your pump. This can be avoided by taking up a
maintenance contract with pumping solutions .
13. fat and grease build up can impact reliability.
14. Although pumps are selected to minimise the risk of blockages, there is still potential for
blockages to occur.

Server connections for houses and buildings :

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Manholes : these are RCC masonary/ Chambers constructed at suitable intervals along
sewer lines.
 Traps : traps are defined as fittings at the end of soil pipes of waste pipes to prevent foul
gases coming out of the soil pipe ya waste pipe.
Following are the main components of connections:
 Traps
 Pipes
 Sanitary fittings

# Traps :

Types of traps depending upon the shape :

P-trap

Q-trap

S-trap
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Based on the use, the traps are classified as :

 Floor traps
 Gully traps
 Intercepting traps

Floor trap : this trap is generally used to admit silage from the floor of rooms, bathrooms,
kitchen etc Indus college pipe. This is provided with cast iron or stainless steel or galvanized
gratings at it stop so that the entry of larger matter is prevented thereby chances of blockage are
reduced for stop a commonly used name of trap is Nahni trap.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Gully trap : a gully Trap or gully is provided at a Junction of roof drain and other drain coming
from kitchen aur bathroom. As figure shown Below the false alage shell enter through the side in
light which is also called as back inlet or unfall rain water shell enter from the top which is
covered with cast iron gratings.Gullyi traps May either have a P shaped or Q shaped water
sealing arrangement for stop the water seal is normally 50mm 275 M deep.

Intercepting traps : intercepting traps is provided at junction of a house sewer and Municipal
sewer for preventing entry of foul gases of municipal sewer into the house drainage system.
Intercepting trap is provided in the manhole as shown in the following figure.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

#PIPES :

in house drainage system pipes maybe design nated depending upon the function have shown
below :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Soil pipe : A pipe carrying human extracta.

 Waste pipe : A pipe carrying Sullage.
 Vent pipe : It is a pipe installed to provide flow of air two or from the drainage system or
to provide circulation of air in the drainage system to provide the circulation of air in the
drainage system to provide the water sea of traps against siponage and backflow.
 Antisiponage pipe : It is the pipe which is installed to preserve the water seal in the trap
water ventilation.
 Rain water pipe : A pipe carrying only rain water is called rain water pipes.

#Sanitary fittings :

Following sanitary fittings are used in the connections :

 Wash basins
 Sinks
 Bath tubs
 Water closets
 Urinals
 Flushing Cisterns

Sewer Appurtenances :

1. Manholes :

 A manhole is defined as the construction made to connect the ground level with the hole
for opening made in the sewer line so that a man can easily, conveniently and safely and
through it and carry out the usual maintenance operation.
 As far as possible sewers are laid straight. At every change of alignment, gradient and
diameter of the sewer, manholes are constructed for giving excess into the sewer for
inspection, cleaning, repairs and maintenance. Manholes are masonary for RCC
Chambers, which are constructed on the top of sewer. These are fitted with suitable cast
iron covers at their top.
 A manhole essential consists of :
 A working chamber
 An access shaft
 A strong cover on the top flush with the road level
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 the working chamber has such a size, so that necessary examination and cleaning can be
done easily.

The minimum internal sizes of the chambers are as follows :

 For depth of 0.8 metre or less - 0.75×0.75m

 For depth between 0.8 metre and 2.1 metre -1.2×0.9m
 For depth more than 2.1 metre-circular chambers of 1.4 metre diameter of a
rectangular chamber of 1.2 multiply 0.9 metre.
The access shaft provides an access to the working chamber. This shaft is formed by
corbelling the working chamber on three sides at top as shown in figure so that cover
frame can be fitted in the opening. The minimum internal dimensions of the access
shaft are 0.5 by 0.5 metre.
At the top of manhole, the manhole cover of cast iron for RCC is provided to cover the
opening. The cast iron cover is placed in the cast iron frame fixed at the top of access
shaft, the cast iron covers maybe light, medium or heavy waiting about 51153 or 2255
kg respectively, which are used depending on the type of traffic on the road.
In case of RCC covers a precast RCC slab of suitable size is placed on the top of
manhole opening. The manhole covers are provided flush with the road level and have
such a size that men can easily enter in the working Chambers. The minimum size is
50 cm diameter.
The bottom of the manhole is usually made of concrete slightly sloped at the top
towards the open channels, which are in continuation of the sewer line. The channels
are sometimes lined with half round sewer pipe section full stops that top surface of
the concrete is called Benching And The Man stands on it stops during cleaning and
inspection of the sewer Lines. over the cement concrete walls not less than 20 cm
thickness are constructed. The actual thickness is determined by design.
the circular shape is structurally more stable and stronger thought it is difficult in
construction. The manhole in circular shape should be at least 180 cm high and 120
cm in diameter for it may be 90 X 120 cm in plan (the longer damnation should be
along the floor ).
for sewer larger than 130 cm in diameter, the manhole walls are made two springs
from the sewer walls . The straight alignment of sewer lines are also requires manhales
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

at regular intervals. The distance between two manholes on straight alignment depends
mainly on the diameter of sewer lines as below in table.
Diameter of sewer Distance in metres

Up to 60 cm 75 metre

Above 60 cm and up to 90 cm 120 metre

Above 90 cm and up to 120 cm 150 metre

Above 120 cm and upto 150 cm 250 metre

Above 150 cm 300 metre

 If two or more sewers join at the same level in a manhole the branch channels should be
given a smooth curve to meet the main channel. If the inlet and outlet pipes are of
different diameters the crown of both the pipes should be placed at the same level and
unnecessary slope should be provided in the invert of the main channel.
 very often ignored element of sewer maintenance which requires careful attention and
protective measures is the manhole work. The staff should be trained for removing the
manhole cover, not only to avoid smashed tours and fingers, but also to prevent more
serious back injuries. The most serious hazard of manhole work are, however, flammable
as and oxygen deficiency.
 The staff should be thoroughly train to carry out simple test on every man hall before
entry for oxygen deficiency, combustible gases, carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulphide.
If, however, and emergency demands to enter a gas tilled manhole for one there oxygen
may be lacking, the work should wear a self-contained air breathing mass and a safety
harness with lifetime. To other employees should be station at the main manhole opening
because one individual cannot lift and unconscious person out of manhole.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

2. LAMP - HOLES :

 In narrow lanes, change of gradient and slight curvess where space is insufficient for the
construction of manholes, a vertical shaft of 20 to 30 cm diameter is connected to the
sewer by a T-bend. These small size openings are covered by a cast iron for RCC cover
flush with the road level at the top. Figure shows a lamp hole mostly used in Civil Lines.
While inspecting a lamp is lowered in the vertical shaft and is seen from the man horse
on either sides to find that sewer is cleaned or obstructed. The lamp holes are also
provided at places when the regular manholes are placed at longer intervals.
Actually in practice during maintenance the lamp holes are not used, therefore mostly
local authorities do not recommend lamp holes in the sewer lines
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

3. DROP MANHOLES :

when it is an economical or impracticable to arrange the connections with in 60 cm of the

inverse of the sewer and manhole, then a vertical shaft is constructed outside the manhole
Chamber through which the Savage of branch saver is allowed to enter the manhole as
shown in figure.
If the difference in level between the branch sewer and main sewer is within 60 cm and
there is sufficient roof within the working chamber, the connecting pipe may be directly
brought so the manhole wall by providing a ramp in the banching.
Such manholes which drop the level of invert of the incoming sewer, by providing a
vertical shaft are called drop manhole, the main purpose being to avoid the splashing of
sewage one of man working and on the masonry work the branch sewer line is connected
to the manhole in such a way that it can be cleaned and rodded when necessary. For
inspection of the incoming sewage and cleaning of vertical shaft, the vertical shaft is
taken up to the ground level as shown in above figure.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

4. STREET INLETS :

Street inlets or gullies are the openings in the street curb or gutter to collect the storm
water and surface wash flowing along the street , and convey it to stop or combined
sewer by means of stoneware pipes 25 to 30 cm in diameter. In less are placed at the road
gutters generally at Street junctions . if the streets are very long more than 200m, inlets
are also provided at the intermediate points at hundred, 130m spacing. Figure shows most
useful location of Street in lights at some common places. At the street junction in that
should be placed in such a way that a storm water may not flow across any of the street or
flood the crosswalks causing interference with the traffic.

The inlets are of three types :

Curb inlets :
In which an opening is provided in the road curb for the entrance of storm
water for stop figure shows such in light. In the gutter opening bars can be fixed to
prevent the passage of dry leaves, papers,etc. in the sewerl Lines.
These inlets are more suitable than Gutter inlets,because less quantity of floating
solids enter in the catch pits. As the grating is fixed with the road curb, it cannot be
easily stalham. Second with the grating is cheap, as it does not has to bear the traffic
lord, as in case of gutter inlet.
Gutter inlets :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

These are placed directly below the rod gutter and storm water directly enters them
from the top. Such inlets catch very large volume of water and are most suitable in
rods having steep slopes, because in such cases curb inlets may fail to catch all the
storm water. This inlets are provided with cast iron gratings at their top to prevent
the floating matters and print the sewer. That Toke rating should be sufficiently
strom the bear that traffic loads.
The main difficulty with such inlets is that of the heavy cost .grating placed at the
top of the inlet to collect the water, is very costly and has good scarp scrap value.
Therefore, these are mostly stolen and the pit remains uncovered and becomes the
source of accident. Such trouble does not arise in case of curb in lights, because
there gratings is fixed with the curve. Recently to avoid thefts of gutter inlet gratings,
use of RCC gratings has been started instead of C.I.

Combined Gutter and Curb Inlet :

Figure shows such an inlet in which the storm water enters from both the gutter and
curb .

Curb inlets are preferred than gutter inlets and are mostly used in practice.

5. CATCH BASINS OR PITS :

Ab catch basin is a structure in the form of a chamber which is provided along the sewer
line to admit clear rainwater free from silt, grit, debris, etc into the combined sewer.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

These are small masonary Chambers ( 75 to 90 cm in diameter and 75 to 90 cm deep )which

are constructed below the street inlets to prevent the flow of grit, sand or debris in the Civil Lines
full stops when storm water enters these basins, the grit, sand etc settle in the bed and the storm
water freeze from all these enters the sewers.

6. SAND,GREASE AND OIL TRAPS :

The sewage from hotels, restaurants, kitchen and industries contains grease, oils and fats,
which if not removed before it enters the sewers, will stick to the interior surface of the sewer
conduit and will become hard and cause obstruction in the movement of the sewage. To check
them, grease traps are required, which are placed in the pipe connecting the kitchen with sewer
line. Fig. shows the section through a grease.

Sewage from garages and service stations contains sand, mud, oils and grease which should
also be removed before the sewage enters sewer line. Fig. 7.10 shows the section through a
combined silt and oil trap which is used at such places. Such traps also prevent gasoline from

entering the sewer and causing explosion hazard. These traps should be regularly cleaned for
their proper functioning.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

7. Ventilating Shafts:

Various gases are produced in sewers due to decomposition of organic materials of sewage.
These gases are very foul in nature, cause harm to human health and corrode the sewers reducing
their life.

The gases so produced are highly explosive and in high concentration may cause fatal
accidents to the maintenance people on duty due to their explosive and poisonous character. Due
to the above difficulties, ventilation is provided to the sewer lines at every 80-100 meters which
will provide fresh air to the workers working in the manholes.

Fig. shows a ventilating shaft commonly used in practice. It may be of R.C.C. or cast iron
15 to 23 cm in diameter with a cowl provided at the top. The height of the ventilating shaft
should be more than the roof of the tallest building in its neighbourhood.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

The ventilating shaft is generally connected to the manholes by a 15 cm diameter pipe as

shown in the figure. In open areas, the manhole covers may be provided with vent pipes, but in
crowded areas, they should be air-tight and connected with ventilating shafts.

Procedure for maintenance of sewage system :

 Maintenance of sewage consists mainly of the removal or prevention of stoppages,
cleaning of sewers and other sewer appurtenances and repair works.
 Maintenance of becomes she was costly when they are laid on flat gradients and tree
roots find easy entrance in C sewers through defective joints.
 The maximum expenditure in maintenance comes on the cleaning of sewers.
 Which have been blocked due to the composition of silt, Grease and oily materials.
 the following works are involved in the maintenance and repairs of sewage system :
 Repair of manholes
 Repair of other sewer appurtenances
 construction of new manholes
 replacing stolon manholes
 raising height of manholes with raising the road level
 repair of broken sewer lines
 cleaning of sewer
 prevention of clogging
 checking for leakage and repair.

Duties of maintenance incharge :

 For proper functioning and maintenance of sewage system, the maintenance incharge
has an problem the following duties:
 first periodically inspection of sewers .
 second measurement of flow rate.
 third cleaning of savers .
 fourth to carry out flushing of sewer to prevent clogging.
 Fifth repairing of pipelines and Sewer appurtenances .
 sixth to take suitable measures to prevent sewer explosion.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Environmental Engineering-2 , Subject Code: CE-312B , Course: B.tech,

Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th ,

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 seventh to prepare schedules for routine and periodical maintenance of sewer .

 eigthth to supervise the work of repair and maintenance .
 ninth to prepare estimates for maintenance and repair.
 tenth to prepare maintenance and repair proposals and take approval of higher
authority.