JSPM’S

JAYAWANT PUBLIC SCHOOL

NAME: - RANJAN RAVINDRA ZAMBARE

CLASS: - XI B

ROLL NO.:- 38

SUBJECT: - PHYSICS

TOPIC: - A Microcontroller-Based Sonometer

JAYAWANT PUBLIC SCHOOL

Certificate
This is to certify that Master/ Miss ______________________________________ CBSE seat no.
_______________________ has successfully completed the project work entitled “_____________________”

in the subject Physics (042) laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose of Practical Examination class
XII to be held in Jayawant School on _________________________

Ms. Pranali I. Mane Mr. Pavan Ingale Mrs. Madhubala Barelikar

Guidance Co-ordinator Principal

Examiner:

Name:

Signature:

Date:
Abstract
It has been designed and made a sonometer device that uses a microcontroller and

LM567 frequency sensor module. The sound from the sonometer strings is detected by the

module sensor. If the module sensor detects that the string sound frequency is the same as the

tuning fork frequency, the microcontroller will display the word "Sesuai" on the monitor screen

(LCD) which means the string frequency is equal to the tuning fork frequency. Conversely, if

the frequency of the strings sound is not the same as the frequency of the tuning fork, the

microcontroller will display the word "T Sesuai” which means the frequency of the strings is

not the same as the tuning fork frequency. Compared to the conventional sonometer, this

sonometer (the modified sonometer) produces more accurate frequency values. In this study, the

maximum relative error of the modified sonometer is 0.30% while the maximum relative error

of conventional sonometer is 10.86%

The Sonometer Experiment is an experiment that aims to prove that if the string tension is fixed and the
length of the string is adjusted until resonance occurs, the tuning fork frequency will be the same as the
basic frequency of the string. In this experiment, the tuning fork as a reference frequency will make the
strings resonate when the string length is appropriate. The resonance of the strings is marked by the fall
of small paper folds on the strings. The length of the strings during a resonance is then measured and the
results entered in the equation to determine the resonance frequency. However, determining the
occurrence of maximum resonance is rather difficult. This is because falling folds of paper can occur
even though maximum resonance has not occurred. As a result, the resonance frequency obtained is not
accurate. Therefore we need a tool that can determine the resonance frequency in a more accurate
sonometer experiment. The use of microcontrollers combined with sensors is widely used to control,
facilitate data retrieval, get more accurate data and so on [1-5]. A microcontroller is an electronic device
that can be programmed and has input and output. Input from the microcontroller can be connected to
various electronic devices including sensors. The sensor detects the desired magnitude then is connected
to the microcontroller input. The microcontroller processes the sensor detection results according to the
program that has been uploaded to the microcontroller. The results of the microcontroller processing are
 then released through the output. The output of the microcontroller can be connected to a variety of
electronic devices such as monitors, printers, and others. Based on the above, a sonometer will be
designed and manufactured using a microcontroller and sensor to get more accurate results. For
sonometer experiments, we need a sensor that can detect the frequency produced by the tuning fork. One
of a sensor system that is widely used to detect frequencies is the LM567 frequency sensor module [6-
8]. The advantages of this sensor system detect only one specified frequency value, the frequency can be
set from 0.01 Hz to 500 Hz and so on. Because this sensor system only detects one desired frequency,
this sensor is very suitable to be applied to the sonometer experiment.

Procedure

The main materials used in this study are a set of sonometer, microcontroller, LM567 frequency sensor module,
and liquid crystal display. The microcontroller used processing data from the LM567 frequency module and
displays the result on LCD. Determination of the frequency is done by 2 methods. The first method is the
resonance method where the frequency is calculated using the length of the strings measured when there is a
resonance (small pieces of paper fall). The second method is the frequency calculated using the length of the
strings measured when the sensor and microcontroller show the same string frequency with the tuning fork
frequency. The two results of the method will be compared with the frequency of the tuning fork to determine
which method is more accurate

Figure 1. Diagram of the modified sonometer

Figure 1 shows the design of the sonometer that has been integrated with the sensor module and the
microcontroller. The sensor module is placed on the sonometer as shown in figure 1 to make it easier to detect
frequencies of the strings. When the strings are sounded, the sensor module will give a signal to the
microcontroller. The signal received by the microcontroller will be processed and the results will be displayed
on the LCD display. Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of the electronic system of a modified sonometer. The power
supply will power all the components. The output of the LM567 frequency sensor module becomes an input for
the microcontroller. The microcontroller processes the input and displays the result trough the LCD. Figure 3
shows the modified sonometer. The LM 567 sensor module is placed in the middle of the sonometer and
separated from the microcontroller and LCD. In the experiment, first, the frequency to be detected by the sensor
module is adjusted to the same frequency as the tuning fork. This is done by means of vibrating the tuning fork
and the potentiometer on the sensor module is adjusted until the frequency indicator lights up. If the frequency
indicator lights up, the frequency to be detected by the sensor module is the same as the tuning fork frequency.
When the frequency is the same as the tuning fork frequency, the output of the sensor module will be of high
value (1) and be an input signal for the microcontroller to be processed and displayed on the LCD display.
Furthermore, the strings are sounded, then the movable bridges B and C are spaced so that the display says "in
accordance", meaning the string frequency is equal to the tuning fork frequency. The movable bridges distance
of B and C is then measured and entered in the equation to get the calculated frequency. Table 1 is a table of the
results of frequency calculations obtained by means of resonance (conventional) and by using a sensor module
combined with a microcontroller (modified).

Figure 2. Circuit diagram of electronic system of the modified sonometer

Figure 3. Modified sonometer system

Table 1. Comparison of modified and conventional frequency data

From table 1, it appears that the frequency value produced by the modified sonometer is more accurate. This
can be seen from the relative error value between the modified sonometer and the conventional one. The
maximum relative error of the modified sonometer is 0.30%, while the conventional error is 10.86%. To
make it easier to do the analysis, the data in table 1 are plotted in a graph as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4. The graph between the frequency and voltage of the strings

The error bars in figure 4 are taken from the standard deviation values. It appears that the frequency produced
by the modified sonometer is more precise. It can be seen that the error bars are much shorter than the
frequency error bars produced in a conventional way. It also appears that the frequency value produced in a
conventional way is far from the actual value (tuning fork frequency, 426 Hz) while the frequency produced
by the modified sonometer is close to the actual value. Thus, the sonometer combined with the LM567
frequency sensor module and the microcontroller can work as expected.

Conclusion
We have designed and made a microcontroller-based sonometer. Compared to the conventional
sonometer, the microcontroller-based sonometer produces more accurate and more precise frequencies. The
maximum relative error of this sonometer is 0.30% while the maximum relative error of conventional
sonometer is 10.86%.