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Mathematical Functions in Python

This module provides access to common mathematical functions defined in the C standard library such as trigonometric, logarithmic, gamma, and power functions. It includes constants like pi, e, tau, and special values like infinity and NaN. The functions operate on numeric values and return specific numeric results like ceilings, floors, factorials, remainders, etc.

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Nani Shaikh
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129 views

Mathematical Functions in Python

This module provides access to common mathematical functions defined in the C standard library such as trigonometric, logarithmic, gamma, and power functions. It includes constants like pi, e, tau, and special values like infinity and NaN. The functions operate on numeric values and return specific numeric results like ceilings, floors, factorials, remainders, etc.

Uploaded by

Nani Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematical functions in Python

This module provides access to the mathematical functions defined by the C standard.

Number-theoretic and representation functions

math.ceil(x):Return the ceiling of x, the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

math.comb(n, k): Return the number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition and
without order.

math.copysign(x, y): Return a float with the magnitude (absolute value) of x but the sign of y. On
platforms that support signed zeros, copysign(1.0, -0.0) returns -1.0.

math.fabs(x): Return the absolute value of x.

math.factorial(x): Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.

math.floor(x): Return the floor of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x. If x is not a float,
delegates to x.__floor__(), which should return an Integral value.

math.fmod(x, y): Return fmod(x, y), as defined by the platform C library. Note that the Python
expression x % y may not return the same result.

math.frexp(x): Y Return the mantissa and exponent of x as the pair (m, e). m is a float and e is an
integer such that x == m * 2**e exactly.

math.fsum(iterable): Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable. Avoids loss of
precision by tracking multiple intermediate partial sums:

math.gcd(*integers): Return the greatest common divisor of the specified integer arguments. If any
of the arguments is nonzero, then the returned value is the largest positive integer that is a divisor of
all arguments. If all arguments are zero, then the returned value is 0. gcd() without arguments returns
0.

math.isclose(a, b, *, rel_tol=1e-09, abs_tol=0.0): Return True if the values a and b are close to each
other and False otherwise.

math.isfinite(x): Return True if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN, and False otherwise. (Note that 0.0
is considered finite.)

math.isinf(x): Return True if x is a positive or negative infinity, and False otherwise.

math.isnan(x): Return True if x is a NaN (not a number), and False otherwise.

math.isqrt(n): Return the integer square root of the nonnegative integer n. This is the floor of the
exact square root of n, or equivalently the greatest integer a such that a² ≤ n.

math.lcm(*integers): Return the least common multiple of the specified integer arguments.

math.ldexp(x, i): Return x * (2**i). This is essentially the inverse of function frexp().

math.modf(x): Return the fractional and integer parts of x. Both results carry the sign of x and are
floats.

math.perm(n, k=None): Return the number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition
and with order.
math.prod(iterable, *, start=1): Calculate the product of all the elements in the input iterable. The
default start value for the product is 1.

math.remainder(x, y): Return the IEEE 754-style remainder of x with respect to y.

math.trunc(x): Return the Real value x truncated to an Integral (usually an integer).

math.ulp(x): Return the value of the least significant bit of the float x:

ULP stands for “Unit in the Last Place”.

Power and logarithmic functions

math.exp(x): Return e raised to the power x, where e = 2.718281… is the base of natural logarithms.
This is usually more accurate than math.e ** x or pow(math.e, x).

math.expm1(x): Return e raised to the power x, minus 1.

math.log(x[, base]): With one argument, return the natural logarithm of x (to base e). With two
arguments, return the logarithm of x to the given base

math.log1p(x): Return the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e). The result is calculated in a way which is
accurate for x near zero.

math.log2(x): Return the base-2 logarithm of x. This is usually more accurate than log(x, 2).

math.log10(x): Return the base-10 logarithm of x. This is usually more accurate than log(x, 10).

math.pow(x, y): Return x raised to the power y.

math.sqrt(x): Return the square root of x.

Trigonometric functions:

math.acos(x): Return the arc cosine of x, in radians. The result is between 0 and pi.

math.asin(x): Return the arc sine of x, in radians. The result is between -pi/2 and pi/2.

math.atan(x): Return the arc tangent of x, in radians. The result is between -pi/2 and pi/2.

math.atan2(y, x): Return atan(y / x), in radians.

math.cos(x): Return the cosine of x radians.

math.dist(p, q): Return the Euclidean distance between two points p and q, each given as a sequence
(or iterable) of coordinates. The two points must have the same dimension.

math.hypot(*coordinates) : Return the Euclidean norm, sqrt(sum(x**2 for x in coordinates)). This is


the length of the vector from the origin to the point given by the coordinates.

math.sin(x) : Return the sine of x radians.

math.tan(x): Return the tangent of x radians.

Angular conversion

math.degrees(x) : Convert angle x from radians to degrees.

math.radians(x): Convert angle x from degrees to radians.


Hyperbolic functions

math.acosh(x): Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.

math.asinh(x): Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.

math.atanh(x): Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.

math.cosh(x): Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.

math.sinh(x): Return the hyperbolic sine of x.

math.tanh(x): Return the hyperbolic tangent of x.

Special functions

math.erf(x): Return the error function at x.

def phi(x): 'Cumulative distribution function for the standard normal distribution' return (1.0 + erf(x
/ sqrt(2.0))) / 2.0

math.erfc(x): Return the complementary error function at x. The complementary error function is
defined as 1.0 - erf(x). It is used for large values of x where a subtraction from one would cause a loss
of significance.

math.gamma(x): Return the Gamma function at x.

math.lgamma(x): Return the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma function at x.

Constants

math.pi: The mathematical constant π = 3.141592…, to available precision.

math.e: The mathematical constant e = 2.718281…, to available precision.

math.tau: The mathematical constant τ = 6.283185…, to available precision.

math.inf: A floating-point positive infinity. (For negative infinity, use -math.inf.) Equivalent to the
output of float('inf').

math.nan: A floating-point “not a number” (NaN) value. Equivalent to the output of float('nan')

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