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MATHEMATICS
Quarter 1 – Module 4c (Week 7):
POLYNOMIAL AND POLYNOMIAL EQUATION

Self-Learning Module
 Introduction of the Lesson
It has been my pleasure to recognize your effort exerted to complete the three modules. I
know you have had enjoyed accomplishing the task you were expected to learn. You are again
challenge to finish the fourth module. This module is about polynomials and polynomial equations. As
you go over the module, you will also learn theorems that can be applied in solving problems. Enjoy
and have fun.

You are expected to learn

This module is created for you to:
1. Illustrate polynomial equations.
2. Prove the Rational Root Theorem

LESSON 7

POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
How do polynomial expressions differ from polynomial equations? A polynomial expression
is a sum of terms containing the same variable raised to different powers while in polynomial equation
is a polynomial equal to zero.

Polynomial Equation

If we set the polynomial equal to zero or if we set y = 0 or f (x) = 0 then we get a so-
called polynomial equation:

an x n + an −1 x n −1 + … + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 = 0.

Note that setting 𝑦 = 0 in the polynomial’s graph means that we are looking at points where the
graph crosses the 𝑥 axis and setting 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 in the polynomial function means that we are looking
for values of 𝑥 for which the output of the polynomial function is zero.

Answer the short activity.

Tell whether the following polynomials are Polynomial Equation or NOT.

1. 𝑥 −3 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
2. 𝑥 −2 + 2𝑥 + 5 = 0
3. 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0
4. 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 15 = 0
5. 𝑥 4 − 2√𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0

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 By looking at the equations found on the activity and compare it to the definition of
polynomial equation, items number 3 and 4 are said to be polynomial equations. Numbers 1, 2 and 5
are not polynomial equations because the exponents of some of the terms are not nonnegative
integers.

The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

If 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial of degree 𝑛 > 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) has at least one complex root.

Every polynomial equation of a degree 𝑛 ≥ 1 has exactly 𝑛 roots.

Here is an illustration:

Polynomial Equations Degree of the polynomial Number of roots

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 3 3
3𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 4 = 0 3 3
(𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)3 = 0 6 6
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)7 = 0 9 9

Try this

Determine the number of roots of each polynomial equation.

1. 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0

2. −7𝑥 7 + 3𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 − 3 = 0

3. 2 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 = 0

4. (𝑥 + 3)3 (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 − 7) = 0

5. 𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)2 = 0

6. 8𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 1 = 0

1 2
7. 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 2 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0

8. (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) = 0

9. (𝑥 2 − 2)2 (𝑥 + 4) = 0

10. −9𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 + 4)2 = 0

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 LESSON 8

DETERMINING THE ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL

EQUATIONS IN FACTORED FORM
The root of the polynomial equation is the value of 𝒙 that will make the equation 0. The
roots of a polynomial equation in factored form are determined by equating each factor to 0 and
solving for 𝒙. Equating each factor with 0 applied the Zero-Product Property.

Zero-Product Property

For all real numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏, if 𝑎𝑏 = 0, then 𝑎 = 0, or 𝑏 = 0, or 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 0.

Here are examples:

Determine the roots of each polynomial equation.

A. (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

Equate each factor to 0 and solve for 𝑥.

𝑥 + 2 = 0, 𝑥 = −2
𝑥 − 3 = 0, 𝑥 = 3

Therefore, the roots of the polynomial equation are -2 and 3.

B. 𝑥(5𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 1)(−𝑥 + 4) = 0

Equate each factor to 0 and solve for 𝑥.

𝑥=0
2
5𝑥 + 2 = 0, 𝑥 = −
5
1
2𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
−𝑥 + 4 = 0, 𝑥 = 4

2 1
Therefore, the roots of the polynomial equation are − , and 4.
5 2

C. (𝑥 − 3)3 (𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 − 1)2 = 0

There are 3 factors of (𝑥 − 3), 1 factor of (𝑥 + 4) and 2 factors of (2𝑥 − 1). Thus, the roots
1
of the polynomial equation are: 3 multiplicity of 3; -4 multiplicity of 1; and 2 multiplicity of 2.

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D. (𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12) = 0

Equate each factor to 0 and solve for 𝑥.

(𝑥 2 − 4) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0, 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12) = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4) = 0, 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = −4

Thus, the roots of the polynomial equation are -2, 2, 3 and -4.

Try this

Determine the roots of each polynomial equation.

A.
1. (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 8) = 0

2. 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

3. (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4) = 0

4. −𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 8) = 0

5. 𝑥(𝑥 − 6)(3𝑥 + 3) = 0

B.
1. (𝑥 − 2)3 (𝑥 + 3) = 0

2. (2𝑥 − 1)5 (𝑥 − 4)2 = 0

3. 𝑥(7 − 𝑥)(3 − 4𝑥)2 = 0

4. 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 4)3 (𝑥 + 3) = 0

5. (𝑥 − 3)2 (2𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3)4 = 0

C.
1. (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) = 0

2. (𝑥 2 − 9)(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) = 0

3. (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6) = 0

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 LESSON 9

THE RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM

The Rational Root Theorem allows us to find the finite set of rational roots of a polynomial
equation.

Rational Root Theorem

In the polynomial equation

an x n + an −1 x n −1 + … + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 = 0
with integer coefficients.

Let 𝑎0 and 𝑎𝑛 be nonzero. Then each rational solution 𝑥, when written as a fraction
𝑝
𝑥 = in lowest terms, satisfies
𝑞
• 𝑝 is an integer factor of the constant term 𝑎0 and
• 𝑞 is an integer factor of the leading coefficient 𝑎𝑛 .

Thus, a list of possible rational roots of the equation can be derived using the formula
𝑝
𝑥=± .
𝑞

A polynomial equation is given with the leading coefficient 𝑎𝑛 and constant term 𝑎0 is illustrated.

Example on how to use the Rational Root Theorem.

List all the possible zeros of the given polynomial function.

A. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0

𝑝 =the factors of 4: ±1, ±2, ±4

𝑞 =the factors of 1: ±1
𝑝 1 2 4
= ± 1 , ± 1 , ± 1 or ±1, ±2, ±4
𝑞

Thus, the possible roots of the polynomial equation are ±1, ±2, ±4

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B. 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0

𝑝 =the factors of −2: ±1, ±2

𝑞 =the factors of 2: ±1, ±2
𝑝 1 1 2 2 1
= ± 1 , ± 2 , ± 1 , ± 2 or ± 2 , ±1, ±2
𝑞

1
Thus, the possible roots of the polynomial equation are ± 2 , ±1, ±2.

C. 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 12 = 0

𝑝 =the factors of 12: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12

𝑞 =the factors of 3: ±1, ±3
𝑝 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 6 12 12
= ± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,
𝑞 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
1 2 4
or ± 3 , ± 3 ± 1, ± 3 , ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12

1 2 4
Thus, the possible roots of the polynomial equation are ± , ± ± 1, ± , ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12.
3 3 3

Let test the possible roots to find the true roots of the polynomial equation. Use the
Synthetic Division.

Hence, the roots of the polynomial equation are 1, −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2.

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B. 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0

1
Possible roots: ± 2 , ±1, ±2

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C. 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 12 = 0

1 2 4
Possible roots: ± 3 , ± 3 ± 1, ± 3 , ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12

Try this

A. List all the possible roots of the given polynomial equations.

1. 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 = 0
2. 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6 = 0
3. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 4 = 0
4. 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4 = 0
5. 4𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 16 = 0

B. Find the roots of the polynomial equations:

1. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
2. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 9 = 0
3. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 9 = 0
4. 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
5. 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4 = 0

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 Summary

1. Definition of a Polynomial
A polynomial in one variable is any expression that can be written in the form
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 1 + 𝑎0
where 𝑥 is a variable, the exponents are nonnegative integers, and the coefficients are real
numbers.
2. The degree of a polynomial is the power of the term that has the greatest exponent. If the
degrees of the terms of a polynomial decrease from left to right, the polynomial is in general
form.
3. Synthetic division is simply an abbreviation form of the long division. Synthetic division is used
when the divisor is of the form 𝑥 − 𝑐
4. Division Algorithm for Polynomials
For each polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) of positive degree 𝑛 and any real number𝑐, there exist a unique
polynomial 𝑄(𝑥) and a real number 𝑅 such that
𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑐) ∙ 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅
where 𝑄(𝑥) is of degree 𝑥 − 1, and 𝑅 is the remainder.
5. Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 − 𝑐, where 𝑐 is a real number, then the remainder is 𝑃(𝑐).
6. Factor Theorem
Let 𝑃(𝑥)be a polynomial. If 𝑃(𝑐) = 0, where 𝑐 is a real number, then 𝑥 − 𝑐 is a factor of
𝑃(𝑥). Conversely, if 𝑥 − 𝑐 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥), then 𝑃(𝑐) = 0.
7. Factoring polynomials is the inverse process of multiplying polynomials.
8. Polynomial Equation
If we set the polynomial equal to zero or if we set y = 0 or f (x) = 0 then we get a so-
called polynomial equation:
an x n + an −1 x n −1 + … + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 = 0.
9. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial of degree 𝑛 > 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) has at least one complex root.
Every polynomial equation of a degree 𝑛 ≥ 1 has exactly 𝑛 roots.
10. Zero-Product Property
For all real numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏, if 𝑎𝑏 = 0, then 𝑎 = 0, or 𝑏 = 0, or 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 0.
11. Rational Root Theorem
In the polynomial equation
an x n + an −1 x n −1 + … + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 = 0
with integer coefficients.
𝑝
Let 𝑎0 and 𝑎𝑛 be nonzero. Then each rational solution 𝑥, when written as a fraction 𝑥 = 𝑞
in lowest terms, satisfies
• 𝑝 is an integer factor of the constant term 𝑎0 and
• 𝑞 is an integer factor of the leading coefficient 𝑎𝑛 .
Thus, a list of possible rational roots of the equation can be derived using the formula 𝑥 =
𝑝
± 𝑞.

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Answer Key
Try this Try this
Lesson 7 Lesson 9
A.
1. 5 roots 1. ±1, ±5
2. 2.
3. 3 roots 3. ±1, ±3
4. 4.
5. 6 roots 5. ±1, ±2, ±4, ±8, ±16
6.
7. 6 roots
8. B.
9. 5 roots 1. roots: -1, 2 and 1
10. 2.
3. roots: -1, -3 and 3
Try this 4.
1
Lesson 8 5. roots: 3, 2 and -2
A.
1. 7 & − 8
2.
3
3. 2
&−4
4.
5. 0, 6 & 1
B.
1. -2 multiplicity of 3, -3 multiplicity of 2
2.
4
3. 0, 7, multiplicity 2
3
4.
5
5. 3 multiplicity of 2, , -3 multiplicity of 4
2
C.
1. -2, 1, -3, 1
2.
3. -3, 4, -2, 3
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Mandaue City
Plaridel St., Centro, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines 6014
Telephone Nos.: (032) 345 – 0545 | (032) 505 – 6337
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Website: https://depedmandaue.net

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