1

Annexure 1
RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

“WIND ENERGY”
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA, PUNJAB.

K SHYAM,12111001
Certification by the online MOOC Course
regarding 2
the Student Project
 Annexure-II 3
STUDENT DECLARATION To whom so ever it may concern
I k.shyam , Registration Number 12111001,
hereby declare that the work done by me on “WIND ENERGY” from june2022 to July2022
is a record of
original work for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree,
B. Tech (Computer Science and Engineering).

Signature of the student:k.shyam

(12111001)
 Introduction to wind energy 4
• In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most economical renewable energy
technology. Today, electricity generating wind turbines employ proven and tested technology, and
provide a secure and sustainable energy supply. At good, windy sites, wind energy can already
successfully compete with conventional energy production. Many countries have considerable wind
resources, which are still untapped.
• The technological development of recent years, bringing more efficient and more reliable wind
turbines, is making wind power more costeffective. In general, the specific energy costs per annual kWh
decrease with the size of the turbine notwithstanding existing supply difficulties.
• Many African countries expect to see electricity demand expand rapidly in coming decades. At the
same time, finite natural resources are becoming depleted, and the environmental impact of energy use
and energy conversion have been generally accepted as a threat to our natural habitat. Indeed, these
have become major issues for international policy.
• A technology which offers remarkable advantages is not used to its full potential:
a) Wind energy produces no greenhouse gases
b) Wind power plants can make a significant contribution to the regional electricity supply and to power
supply diversification.
c) A very short lead time for planning and construction is required as compared to conventional power
projects.
d) Wind energy projects are flexible about an increasing energy demand - single turbines can easily be
added to an existing park.
e) Finally, wind energy projects can make use of local resources in terms of labour, capital, and materials
 How wind energy works 5

• How Wind Turbines Work Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow
patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Humans use this wind flow,
or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity. The terms
wind energy, or wind power, describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical
power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This
mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a
generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity. So how do wind turbines make electricity?
Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a
fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which
connects to a generator and makes electricity.

• Types of Wind Turbines:

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the horizontal-axis variety, as shown in the photo, and
the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrius model, named after its French inventor.
Horizontal-axis wind turbines typically either have two or three blades. These three-bladed wind turbines
are operated "Upwind," with the blades facing into the wind.
Sizes of Wind Turbines:
Utility-scale turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to as large as several
megawatts. Larger turbines are grouped together into wind farms, which 6
provide bulk power to the electrical grid. The average size wind turbine being
installed at wind farms currently is approximately 1.5 MW. Single small turbines,
below 100 kilowatts, are used for homes, telecommunications dishes, or water
pumping. Small turbines are sometimes used in connection with diesel
generators, batteries, and photovoltaic systems. These systems are called hybrid
wind systems and are typically used in remote, off-grid locations, where a
connection to the utility grid is not available.
Inside a Wind Turbine:
Below is a diagram of the inside of a wind turbine, along with descriptions of
each part
• Parts in a wind turbine
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• Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.

• Blades: Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift" and rotate.

• Brake: A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically to stop the rotor in emergencies.

• Controller: The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the
machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 55 mph because they might be damaged by
the high winds.

• Gear box: Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the rotational speeds from about 30 to 60
rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800 rpm, the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity.
The gear box is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive" generators that
operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes.

• Generator: Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that produces 60-cycle AC electricity.

• High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.
• Low-speed shaft: The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute.
• Nacelle: The nacelle sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, 8
generator, controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land on.
• Pitch: Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to control the rotor speed and keep the rotor from turning
in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
• Rotor: The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.
• Tower: Towers are made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind speed
increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity.
• Wind direction: This is an "upwind" turbine, so-called because it operates facing into the wind. Other turbines
are designed to run "downwind," facing away from the wind.
• Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with
respect to the wind.
• Yaw drive: Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor facing into the wind as
the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive; the wind blows the rotor downwind.
• Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive1. 1 U.S. Department of Energy. Wind and
Hydropower Technologies Program.
 Problem Identification and the Cause of the Problem
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• Wind power must still compete with conventional generation sources on a cost
basis. Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past
several decades, wind projects must be able to compete economically with the lowest-cost source of
electricity, and some locations may not be windy enough to be cost competitive.
• Good land-based wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the electricity
is needed. Transmission lines must be built to bring the electricity from the wind farm to the city. However,
building just a few-already proposed transmission lines could significantly reduce the costs of expanding
wind energy.
• Wind resource development might not be the most profitable use of the land. Land suitable for
windturbine installation must compete with alternative uses for the land, which might be more highly
valued than electricity generation. Turbines might cause noise and aesthetic pollution. Although wind
power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to conventional
• power plants, concern exists over the noise produced by the turbine blades and visual impacts to the
landscape.
• Wind plants can impact local wildlife. Birds have been killed by flying into spinning turbine blades. Most
of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technology development or by
properly wind planes. Bats have also been killed by turbine blades, and research is ongoing to develop
and improve solutions to reduce the impact of wind turbines on these species. Like all energy sources,
wind projects can alter the habitat on which they are built, which may alter the suitability of that habitat
for certain species.
 Objective to be achieved 10

OBJECTIVE 1: INCREASE THE RATE OF WIND ENERGY GROWTH

The production of wind energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and consequently reduces fossil-driven
CO2 emissions, but a given CO2 reduction is more effective in mitigating global warming if made earlier
than later. Wind energy growth rate will depend on cost (see RO2), but it will also depend on other
factors, including government policy, public perception, our manufacturing base, and the rate at which
local and national transmission is reinforced.

OBJECTIVE 2: DECREASE THE COST OF WIND ENERGY

At today’s investment cost of $1837/kW, a 300-600 GW nationwide investment in wind energy
would cost $550 billion to $1.1 trillion, with the higher number being about a third of the 2009
U.S. federal budget. Building wind energy to this level will occur only if investors can earn a
return, an ability that depends on several factors, chief among them being the life cycle cost,
the wind resource available and financing. We will explore all of these measures.
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OBJECTIVE 3: EXTEND PENETRATION LIMITS
Limitations to wind energy build-out are largely dictated by operational issues
associated with the power grid. These issues include maintaining enough
rotational inertia to withstand generation outages, maintaining continuous balance
between generation and load through regulation and load following, avoiding CO2
emission increase due to cycling of fossil-fired power plants not built for this purpose,
and obtaining sufficient local and national transmission to move the energy.
 Various Steps taken to achieve the objectives
Thrust Goal and Connection to Project Objectives 12
The goal of this thrust is to advance the national aim of increasing the production of renewable energy by
enhancing the cost effectiveness of installed wind farms through improved characterization of wind resources,
addressing RO2, and by expanding the penetration of wind power in the U.S. via better understanding multiple land
uses in high-producing agricultural areas, addressing RO3.

Background and Need for Research

The national goal of achieving 20% of the U.S. energy supply from wind by 2030 puts a high demand on wind energy
production in the Central U.S. Achieving this goal requires more efficient use of current production (i.e., better
forecasting of future generation), better and turbine characteristics (height, wind turbine layout) of future wind farms,
and public acceptance of expanded wind farm deployment into areas of high value existing land use (e.g., by
understanding the interactions with agricultural crops). Our attention is focused on key issues identified in a U.S. DOE
workshop on resource characterization turbine dynamics, micro and array effects, me-so-scale processes, and
climate effects. In addition, high wind penetration in the Central U.S. requires public acceptance of wind farms in
regions already having a land use commitment of high national importance—the production of food, feed, and bio
fuels. We will address these issues by using a combination of three research methods: (1) Me-so-scale meteorology
and large eddy simulation models built on first principles, (2) physical simulations in wind tunnels of the atmospheric
boundary layer (ABL) on various terrains to study its interaction with wind farms to optimize power output, and (3) Field
measurements of ABL wind profiles and surface layer mean and turbulence fields and vertical fluxes of heat, moisture,
momentum, and carbon dioxide. The complex issues we address call for interdisciplinary approaches involving
engineers, meteorologists, agronomists, sociologists, and economists, and a close working relationship with our
European colleagues who have been studying some of these issues for the last ten years.
Dissertation Project Examples
Improving wind speed forecasting with lead times of 0-54 hr:
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Alternative forecasting techniques employing multiple scale models combined with advanced statistical analyses will
be used to improve forecasts in the time window of highest economic value for power sales.
Cost effectiveness of taller towers for extracting energy from the low-level jet:
Wind resources at elevations of ~140 m are substantially higher than those at current turbine hub height (~80 m) due
both to a general increase in speeds with height and an enhanced increase on occasion due to the presence of the
Low-Level Jet. Because the costs for construction and maintenance also will be higher, a combined
meteorological/economic analysis is needed to evaluate this potential.
Wind farm sit and wind turbine interaction within a wind farm:
The Aerodynamic/Atmospheric Boundary Layer (AABL) Wind and Gust Tunnel at Iowa State University will be used to
generate an AABL in flat and complex terrains to study the wind flow characteristics (e.g., vertical wind speed profiles,
turbulence, wake) with and without wind turbines as well as turbine interactions. Flow measurements with a multi-hole
Omni probe and PIV will reveal the influence of upstream terrain, turbine blades and surrounding turbines for use in
wind farm, optimization of wind power generation and calculation of wind loads on turbine components. Large eddy
simulations, validated with wind tunnel data, and complemented with field measurements in local operating wind
farms in our neighborhood using will help provide a comprehensive strategy for wind farm and turbine interactions.
Interactions of turbine-generated turbulence with agricultural crops:
Turbulence from turbines can change the temperature, humidity, and fluxes of heat, moisture, momentum and CO2
concentrations over crop canopies. The impact of this on the productivity of crops is unknown. Field measurements
are needed to refine surface-layer models for evaluating season-accumulated.
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 Effectiveness of the Project
Wind energy is one of the most effective methods of harnessing renewable energy today, 15
behind hydroelectric and tidal power plants, and just about equal with carbon emitting gas and
coalfired power plants. Advances in technology have made wind energy more and more efficient
over the years, bringing the cost down from 40 cents per kWh in the 1980s to 2.5 – 5 cents per kWh
today.

Most wind turbines in use today harness 30-45% of the wind energy that passes by their blades. In
other words, if 100Kw of kinetic energy blew past the turbine as wind, the generator would on
average be able to create 30-45Kw of electricity. Wind energy is far from alone in the energy market.
It shares the stage with a host of other technologies. By looking closer at the efficiencies of each of
the major players, we can paint a clearer picture of how good we humans are at harnessing energy.
• Hydroelectric – Ranking at the top of almost any comparison, is Hydroelectric energy plants. Usually situated in a dam of some
sort, these plants divert the still water into channels of flowing water, and use those channels to spin generators which gather
between 90% – 95% of the water’s kinetic energy from the flowing water.
• Solar Energy – At the moment, solar panels gather from 15- 20% of the sun’s energy, but recent advances in the technology
have pushed that number up to around 40%, and further advances will make those types of solar cells more available in the near
future. So look out wind, solar is on the rise, if you’ll pardon the pun. Tidal – Tidal energy is one of the most efficient forms of
renewable energy, raking in about 80% of the tide’s available • kinetic energy. It harnesses the energy brought in by the tides
twice a day.
• Nuclear – When atoms are separated at a fundamental level it creates a lot of energy. When done violently that energy looks
like an atomic bomb; when done with more accuracy and finesse, and with different materials, it looks a lot more like a nuclear
power plant. Nuclear power plants use the heat released by the isotopes to boil water, and the resulting steam is used to turn
turbines to generate energy. They are able to capture between 30-37% of the radiant heat energy created by those nuclear
reactions.
• Gas/Coal – There’s no getting away from carbon emissions with this type of energy production: Coal- and gas-fired power plants
harness 33-40% of the available energy from the coal and gas that they burn. Meaning that 60-67% of the coal or gas that is being
burned, isn’t generating electricity .
 Local issues related to wind energy
1. wildlife: 16
One issue that often arises when building a new wind farm is the potential effect on local wildlife. The development of wind
farms necessitates the building of new roads and other infrastructure in areas that were previously undeveloped. This changes
the habitat of any wildlife living in the area.

One case in point that is often pointed to is the affect to migratory birds at the Altamont wind farm in California. The Altamont
Pass is known for high winds and is on an important bird-migration route. The California Energy Commission found that 880 to 1,300 raptors
were killed at Altamont every year. To avert legal proceedings, the owners of the wind farm agreed to shut down half of their turbines for four
months of the year.

Wind energy proponents argue that bird kills related to wind farms is very insignificant. They point to research on bird mortality that shows that
for every 10,000 birds killed by human activities, less than one death is caused by a wind turbine, while buildings/windows are responsible for
5,500 deaths. This issue is most likely not as large of an issue in Illinois as wildlife habitat has already been significantly affected by the
conversion of a large percentage of the State’s acreage to agricultural purposes previously.

2.Noise:
Another issue that is brought up in trying to stop the development of wind projects is that wind turbines are noisy. Wind energy proponents
claim that an operating modern wind farm at 750 to 1,000 feet is no noisier than a kitchen refrigerator or a moderately quiet room.
Industry studies estimate wind turbine noise levels to be around 45 decibels. They do acknowledge that two situations canoccur where wind
farms can be louder. The first situation is when older turbines are in operation. Older turbines form the 1980’s tended to be louder.
The other situation occurs in hilly terrain with modern turbines. Homes located in sheltered dips or hollows downwind from a wind farm could
experience a noisier environment due to noise carrying further. The second situation can often be anticipated and avoided in the development
process through adequate setbacks.
OtherIssues: 17
Opponents claim wind turbines interfere with television and other communication
signals, industry counter that this is rare and easily avoided

Wind farms depress home values, proponents say this is unfounded

Turbines are dangerous due to ice throws and blade throws; proponents reply that new
designs have basically eliminated this problem
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Conclusion
• Conclusion Wind energy is being widely accepted as a favoured form of renewable energy. Wind farms have not
only taken significant steps to address issues critical to the environment and people but have also been
instrumental in addressing economic concerns by creating job opportunities and reducing dependence on fossil
fuels. Despite being accepted as a form of clean energy, wind energy development farms still face issues
regarding landscape aesthetics and impacts on wildlife which are specific to a region and cannot be addressed
by means of a pre-defined generalized model. With increasing acceptance of wind energy throughout the globe,
technological advances are being made to increase efficiency and reduce the negative impacts thus showing
promising future in energy industry.
The strategy for achieving this enhanced goal depends on the participation of NGOs, manufacturers, R&D institutions and
entrepreneurs. In this study both actual and provisional scenario for wind energy in India has been discussed. The above
discussion shows that the condition of wind system is satisfactory in India but requires additional attention for better growth.
Although, The cost diminution and technological development of systems in recent years has been encouraging. To allow the
widespread application of emerging technology such as remote sensing techniques for resource assessment in complex, hilly
terrain and in offshore region, there is a need for further R&D improvements. Accurate and consistent measurement in lieu with
better policy courage the investors in the development of offshore wind energy sector in India. The country will reach “Grid
Parity” in wind energy in2022. For further development it is essential to focus on a specific technological system, accurate
measurement, domestic manufacturing and logistics which requires better policy measurement and requires more effort of the
government
REFERENCES 21