ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION
TO BOTANY
BOTANY
It is the scientific study of plants. This definition
FIGURE 1-3 Ferns have FIGURE 1-4 Of all
requires an understanding of the concepts “plants” several features in common terrestrial plants, mosses
and “scientific study.” with flowering plants; they have the least in common
have leaves, stems, and with flowering plants. They
SCIENTIFIC STUDY roots; however, they never have structures called
produce seeds, and they have “leaves” and “stems,” but
PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD neither flowers nor wood. these are not the same as
Source of information. All accepted information in flowering plants. They
can be derived only from carefully documented have no roots at all.
and controlled observations or experiments.
Phenomena that can be studied. Only tangible
phenomena and objects are studied, such as heat,
plants, minerals, and weather.
Constancy and universality. Physical forces that
control the world are constant through time and
are the same everywhere.
Basis. The fundamental basis of the scientific FIGURE 1-5 Fungi such as (A) mushrooms and (B)
method is skepticism, the principle of never being brackets are not considered to be plants. They are never
certain of a conclusion, of always being willing to green and cannot obtain their energy from sunlight. Also,
consider new evidence. their tissues and physiology are quite different from those
of plants. Fungi are important to plants, however, because
STEPS IN CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT
many fungi break down dead material in the soil such as
fallen leaves and rotting tree trunks; as the fungi cause
PLANTS these materials to rot, they release minerals and enrich the
Plants have so many types and variations that a soil.
simple definition has many exceptions, and a Biologists no longer consider fungi to be plants
definition that includes all plants and excludes all because recent observations show that fungi
nonplants may be too complicated to be useful. differ from plants in many basic biochemical
Biologists do not agree about whether certain and genetic respects.
organisms—particularly algae—are indeed plants.
Memorizing a terse definition, more is gained by
understanding what plants are, what the
exceptional or exotic cases are, and why botanists
disagree about certain organisms.
FIGURE 1-6 These green FIGURE 1-7 These brown
algae do not look much like algae (Fucus), commonly
plants, but many aspects of called kelp, have very plant-
their biochemistry and cellular like bodies as a result of
organization are very similar convergent evolution: they
to those of plants. Some are not true plants. Their
FIGURE 1-1 This evening FIGURE 1-2 Conifers, like green algae were the biochemistry,
this spruce (Picea), genetics,
primrose (Oenothera) is ancestors of land plants; anatomy, and reproduction
obviously a flowering plant. It produce seeds in cones; although not considered to be differ greatly from those of
has a short stem and the conifers, together with true plants, they are obviously plants
numerous simple leaves; its the flowering plants and a closely related to plants.
extensive root system is not few other groups, are
PLANTS HAVE A SCIENTIFIC NAME
visible here. known as seed plants.
ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE
Each name consists of two words: a genus
(pronounced GEE nus) name and a specific
epithet
Example:
genus Prunus has several species with edible
fruits, and they are distinguished by their species
epithet
Cherries are Prunus avium, peaches are Prunus
Kingdom Plantae: (plants)
persica, and apricots are Prunus armeniaca
consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out
The name of cherries is not just “avium,” it is both photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to the
words: Prunus avium chemical energy in food. Most plant species live on land.
the genus name is always capitalized but the Division Bryophyta: mosse
species epithet is not (it is not Prunus Avium) Division Pteridophyta: ferns
Both words are italicized or underlined Division Coniferophyta: conifers
in botany, family names are always capitalized and Division Magnoliophyta: flowering plants
always end in “-aceae” (pronounced as if you are
spelling the word “ace”: AY see ee). Prunus is in the HOW MANY SPECIES?
rose family Rosaceae (pronounced rose AY see ee),
along with roses (Rosa), apples (Malus), strawberries
(Fragaria), and many others. A very few families have
old, alternative endings, but those are rarely used. For HOW MANY ENDANGERED?
example, the modern name for the mustard family is
Brassicaceae (with the “-aceae” ending); the old family
name, Cruciferae, is almost never encountered except
in older publications. For animals, family names end in VASCULAR VS NON-VASCULAR PLANTS
“-ae.” We humans are Homo sapiens in the family
Hominidae; other members of our family are
chimpanzees (Pan), gorillas (Gorilla), and orangutans SOME NEWLY DISCOVERED PLANT SPECIES IN THE
(Pongo). PHILIPPINES
EUKARYOTES
Pyrostria arayatensis
Nepenthes cabanae
Medinilla malabrigoi
Amorphallus calcicollus
Tristaniopsis flexuosa
Within kingdom Plantae, many botanists recognize about
17 divisions; only the four most familiar are listed here.
Many botanists conclude that algae should be included in SOME BRANCHES OF BOTANY
kingdom Plantae.
Some people use the term Angiospermophyta. PLANT BIOLOGY SPECIALTIES
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Anatomy
Morphology
ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE
Plant physiology
Cytology FOOD AND BEVERAGE RESEARCH
Genetics
IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS TO MAN
Taxonomy
Food
Ecology
What are the top crops as stable food for man?
Ethnobotany
Air
Paleobotany
Water
Phenology
Shelter and clothing
Systematics
Health and well-being
Physical health
APPLIED BOTANY
Mental health and well-being
Agronomy
Horticulture
LESSON 2: PLANT CELL
Postharvest science
Biotechnology THE CELL THEORY
Plant breeding
Plant tissue culture ORIGIN OF THE FIRST CELL
Plant pathology
Agrostology
THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
Phycology
Forestry
How did life on earth begin?
CURRENT TRENDS IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Stage 1: Organic molecules formed from
PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH
simple inorganic molecules
Which locally available plants were studied against
Covid-19?
Reducing atmosphere hypothesis
Miller’s experiment
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND CLIMATE Deep Sea Vent Hypothesis
CHANGE RESEARCH
Extraterrestrial Hypothesis
ASSISTANCE TO AGRICULTURE
ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE
Stage 2. Formation of more complex
organic polymers
Features
Stage 3. Polymers become enclosed by a
Parts, functions, composition, etc..
boundary
Cell Wall
Features of protobionts that make them the ▪ Primary
precursor of living cells ▪ Secondary
▪ Middle lamella
Types of protobionts ▪ Plasmodesmata
Stage 4. Cells evolve by chemical selection Endomembrane system
RNA world
Chemical selection Plasmamembrane/Cell membrane
Chemical evolution ▪ Fluid Mosaic Model
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIRST LIVING Protoplasm
CELLS
▪ Protoplasm vs protoplast
▪ Protoplasm vs cytoplasm
EVOLUTION OF AUTOTROPHY
▪ Cytoplasm vs cytosol
ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES
Nucleus
PROKARYOTIC CELL
Ribosomes
Features
▪ Bound
Parts
▪ Free
Uses/Importance to man
Endoplasmic reticulum
EUKARYOTIC CELL
▪ Rough
ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE
▪ Smooth Short distance
▪ Apoplastic route
Golgi apparatus ▪ Symplastic route
▪ Transmembrane route
Central Vacoule
Long distance
Mitochondria
TYPES OF MEMBRANES
Chloroplasts Freely permeable
Selectively permeable
Microbodies Completely impermeable
▪ Peroxisomes
▪ Glyoxysomes TYPES OF TRANSPORT
Cytoskeleton Passive Transport
▪ Microtubules/Tubulin polymers
▪ Microfilaments/Actin filaments Diffusion
Why are cells so small Osmosis
LESSON 3: TRANSPORT IN Tonicity
PLANTS Isotonic
Hypotonic
Plants transport water, carbohydrates, Hypertonic
minerals, and other nutrients from one organ to
another — between roots, leaves, flowers, and
fruits. WATER POTENTIAL
Solute potential
TRANSPORT CAN BE Pressure potential
ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE
2n=46
Humans have 23 kinds of chromosomes and 2
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
sets of chromosomes in a cell.
Rice
Oryza sativa
Channel protein n=24
▪ Ion channels 2n=48
How many kinds of chromosomes are there in a
▪ aquaporin cell?
Carrier protein 24
How many sets of chromosomes are there in a
cell?
2
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
THE CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE
▪ Sodium potassium pump
• Chromosomes
▪ Proton pump
• Chromatin
▪ Co-transport
• Chromatids
• Centromere – constriction narrow area
LESSON 4: CELL DIVISION • Kinetochore – where spindle fibers attach
Most eukaryotic cell have diploid cells • Chromosome arms
or a diploid phase in their life cycle.
• Classification of chromosomes
PLOIDY
Metacentric
• Diploid
Acrocentric
Chromosomes occur in pairs
Each one is called a homologue Telocentric
Chromosomes = 2n Submetacentric
• Polyploid
• Haploid CELL CYCLE
Only 1 member of each chromosome • Interphase
Chromosomes = n
Gametes G1 phase
S phase
CHROMOSOMES NUMBER G2 phase
Humans M phase
Homo sapiens
n=23
ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
• Mitosis GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE TWO
CELL DIVISION PROCESS.
Prophase
• Mitosis
Metaphase
• Meiosis
Anahase
Telophase LESSON 5: THE PLANT TISSUE
• Meiosis
Meiosis I (Reductional division)
▪ Prophase I
• Leptotene stage
• Zygotene stage
• Pachytene stage
• Diplotene stage
• Diakinesis
▪ Metaphase I
▪ Anaphase I
▪ Telophase I
o Meiosis II (Equational division)
▪ Prophase II
▪ Metaphase II
▪ Anaphase II
▪ Telophase II
CYTOKINESIS
• Phragmoplast
• Cell plate
