Lenses

Objective
In this lesson, you will interpret ray diagrams for a concave and convex lenes.

Convex and Concave Lenses

The shape of a lens causes parallel light waves that strike its surface to either converge at a particular point or
lens
diverge from a particular point on the ________________ focal
axis. This point is the ____________ point
___________.
Note that the principal axis is perpendicular to the surface of a lens.

→ Lenses are either converging (convex) or diverging (concave), depending on what they do to the light
that strikes them.

Convex Lenses
converges
→ The figure shows how a convex lens _______________, or pulls
parralel
together, _________________ light rays toward the focal point
on the principal axis. The focal point is on the opposite side of,
behind
or _____________, the lens from where the light rays strike it.

→ Note how the figure shows that the light rays hitting the
edges
____________ of the lens are refracted the most. Also note how
lens
the ____________ all
of refraction ____________________ for rays
that enter closer to the center of the lens. Notice that the
ray
_______ center
passing exactly through the ____________ without any deviation is not refracted at all. That's
perpendicular
because it is ____________________ to the surface of the lens.
thicker
→ Convex lenses are ______________ thinner
in the center and _________________ at the edges. Some convex
confex face and one ________
lenses have one __________ flat two
face. A double convex lens has _______ convex
symmetrical
faces and is ____________________ along both a horizontal principal axis and a vertical axis through
the center of the lens.
 Concave Lenses
edges
→ In a concave lens, light rays striking the ____________ of the
more than the rays that strike closer to
lens are refracted ________
diverges
the center. But a concave lens ________________, or spreads
out, the light rays after refracting.

→ The image shows that the refracted rays appear to emerge

front
from a focal point in __________ of the lens, in contrast to a
behind
convex lens where the focal point is ____________ the lens.
Note that the light ray entering perpendicular to the lens at its
passes
center is not refracted but ______________ straight through along the horizontal axis.
concave
→ A _______________ center
lens "caves in," meaning it is thinner in the _______________ and thicker at the
face
____________. concave face. A double
Some concave lenses have one concave face and one _________
two
concave lens has _______ both
concave faces and is symmetrical along _________ a horizontal principal axis
and a vertical axis.

image
❖ In both convex and concave lenses, light rays are refracted and produce an _____________ of the object
strike
when the rays from an object ___________, or are incident on, the lens. The light incident on the lens is
exits
refracted once when it _____________ enters
the lens and again when it ____________ the lens. The light rays
twice
change direction ____________ refraction
as they travel through the lens. This double ___________________ and
size
the _____________ of the lens determine how the image is formed.

Three behaviors of light rays help determine

where an image will appear as long as you 1
know where the focal points are: 3
1. When light rays parallel to the principal Focal 2 Focal
convex Point Point
axis strike a ___________ lens, they
emerge from the lens and pass through
the focal point on the other side of the lens.
2. A ray passing through the focal point in front of the lens emerges from the lens as a ray
parralel
_________________ to the principal axis.
orginal
3. A ray passing through the center of the lens does not deviate from its ______________ path.
Real and Virtual Images
Real Images Virtual Images
behind
Light rays converging to a point ____________ When refracted light rays diverge, you can
a lens (on the opposite side of the object) form trace backwards until
___________ the diverged rays ______________
an inverted image at that point. they appear to meet at a point in front of the lens, on

→ This image is real because it forms at the the same side as the object.

exact _________ where the light rays image

→ This point is a virtual __________ of light.
converge. → It appears to be emerging from an object on that
→ If you put a piece of paper at that point, a side
________ of the lens.
form
real image would _________ on it. eyes
→ The light that enters your _________ perceives
inverted
→ This real image is always _______________ interprets
this virtual light source and _______________ it
and always appears behind the lens, on the as a real object.
opposite side of the object. upright
→ A virtual image is always _________________.
→ Since convex lenses converge light rays, same
→ It always forms on the _________ side of the lens
only
they are the _________ lenses that as the object.
produce real images.

Images Produced by a Lens

focal point: symbolized by f
focal
focal length: The distance from the focal point to the ____________ of the lens (vertical axis).
length
object distance: The distance from the center of the lens to the _____________.
width
image distance: The distance from the center of the lens to the ______________.

❖ The size, position, and the real or virtual nature of the image formed by a lens depend on the
focal
____________ object
length of the lens and the ___________ distance.
 top of the object parallel to the principal axis
Object at focal point (f): Notice that the ray from the ______
refracts
____________ and passes through the focal point on the other side of the lens. The ray through the center
emerge
of the lens passes straight through. The two rays ____________ do _______
parallel to each other and _____ not
converge to produce a real image or diverge backward in front of the lens to produce a virtual image.
no
Therefore, ______ image
__________ forms when the object is at the focal point of a convex lens.

converge on
Object at infinity: Light rays emerging from the object that struck the convex lens ____________
opposite
refraction. All the light rays converge at the focal point behind the lens (on the ___________________
side of the object), and so create an image of the object at that point. The image formed at the focal point
real
is a _________ smaller
image; it is inverted and much ______________ than the distant object. A refracting
telescope
__________________ uses this characteristic of lenses so that it's possible to look at the planets and stars.

Object at a distance twice the focal length (2f):

Notice how the rays converge at a point that is
twice
exactly ___________ the distance of the
focal
_________ length but on the other side of the
real
lens. The image is the _________ size as the
different
object but is _______________. This image is
rael
_________ because it is formed at the point
where the light rays actually converge.
Object between f and 2f: 2f is twice the focal length. Notice that the rays converge at a point
beyond 2f to form a real image that is ____________
__________ larger than the object.

leses
focal
Object beyond 2f: The image forms between ___ and _____ on the other side of the lens. It's also a real
different
image, but it's ______________ than the object.

Object is between the focal point and lens: The rays from the object are refracted but do not
converge after emerging from the lens.
____________
When the diverging rays are traced
backward
_____________, they appear to meet at a
same
point that is on the _________ side of the
virtual
lens as the object. A _______________
image of the object is created at this point
This virtual image is larger than the object
not
and it is _______ inverted
___________________.
 Convex Lenses
convex
A _____________ lens produces an inverted real image
when
_____________ when an object is between the lens and
larger
the focal point. Then the image is ______________,
saller
upright, larger than the object, and on the _________ side
as the object.

Concave Lens
diverge
Refracted light rays from the object will ________________ through a concave lens.
center
Any ray that passes through the _____________ of the lens emerges without any deviation. When the
traced
diverged rays are _______________ backward, they meet at a point in front of the lens, on the same side
virtual
as the object. A ______________ image is produced at this meeting point. The virtual image produced by a
upright
concave lens is always _______________ smaller
and _______________ than the object. The exact size and
distance
position of the image is determined by the precise ______________ of the object from the lens.

Summary
Describe how the image formed by a convex lens changes as the distance of the object from the lens is
gradually changed from infinity to a distance that is less than the focal length of the lens?
The convex lens are thicker in the middle and thus covers rays of light to converge. And the
distance plays a factor into if the light makes a virtual or real image of an object. If the object is less
than 1 focal length then that would mean that it would appear right side up larger. and Nathan
Torpcoo