Module 2

FUNCTIONS

Differential Calculus 1
 2

Lesson 1:
FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL
NOTATION
 3
OBJECTIVE:
• Define and evaluate function
• Determine the rage and domain of a given
function
• Know the different kinds of functions and
their characteristics
DEFINITION: FUNCTION 4

• a special relation such that every first element is paired

to a unique second element.

• a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs having the

same first element.

• a correspondence from a set X of real numbers x to a

set Y of real numbers y, where the number y is unique
for a specific value of x.
 Functions
One-to-one and many-to-one functions 5
Consider the following graphs

y = x +1
3 y = sin x 

and

Each value of x maps to only one Each value of x maps to only one value
value of y ... of y ...
and each y is mapped from only BUT many other x values map to that y.
one x.
 Functions
One-to-one and many-to-one functions 6
Consider the following graphs

and

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚 = sin 𝒙𝒙
is an example of a one-to-one is an example of a many-to-one
correspondence function correspondence function

One-to-many is NOT a function. It is just a relation. Thus a function is a

relation but a relation could never be a function.
 7

In order to have a function, there must be one value of the

dependent variable (y) for each value of the independent variable (x).
Or, there could also be two or more independent variables (x) for
every dependent variable (y). These correspondences are called one-
to-one correspondence and many-to-one correspondence,
respectively. Therefore, a function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers
(x, y) in which no two distinct ordered pairs have the same first
number.
Ways of Expressing a function: 8

 Set notation
 Tabular form
 Equation
 Graph
 Mapping
Example: Express the function y = 2x; x= 0,1,2,3 in 9
.

5 ways.

1. Set notation
a) S = { ( 0, 0) , ( 1, 2 ) , ( 2, 4 ), ( 3, 6) }
b) S = { (x , y) such that y = 2x, x = 0, 1, 2, 3 }
c) S = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2,3

2. Tabular form

x 0 1 2 3
y 0 2 4 6
 3. Equation:y = 2x 10

4. Mapping 5. Graph
y
x y 5
4 ●
3
0 0 2 ●
1 2 1
2 4
● x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5
3 6 -2
-3
-4
-5
EXAMPLE:
Determine whether or not each of the following sets 11
represents a function:

1. A = {(-1, -1), (10, 0), (2, -3), (-4, -1)}

2. B = {(2, a), (2, -a), (2, 2a), (3, a2)}
3. C = {(a, b)| a and b are integers and a = b2}
4. D = {(a, b)| a and b are positive integers and a = b2}
5. E = {(x,y)| y 2 = x − 4}
SOLUTIONS: 12

1. A is a function.
There are more than one element as the first component of the
ordered pair with the same second component namely (-1, -1)
and (-4, -1), called a many-to-one correspondence. One-to-
many correspondence is a not function but many-to-one
correspondence is a function.

2. B is a not a function.
There exists one-to-many correspondence namely, (2, a),
(2, -a) and (2, 2a).
SOLUTIONS: 13

3. C is not a function.
There exists a one-to-many correspondence in C such as (1,
1) and (1, -1), (4, 2) and (4, -2), (9, 3) and (9, -3), etc.
4. D is a function.
The ordered pairs with negative values in solution c above are
no longer elements of C since a and b are given as positive
integers. Therefore, one-to- many correspondence does not exist
anymore in set D.
SOLUTIONS:

5. E is not a function
Because for every value of x, y will have two values.

13
OTHER EXAMPLES:
Determine whether or not each of the following sets
represents a function:

a) S = { ( 4, 7 ), ( 5, 8 ), ( 6, 9 ), ( 7, 10 ), ( 8, 11 ) }
b) S = { ( x , y ) s. t. y = | x | and x ∈ R }
c) y = x2 − 5
d) y= x
2x
e) y= x+2

f) y= x+1
DEFINITION: FUNCTION NOTATION

• Letters like f , g , h, F,G,H and the likes are used to

designate functions.

• When we use f as a function, then for each x in the

domain of f , f ( x ) denotes the image of x under f .

• The notation f ( x ) is read as “ f of x ”.

 f (x) = 2x 2 − 3x + 6
Remember---this tells you what is on the
right hand side---it is not something you
work. It says that the right hand side is

f (2) = 2(2) − 3(2)+ 6

the function f and it has x in it.
2

f (2) = 2(4)− 3(2)+ 6 = 8 − 6 + 6 = 8

So we have a function called f that has the variable x in it.
Using function notation we could then ask the following:
Find 𝑓𝑓 2 . This means to find the function 𝑓𝑓 and instead of
having an 𝑥𝑥 in it, replace it with 2. So let’s take
the function above and make brackets everywhere
the x was and in its place, put in a 2.
Example: Consider

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 6
Find 𝑓𝑓 −2

Find 𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘 + 1
Example: Consider
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥

𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥+ℎ −𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥−ℎ

Find 𝑔𝑔 2ℎ
Definition

Given an interval 𝐼𝐼, 𝑓𝑓 is increasing on 𝐼𝐼 if for every

𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼𝐼, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥1 < 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥1 < 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥2
Definition

Given an interval 𝐼𝐼, 𝑓𝑓 is decreasing on 𝐼𝐼 if for every

𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼𝐼, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥1 < 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥1 > 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥2
 Example: Determine the interval on which the function is
increasing or decreasing, the intercept,
asymptote and sketch the graph.

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 6
 Example: Determine the interval on which the function is
increasing or decreasing, the intercept,
asymptote and sketch the graph.

𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2
 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2
 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2
 Definition

Let 𝑓𝑓: 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐵𝐵, all the possible values of x is called the domain and all the
possible values of y is called the range. In a set of ordered pairs, the set of
first elements and second elements of ordered pairs is the domain and
range, respectively.

Identify the domain and range of the following

Example:
functions.
1.) S = { ( 4, 7 ),( 5, 8 ),( 6, 9 ),( 7, 10 ),( 8, 11 ) }
 Example:
Determine the domain, range for the function.

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 6

𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2
 Example: Determine the interval on which the function is
increasing or decreasing, the intercept,
asymptote, domain, range and sketch the
graph.

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 4 − 13𝑥𝑥 2 + 36
Example: Determine domain and range of the following.

𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 − 4
Example: Determine domain and range of the following.

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3
 Example: Determine domain and range of the following.

𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 + 2

Differential and Integral Calculus

Example: Determine domain and range of the following.

2𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 + 2
 Example: Determine domain and range of the following.

3 − 𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 + 2

Differential and Integral Calculus

 From the previous examples, we can draw conclusions and
formulate the following theorems on the domain determination
of functions.
Theorem 1. The domain of a polynomial function is the set of all real
numbers or (-∞, +∞).

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 4 − 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 7𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑥 + 12

 From the previous examples, we can draw conclusions and
formulate the following theorems on the domain determination
of functions.
𝑛𝑛
Theorem 2. The domain of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 where 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is a polynomial function
is the set of all real numbers satisfying the inequality 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0 if "𝑛𝑛𝑛 is
even integer and the set of all real numbers if "𝑛𝑛“ is odd integer.

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 4 − 5𝑥𝑥 2 + 4
 From the previous examples, we can draw conclusions and
formulate the following theorems on the domain determination
of functions.
𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥
Theorem 3 The domain of a rational function 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑄𝑄 𝑥𝑥
where
𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) are polynomial consists of all values of x such that the
denominator is not equal to zero
𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
𝑦𝑦 = 2
𝑥𝑥 − 4
 KINDS OF FUNCTIONS:
1. An algebraic function is a function that formed using
algebraic operation: addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and raising to powers and extraction of roots.
 Example:

Polynomial
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 4 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 1
Function
3𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 1
Rational Function 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1

Radical Function
3
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 1

Any Combination
Function
 Line and linear Function
1. Two point form
2. point-slope form
3. Slope Intercept form
4. Intercept form
Line and linear Function
Two point form
Given 𝑃𝑃1 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃2 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2
Line and linear Function
point-slope form
Let 𝑚𝑚 be the slope and 𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1
Line and linear Function
Slope Intercept form

Case 1: 𝑦𝑦 − intercept

Let 𝑚𝑚 be the slope and 𝑃𝑃 0, 𝑦𝑦1

Line and linear Function
Slope Intercept form

Case 2: 𝑥𝑥 − intercept
Let 𝑚𝑚 be the slope and 𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥1 , 0
Line and linear Function
Intercept form
Given 𝑃𝑃1 𝑥𝑥1 , 0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃2 0, 𝑦𝑦2
Determine the equation of the line parallel (perpendicular)
to 7𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 + 3 = 0 and passing through −1,3 .
Function, Graph and Transformation
Consider the graph of the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 and its transformation to 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2
Function, Graph and Transformation
Consider the graph of the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 and its transformation to 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2
Function, Graph and Transformation
Consider the graph of the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 and its transformation to 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 2
Function, Graph and Transformation
Consider the graph of the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 and its transformation to 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 2 2
Function, Graph and Transformation
2
Determine the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 3 − 1 as transformation of the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2
Function, Graph and Transformation
Example:
1
Consider the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 using Geogebra
2
 Odd and Even Function

Consider a Function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 . If 𝑓𝑓 −𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 for all value of

𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑓𝑓) the 𝑓𝑓 is an even function. While if 𝑓𝑓 −𝑥𝑥 = −𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
for all value of 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑓𝑓) the 𝑓𝑓 is an odd function

Determine if the following function is odd,

Example: even or neither.

𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 4 − 7𝑥𝑥 2
 Odd and Even Function

Determine if the following function is odd,

Example: even or neither.

5𝑥𝑥 5 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 2
 Odd and Even Function

Determine if the following function is odd,

Example: even or neither.

8
𝑦𝑦 = 3
2𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑥𝑥
Operation on Function
Example:

Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3
Determine domain and formulas for the functions
𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝑔𝑔 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 7𝑓𝑓.

𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥

𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔 6
Example:

Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3
Determine domain and formulas for the functions
𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝑔𝑔 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 7𝑓𝑓.

𝑓𝑓 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥

𝑓𝑓 − 𝑔𝑔 5
Example:

Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3
Determine domain and formulas for the functions
𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝑔𝑔 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 7𝑓𝑓.

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 5
Example:

Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3
Determine domain and formulas for the functions
𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝑔𝑔 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 7𝑓𝑓.

𝑓𝑓
𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑔
𝑓𝑓
6
𝑔𝑔
Example:

Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3
Determine domain and formulas for the functions
𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑔𝑔, 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝑔𝑔 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 7𝑓𝑓.

7𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥

2𝑓𝑓 4
Composition of Function
Example:

Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
Determine domain and formulas for the functions
(𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔)(𝑥𝑥), (𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓), 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 2 .

𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥

𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 6
Example:

Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
Determine domain and formulas for the functions
(𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔)(𝑥𝑥), (𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓), 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 2 .

𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥

𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 3
Example:

Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
Determine domain and formulas for the functions
(𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔)(𝑥𝑥), (𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓), 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 2 .

𝑓𝑓 2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥

𝑓𝑓 2 3 = 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 3
Example:

Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 1⁄𝑥𝑥 and ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 3

Determine formulas for the functions
ℎ ∘ 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 ∘ ℎ).
Example: Express the following function as composition of
2 function

1. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 − 3 3

2. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin ln 𝑥𝑥
3. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
Example:
Consider the following Functions

𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥𝑥 =
3 2

Evaluate the following:

𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 3 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 3
Example:
Consider the following Functions

𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥𝑥 =
3 2

Evaluate the following:

𝑔𝑔 ∘ ℎ 3 ℎ ∘ 𝑔𝑔 3
Example:
Consider the following Functions

𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥𝑥 =
3 2

Evaluate the following:

𝑓𝑓 ∘ ℎ 3 ℎ ∘ 𝑓𝑓 3
Example:
Consider the following Functions

𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥𝑥 =
3 2

Evaluate the following:

𝑓𝑓 ∘ ℎ −3 ℎ ∘ 𝑓𝑓 −3
Example:
Consider the following Functions

𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥𝑥 =
3 2

Evaluate the following:

𝑓𝑓 ∘ ℎ 𝑥𝑥 ℎ ∘ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
Inverse of a Function
Example: Determine the inverse of the following functions
and Identify its restriction

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3
Example: Determine the inverse of the following functions
and Identify its restriction

𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 2
 KINDS OF FUNCTIONS:
2. Transcendental Function: Generally, functions which are
not classified as algebraic function are considered as
transcendental functions
 Example:

Trigonometric
Function
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥
 Example:

Trigonometric
Function
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cot 𝑥𝑥
 Example:

Trigonometric
Function
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = csc 𝑥𝑥
Trigonometric Identities
 3
Suppose sin 𝐴𝐴 = , determine the value
Example: 7
of other trigonometric,
𝐴𝐴
sin 2𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 cos
2
 3
Suppose sin 𝐴𝐴 = , determine the value
Example: 7
of other trigonometric,
𝐴𝐴
sin 2𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 cos
2
 Odd and Even Function

Determine if the following function is odd,

Example: even or neither.

𝑦𝑦 = sin 2𝑥𝑥
 Odd and Even Function

Determine if the following function is odd,

Example: even or neither.

2𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = 6cos
3
Inverse Trigonometric Function
Example: Determine the inverse of the following functions
and Identify its restriction

𝑦𝑦 = 4sin 3𝑥𝑥
Example: Determine the inverse of the following functions
and Identify its restriction

𝑥𝑥 −1
𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = 4sin 𝑦𝑦 = 3 sin
3 4
 Example:

Inverse Trigonometric
Trigonometric Function
Function

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥𝑥
 Trigonometric Inverse Trigonometric
Function Function

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥𝑥

1 1
sin 30° = sin−1 = 30°
2 2

sin 130° = 0.7660444431 … sin−1 0.7660444431 … = 50°

 Example:

Inverse Trigonometric
Trigonometric Function
Function

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cos −1 𝑥𝑥
 Example:

Inverse Trigonometric
Trigonometric Function
Function

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = tan 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥𝑥
 Example:

Inverse Trigonometric
Trigonometric Function
Function

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cot 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cot −1 𝑥𝑥
 Example:

Inverse Trigonometric
Trigonometric Function
Function

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥𝑥
 Example:

Inverse Trigonometric
Trigonometric Function
Function

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = csc 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = csc −1 𝑥𝑥
Recall:
 Determine the other trigonometric function
Example of angle A if angle A is in the third quadrant
5
and cos 𝐴𝐴 = −
8
Example Solve the given equation

2 cos 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑥

 Exponential
Function

𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑎𝑎 ∈ ℝ

Domain

Range
 Odd and Even Function

Determine if the following function is odd,

Example: even or neither.

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
Logarithm and exponential function
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ↔ log 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
Convert the following into its logarithmic form

𝑦𝑦 = 13𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦 = 10𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
Recall Properties of Logarithm

1. log10 𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑥𝑥
2. log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑒𝑒 = 2.718281828 …
3. log 𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀 + log 𝑎𝑎 𝑁𝑁 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)
𝑀𝑀
4. log 𝑎𝑎 𝑁𝑁 = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀 − log 𝑎𝑎 𝑁𝑁 (Quotient Rule)

5. log 𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟 log 𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)

log𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥
6. log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = log𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎
= ln 𝑎𝑎
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 > 0

7. log 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 = 1 and log 𝑎𝑎 1 = 0

8. 𝑎𝑎log𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒 ln 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
9. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 ↔ log 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ↔ ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥
 Example

Write the following expression as single logarithmic expression

1 1
2log 3 𝑥𝑥 + log 3 64 − log 3 𝑥𝑥 + 2
3 2
Example: Determine the inverse of the following functions
and Identify its restriction

𝑦𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 + 1
Example: Determine the inverse of the following functions
and Identify its restriction

𝑦𝑦 = 2 3𝑥𝑥+9
 Logarithmic
Function
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑎𝑎 ∈ ℝ

Domain
Range
 Hyperbolic Function

𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sinh 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cosh 𝑥𝑥 =
2 2
 KINDS OF FUNCTIONS:
3. Piecewise Function (Special Type):

Let 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆𝑆2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 such that 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 ∩ 𝑆𝑆𝑗𝑗 = ∅ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖 ≠ 𝑗𝑗.
Then 𝑓𝑓: 𝑆𝑆 → ℝ given by

𝑓𝑓1 : 𝑆𝑆1 → ℝ
𝑓𝑓2 : 𝑆𝑆2 → ℝ
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 =
⋮
𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 : 𝑆𝑆3 → ℝ
Example:

Piecewise
 Example:

Piecewise

𝑥𝑥 2 − 2, 𝑥𝑥 < −2
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = �3𝑥𝑥 − 1, −2 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 1
𝑥𝑥 − 1, 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 1
 Example:

Common Piecewise:
Absolute Value
−𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 < 0
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 = �
𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0
 Some Helpful Properties of
ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

1. 𝑎𝑎 = −𝑎𝑎
2. 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎2
3. 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
4. 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑏𝑏 , 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 0
5. 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 ≥ 0 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
6. 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 < 0 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
7. 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 ≤ 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 (Triangle Inequality)
8. 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑎𝑎 ↔ −𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑎𝑎
9. 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 𝑎𝑎 ↔ 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝑎𝑎 ≥ 𝑥𝑥
Example Determine all value of 𝑥𝑥 such that
𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 < 𝑥𝑥 + 3
Example Determine all value of 𝑥𝑥 such that
𝑥𝑥 2 − 3 < 𝑥𝑥 + 3
 Common Piecewise:
Example:
Greatest Integer (floor Function)

𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℤ
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 = �
𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑎𝑎 + 1, 𝑎𝑎 ∈ ℤ
x 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
− 2≤ x < −1 −2

−1≤ x < 0 −1

0 ≤ x <1 0

1 ≤ x <2 1

2 ≤ x <3 2
Example: Common Piecewise: Ceiling Function

𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℤ
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 = �
𝑎𝑎 + 1, 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑎𝑎 + 1, 𝑎𝑎 ∈ ℤ

𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥

− 2< x ≤ −1 −1

−1 < x ≤ 0 0

0<x≤1 1

1<x≤2 2

2<x≤3 3
 𝑥𝑥 2 −1
Example: Given 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 10
𝑥𝑥

Evaluate each of the following functions:

1. 𝑓𝑓 −5

2. 𝑔𝑔 2

3. 𝑓𝑓 � 𝑔𝑔 5
 𝑥𝑥 2 −1
Example: Given 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 10
𝑥𝑥

Evaluate each of the following functions:

1. 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑔𝑔 4

2. 𝑓𝑓 7 + 𝑔𝑔 3

3. 𝑔𝑔 −1 − 𝑓𝑓 −4
 𝑥𝑥 2 −1
Example: Given 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 10
𝑥𝑥

Evaluate each of the following functions:

1. 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 3

2. 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥

3. 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 2