PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

BLOCK 1D
2nd Semester

TOPIC 2 FOR PRELIMS: INFECTION CONTROL

INFECTION  If a pathogen successfully enters a susceptible

host the chain is complete
 A condition that results when a microorganism
(microbes) is able to invade the body, multiply,
and cause injury or diseases
o Bacteria
o Fungi
o Protozoa
o Viruses
 Nonpathogenic
- Do not cause disease under normal condition
 Pathogenic
- Can cause diseases
- Classified as local (particular area) or
systemic (whole body system)
o Non-communicable
- Does not spread from person to person
o Communicable
- Spreads from person to person
 Nosocomial  Infectious Agent
- These infections are from the hospital o Can cause disease/infections
- Hospital acquired disease
 Reservoir
 Healthcare-Associated Infections
o Where the confections agent grows/multiple
- Associated infections
could be a human (reservoir host), equipment
- HAI in any healthcare setting
(virulence (how infective) and viability (how
long mo stay))
 Exit Pathway
o Leaves the reservoir
 Means of Transmission
o How the disease travels

 Entry Pathway
o How the disease enters a susceptible host
CHAIN OF INFECTION  Susceptible Host
o Someone who has a decreased ability to
 If the process of infection is stopped at any resist the infection
component or link in the chain, an infection is
prevented

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 o Universal Precautions
- Treat blood/specimen of all individual as
potentially infectious
-
o Body Substances isolation
- Gi require ang PPE and gloving.
- Always in caution. Nakasuot pirmente.

 Donning (Putting On)

o Lab Gown
INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM o Mask
o Gloves
 Protection
 Doffing (Taking Off)
 Break chain of infection o Gloves
 Institute special precautions in events of o Gown
outbreaks
o Mask
 Components
o Employee screening and immunization
o Evaluation and treatment
o Surveillance

GUIDELINE FOR ISOLATION PROCEDURES

 Standard Precautions (1st Level) by CDC

- PPE, gloves, gown
- Use for all patient
- 1 strategy to prevent HAI
INFECTION CONTROL METHODS
 Transmission Based Precaution (2nd Level)
- Depend unsay sakit sa patient. Nahibal-an
 Hand Hygiene
na.
 PPE
- Standard Precaution + TBP
- Lab gown, gloves, eye and face protection,
o Airborne Precautions
masks
- PATIENT PLACEMENT
 Isolation Procedures
- PATIENT TRANSPORT
- keep the patient protected
o Protective/reserve isolation
o Droplet Precautions
- Measures taken that will protect the
- Duol ang trajectory
patient from others (outside)
o Traditional isolation systems
o Contact Precautions
- Category Specific
- PATIENT CARE EQUIPMENT
- Tanan measure and not cost efficient
- Disease Specific
- better ni kay dili sayang sa resources
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  Fire and electrical shock potential hazards
associated with the use of electrical equipment

BIOSAFETY

 A term used to describe the safe handling of

biological substances that pose a risk to health
 Biohazard
o Anything harmful or potentially harmful to
health. Exposure routes:
 Airborne
 Ingestion
 Nonintact skin
 Percutaneous (Accidental Puncture)
 Permucosal (Mucous Membrane,
rubbing of eyes and etc.
CLASSES OF FIRE
OSHA STANDARD FOR BLOOD-BORNE
PATHOGENS  Class A
o Fire occurs with ordinary combustible
 Exposure Control Plan materials; emphasize the “a” when saying the
 Exposure Route word “ordinary”
 Exposure Incident Procedure  Class B
o Fire occurs with flammable liquids;
 Surface Decontamination (1:10 Water and
Zonrox) emphasize the “b” when saying “flammable”
 Biohazard Waste Disposal  Class C
o Fires are electrical fire; emphasize the “c”
 Cleanup of Body Fluid Spills
when saying the word “electrical”
 Class D
o These occur with combustible or reactive
metals, so keep in mind that when you say
the word “metal” quickly, it sounds like
“medal”, which has a “d” in it, and medals
are commonly made of metal
 Class K
o Keep in mind that they occur with cooking
oils or fats in which begins with a “k”

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

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 FIRST AID

 The ability to recognize and react quickly and

skillfully to emergency situations may mean the
difference between life and death for a victim.

EXTERNAL HEMORRHAGE

 Abnormal or profuse bleeding

RADIATION SAFETY  What to do?
o Firm, direct pressure to wound using cloth or
 A phlebotomist may encounter radiation hazards gauze
when collecting specimens from patients who o Elastic bandage can be used to hold compress
have been injected with radioactive dyes. in place
o Only use tourniquet as last resort
CHEMICAL SAFETY
SHOCK
 Safety Equipment
 Chemical Spill Procedures  Results when there is insufficient return of blood
 Material Safety Data Sheets flow to the heart, resulting in an inadequate
 Labelling Requirements supply of oxygen to all organs and tissues of the
body
 Symptoms
o Pale, cold, clammy skin
o Rapid, weak pulse
o Increased, shallow breathing rate
o Expressionless face and staring eyes
 What to do?
o Maintain an open airway for the victim
o Call for assistance
o Keep the victim lying down with the head
lower than the rest of the body.
o Attempt to control bleeding or other cause of
shock if known/
o Keep the victim warm until help arrives.

PERSONAL WELLNESS

 Personal Hygiene
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 Proper Nutrition
 Rest and Exercise
 Back Protection
 Stress Management

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